甲壳胺的结晶度和结晶形态

首次制得非晶甲壳胺样品,并给出了根据X射线衍射图精确计算甲壳胺结晶度的公式,计算得知甲壳胺的结晶度随脱酰度的增加(74%～85%)而增加,发现甲壳胺的结晶结构和结晶形态与制样条件有关。     

间规立构聚丙烯的结晶度研究

Ｎａｔａ等用Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ－Ｎａｔａ催化剂首次合成了间规度为～５０％间规聚丙烯，并对其进行了表征，指出其具有（ＴＴＧＧ）２螺旋构象，正交晶系，Ｃ２２２１空间群［１，２］．近年来用茂金属催化剂合成的间规立构聚丙烯（ｓＰＰ）的间规度可达９３％以上，高间规...     

辐照亚硫酸纸浆结晶度的研究

<正> 纤维素分子中含有大量的羟基,易形成氢键,是结晶性很高的聚合物,无论在研究工作和工业生产中,这一性质都受到高度重视。纤维素在辐照场中的结晶行为,也是被研究的重点。从已发表的研究结果看,辐照纤维素的结晶行为有很大的差别,据有关文章报道,在γ射线和电子束射线的辐照场中,纤维素的结晶结构没有变化。例如,美国     

广角X-射线衍射对PET结晶度的研究

应用广角X-射线衍射(WAXD)来测定高聚物的结晶度可以分为相对法(CCI、ICI)与绝对法(HWM、CPRM、Ruland)两大类,但长期以来在文献上这些方法得出的结果往往差别很大,而且WAXD与其它的方法,如DSC、ρ、NMR、IR等往往也不相一致。本文就此两问题进行了系统的研究,不仅对WAXD与DSC、ρ测定结晶度的可靠性进行了讨论,更对WAXD的各种方法中,2θ应选的范围、是否应作校正、非晶散射如何扣除、相对法自身之间的关系、各种绝对法之间的关系、相对法与绝对法的关系等进行了仔细的研究。结论是:WAXD在可靠性与重复性方面优于DSC与ρ法,而且是其它方法的根据;绝对法优于相对法,各种绝对法有利有弊,而非晶散射的合理分离是最为关键的问题。     

半晶聚醚醚酮结晶度的X射线分析

本文描述了X射线散射与衍射法测定半晶聚合物结晶度Xc的思想、方法、公式;评论了求Xc时应注意解决的六个问题;提出一种分离结晶峰与非晶峰界线的方法;并对200℃单轴拉伸后的聚醚醚酮的结晶度Xc值进行实际测定。     

IGC法测试聚乙烯结晶度的准确性及其影响因素探讨

通过不同条件下的反气相色谱试验,考察了试样量、担体类型、色谱柱尺寸、检测器类型4个因素对反气相色谱法(IGC)测试聚乙烯结晶度的影响及原因分析。比较了IGC法与密度法及DSC法在聚乙烯结晶度测试结果上的差异。虽然反气相色谱法可通过采用多水平系列外推的方法消除所有因素的影响而得到聚合物结晶度的准确值,但实际操作难以实施。     

凝固浴中物质极性对PAN结晶度的影响

采用恒温加热和双扩散两种脱除溶剂的方式制备PAN大分子薄膜,运用X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外、紫外分光光度计等进行表征,研究凝固浴中沉淀剂极性对PAN大分子结晶度的影响。结果表明在凝固相分离过程中,沉淀剂对PAN大分子结晶度的影响是通过与氰基发生亲和作用实现的。沉淀剂极性越大,与PAN大分子之间亲合作用越强,对分子链的束缚越明显,使PAN分子调节自身构象变得困难,阻碍结晶的生长。电解质的加入能够弱化这种亲合作用,提高PAN的结晶度。     

结晶度对尖晶石LiMn2O4动力学性质的影响

应用溶胶-凝胶法制备两种结晶度尖晶石锂锰氧化物.X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)、扫描电镜(SEM)、恒电流充放电、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS)等方法测试表明:以较高温度焙烧制得的L iMn2O4样品结晶度较高,但结晶度较低的样品却具有较高的放电容量和较好的循环稳定性,这主要是结晶度较低的样品具有较快的电荷交换速率和锂离子扩散速率.     

偏氯乙烯-氯乙烯悬浮共聚物的结晶与熔融性能

研究了聚合温度、共聚物组成、低分子助剂用量等对偏氯乙烯 (VDC) 氯乙烯 (VC)悬浮共聚树脂的结晶度、熔融峰温度的影响 ,并用Florry的聚合物熔点降低理论预测共聚树脂熔点随共聚组成、低分子助剂用量的变化规律 ,为VDC VC悬浮共聚树脂的合成工艺条件和加工性能的改善提供理论基础 .     

ZSM-5分子筛结晶度及晶粒大小的影响因素

以硅溶胶为硅源,偏铝酸钠为铝源,用晶种法制备ZSM-5分子筛.考察了物料混合方式、陈化时间、晶化时间、晶化温度、碱度和水量等对ZSM-5分子筛相对结晶度和晶粒大小的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析等对所合成样品进行了表征.结果表明:在一定的高碱度条件下形成高浓度的硅铝酸盐凝胶,才能合成出晶化良好的样品,ZSM-5分子筛是按固相机理形成的;合成ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和平均颗粒度均随晶化温度的升高及硅铝酸盐凝胶浓度的增加而增大,在室温陈化24 h、180℃晶化12～24 h时相对结晶度最高,平均颗粒度基本上与陈化时间无关.     

聚合物材料结晶度（下）

4.2 Ruland方法使用式(2)计算结晶度时,Ruland考虑了热运动及晶格畸变的影响,从而使算得的结晶度值较合理。在不失计算结晶度W_(c,x)数值精度的情况下,在Ruland方法的实验中可以只取具有较大衍射峰强度的S范围,就可提高计算结晶度的数值准确性,克服了其它方法必须收集尽可能大范围S内的衍射强度数据的限制。Ruland方法测定结晶度的基本公式:     

Relationship Between the Thermal Properties and the Morphology in High Density Polyethylenes

This work presents a relationship between the thermal properties in different polyethylene samples analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology and structural changes were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A preparative method involving surface etching was used to obtain surface replicas. The main morphological features of the samples, characterized by lamellar structure, obtained in this work by TEM give values of mean lamellar thickness from 900 to 500 Ĺ in the highest branch content and molecular mass. Enthalpies of melting allowed to calculate crystallinity; given values in the range from 47 to 68%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

动态硫化EPDM／PP共混体系中PP相的结晶度及晶体结构的研究

研究了动态硫化ＥＰＤＭ／ＰＰ共混物中ＰＰ相的结晶度及晶体结构,同时讨论了制备工艺条件以共混物中ＰＰ相的结晶度和晶体结构的影响。结果表明：在动态硫化ＥＰＤＭ／ＰＰ共混物中,硫化的ＥＰＤＭ的分子键没有穿入ＰＰ的晶区,ＰＰ的结晶度随ＥＰＤＭ含量的增加而下降。提高共混温度,加入软化剂或碳黑均使共混物中ＰＰ的结晶度降低,共混时间１５ｍｉｎ时,共混物中ＰＰ相的结晶度最低,但ＰＰ的晶格不受制备工艺条件的影响。     

热处理对聚醚醚酮晶体结构参数及结晶度的影响

采用广角Ｘ射线衍射（ＷＡＸＤ）方法研究了不同热处理温度下聚醚醚酮（ＰＥＥＫ）的晶胞参数、微晶尺寸及结晶度的变化。根据Ｘ射线散射强度理论，运用图解多重峰方法导出了以ＷＡＸＤ方法计算ＰＥＥＫ结晶度的公式；用此公式对经不同热处理的ＰＥＥＫ样品进行计算，结果与由密度法及量热法测定的结果具有较好的可比性。     

辐照对竹纤维素聚合度及其结晶结构的影响

采用60Coγ射线对高聚合度的造纸用竹纤维素浆粕进行辐照处理,用铜氨溶液法测定辐照前后竹纤维素浆粕的平均聚合度,并采用红外光谱法及X射线衍射法研究其结晶结构的变化。结果表明:竹纤维素的平均聚合度随辐照剂量的增加而下降,当辐照剂量达到15 kGy时,聚合度的下降趋势变缓;但在研究的辐照剂量范围内,竹纤维素的结晶结构未被破坏。     

The effect of crystalline morphology on the degradation of polycaprolactone in a solution of phosphate buffer and lipase

The degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL) in a solution of lipase and phosphate buffer has been characterized using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy. The molecular weight of the polymer initially appeared to determine the degradation rate while the degree of crystallinity was found to increase with time. Samples of PCL were also conditioned using DSC to specify a known degree of crystallinity. This approach enabled the effects of molecular weight and degree of crystallinity on the degradation to be separated. It was observed that an increase in either molecular weight or degree of crystallinity reduced the rate of degradation. The work presented in this paper addresses a significant limitation associated with the characterization of “as received” samples and provides a more detailed understanding of the effect of polymer morphology on the degradation process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crystallinity and Crystalline Confinement of the Amorphous Phase in Polylactides

Summary: Stereorregular polylactides such as poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) or poly (D-lactide) result from polymerization of optically pure lactides and are semicrystalline. Optically non-active poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) can be regarded as random or atactic copolymers, show a random moiety distribution, and are completely amorphous. In this work three phases, comprising mobile amorphous fraction (MAF, χ_MA), rigid amorphous fraction (RAF, χ_RA) and crystalline fraction (χ_c) were determined in PLLA. It will be shown that RAP fraction not only elevates Tg but also increases the dynamic fragility (m) of polylactide chains around the Tg. These results agree with reported cases in which topologycal constraints inhibit longer range dynamics and suggest a smaller length scale of cooperativity of chains in confined environments.     

Crystallinity of fully aromatic thermotropic polyesters of 3,3'-bis(phenyl)-4,4'-biphenol and 1,1'-binaphthyl-4,4'-diol

The degree of crystallinity of as-made fully aromatic, thermotropic polyesters was determined for two different series of polymers, each of which contained a symmetric monomer having either pendant phenyl groups or fused aromatic rings by the WAXD technique. All of the homopolymers had a high degree of crystallinity in spite of bulky substituents attached to the mesogenic moiety. Surprisingly, the homopolymer of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid with each of the monomers had a higher degree of crystallinity and T_m than those of the homopolymer of terephthalic acid with each of the respective monomers. As expected, on copolymerization with 30 mol % of either 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, all of the resulting copolymers had a much lower degree of crystallinity and T_m/T_f values compared to those of the respective homopolymers in each series. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.