控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流轴向速度研究

考虑控压钻井环空气液两相流参数、钻井液周向与轴向运动等因素,本文提出了控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流柱坐标理论模型;通过新疆玛湖油田区块具体实例,分析了摩阻压降、屈服应力、环空外径、空隙率等对控压钻井两相螺旋流轴向速度的影响。结果表明:控压钻井环空卡森流体两相螺旋流流核及流速峰值向钻杆壁面靠近,距离环空内壁与钻杆外壁中心点的偏度可达8.36%;由于柯特流及钻井液动粘切力下降的影响,随杆转速和管径增大,卡森流体最大速度峰值在轴向的分布向环空壁面移动;随屈服应力的增大,流核宽度呈现增大趋势,当钻井液屈服应力为1.9Pa时,卡森流体流核宽度约为19.3mm;随控压钻井环空内空隙率增大,气液两相的粘度下降,螺旋流的轴向速度峰值呈增大趋势。分析螺旋流轴向速度分布可为控压钻井井口回压加载及环空流速控制提供帮助。     

铝制旋转抛物面型激光推力器温度效应的实验研究

研究了激光推进中铝制旋转抛物面型推力器的温度变化情况。采用脉冲TEA-CO2激光器作为推进光源,用响应较快的K型热电偶丝作为温度传感器,分别在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种工作模式下,研究了抛物面上不同点的温度分布情况,以及脉冲个数和环境气压对抛物面温度的影响。文中对冲量耦合系数和气压的关系也作了研究,并将其与温度联系起来。结果发现在旋转抛物面的顶点处温度为最高,随离顶点距离的增大而减小。在大气呼吸和烧蚀两种模式下,抛物面温度随着激光脉冲个数增加,但增加的斜率逐渐减小,有饱和的趋势。在激光脉冲个数确定的条件下,大气呼吸模式的温度随气压的减小先增大后减小,出现一个峰值;烧蚀模式则随气压的减小而增大。在大气呼吸模式下,冲量耦合系数随着气压的减小先略为增大而后迅速减小,在约0．5atm处出现了一个弱峰;在烧蚀模式下,冲量耦合系数随气压减小迅速升高,在气压低于0．5atm后,几乎为定值。     

火炮在不同介质中发射的膛口流场特性分析

为研究水下炮密封式发射膛口流场及在不同介质中的膛口流场分布特性,建立了水下密封式发射二维轴对称膛口多相流数值模型.采用VOF(volume of fluid)模型、标准k-ε湍流模型,结合用户自定义函数及动网格技术,分别对水下密封式发射与空气中发射膛口流场演化过程进行了数值模拟与对比.计算结果表明,火炮在水下发射时的膛口流场与空气中发射时有明显差异.水下密封式发射时的最大膛压与空气中基本相同,弹丸初速较空气中发射降低了32 m/s,而膛口压力与温度有明显的升高;水下密封式发射时大约在140μs初步形成马赫盘,而空气中发射时马赫盘形成较晚,约在320 μs;与空气中发射相比,水下发射时的激波核心区面积更小,且弹丸头部不存在冠状冲击波.水下密封式发射时,马赫盘距离膛口轴向位移随时间变化呈指数增长;空气中发射时,马赫盘距离膛口轴向位移随时间变化呈线性增长.     

洛伦兹力与温度场作用下枢轨摩擦磨损特性

电枢与轨道间摩擦磨损直接影响着枢轨接触状态,进而影响着电磁轨道发射装置的使用寿命和发射效率. 因此针对焦耳热与摩擦热作用下接触面温度纵向扩散特性,建立温度作用下Archard磨损模型分析温度对枢轨间磨损的影响. 结果表明:枢轨间磨损量主要发生在电枢表面,且最大磨损量集中在电枢尾翼边缘区域. 随着电枢运动过程,枢轨表面温度逐渐升高,接触区域材料的弹性模量和硬度降低,枢轨间磨损量增大. 接触表面磨损量增大也反映出了枢轨接触面温度升高加速了电枢表面的烧蚀.      

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

非球形固体颗粒对弯管内壁的磨损机制

为研究弯管内固体颗粒在液相夹带条件下的运动特性及颗粒对弯管内壁的磨损,采用计算流体动力学与离散元耦合的方法,建立数值模型,考虑固液两相之间的作用,对弯管内的固液两相流动进行数值模拟;通过软件的应用程序编程接口嵌入自编译磨损模型;借助试验结果,验证数值模型的有效性.结果表明,所建立的数值模拟方案可以准确地模拟颗粒在管内的运动特征并能够预测弯管内壁的磨损位置以及磨损程度.弯管内的二次流对颗粒运动有重要影响,弯管外侧壁面中心线附近的磨损较严重,磨损的形式以小角度划擦切削为主.弯管磨损主要与颗粒对壁面的碰撞速度、碰撞角度及碰撞频率有关.运动中的颗粒与壁面发生多次碰撞,碰撞角度逐渐减小.随着颗粒球形度的增大,在相同碰撞条件下引起的磨损量变小,但是会降低颗粒的随流性.颗粒形状影响颗粒在流场中的运动速度以及颗粒与壁面的碰撞.随着颗粒球形度增大,严重磨损区域向弯管进口方向移动,壁面平均磨损量先减小后增大;当输送颗粒的球形度为0.91时,壁面磨损量最小.     

气体模型对再入飞行器气动力热环境影响的数值研究

复杂外形再入飞行器的设计,需对气动力热环境进行预测,由于不同的气体模型会对预测的结果产生影响,所以气动设计时就必须考虑这一影响.采用热化学平衡气体模型和双温度热化学非平衡气体模型对复杂外形再入飞行器的气动力热环境进行了数值计算;分析了气体模型对气动力、壁面热流等值线、驻点线平动温度、振动温度、组分质量分数等特征量的影响...     

侧向局部加热腔体内对流时空结构的研究

通过二维流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,研究了普朗特数Pr=6.949时侧向局部加热腔体内水平温差驱动的自然对流。仔细观察腔体内水平流的入侵过程,发现在冷热流体交接面的上下部位同时出现了冷入侵流和热入侵流,并且在交汇处有破碎扰动波出现。揭示了周期性双局部对流结构,并发现在右壁面温度高于左壁面温度区域顶部有对流卷生成,对流卷随时间沿侧壁面向腔体下部移动,最后消失,同时又有新对流卷在该区域顶部生成,这种现象重复循环着。结果表明:在右壁面温度高于左壁面温度区域,热边界层厚度(θδ)随腔体高度增加而增大;在右壁面温度等于左壁面温度区域,θδ值随腔体高度增加而减小;并且格拉晓夫数(Gr)越大,θδ值越小。     

供油量对对数滚子弹流润滑特性的影响研究

针对现有的凸度设计研究没有考虑供油量因素的现状,研究了供油量对对数滚子弹流润滑特性的影响,指出:在轴向中部,对数滚子的乏油润滑特性与无限长线接触弹流的乏油润滑特性相似;在轴向端部,当供油量较小时,膜厚较小且轴向颈缩不明显;随供油量的增加,膜厚沿滚子轴线方向逐渐由中部向端部增大,轴向颈缩逐步建立,直至形成膜厚的端部闭合效应达到充分供油润滑. 在供油量由乏油到充分供油的变化过程中,压力的边缘效应趋于显著. 因此,充分供油条件下的凸度设计结果不能直接用于乏油工况,乏油时需要的凸度量将小于充分供油润滑的凸度量.      

不同壁面条件下液滴撞击铺展特性的模拟研究

液滴撞击不同润湿性壁面的传热流动问题在自然界和工业生产中广泛存在。研究采用CLSVOF方法,引入描述壁面润湿特性的动态接触角,并考虑液滴物性参数随温度的变化,建立液滴撞壁模型,模拟研究液滴撞击流动行为,通过与实验对比验证,确定模型有效性。在此基础上,对传热作用下考虑壁面润湿性的液滴撞击问题展开研究,探讨壁面传热作用对液滴撞击铺展特性的影响。研究表明,在撞击过程中,液滴先铺展后逐渐收缩,与静态接触角模型相比,采用动态接触角模型所得的液滴流动特性与实验结果更加吻合;随着接触角增大,液滴在撞壁初期不易铺展,随后则易于收缩;虽然固液传热作用会影响液滴铺展直径,但不改变液滴的运动趋势。     

一种新型结构火炮身管膛线的计算分析

针对传统的火炮身管内弹道结构形式,提出了一种新型结构形式的火炮身管膛线——渐变截面结构膛线。以大口径火炮身管膛线作为研究对象,计算分析传统等截面结构膛线和渐变截面结构膛线的弹丸弹带挤进阻力、导转侧向力、膛线截面面积和膛线摩擦力的变化情况。计算结果表明,新型渐变截面结构膛线有利于增强弹丸弹带的挤入能力,减少膛线根部应力集中,减少弹丸弹带对膛线的冲击和磨损,有效提升弹丸弹带的闭气性能,同时渐变结构膛线可有效减小弹丸在膛内运动时受到的扰动,使得弹丸在膛内运行平稳,减少炮口章动,在保证射击精度的同时,有利于提高身管的使用寿命。     

Experimental study on the convective heat transfer behavior of microencapsulated phase change material suspensions in rectangular tube of small aspect ratio

An experimental study on the heat transfer performance of microencapsulated phase change material suspensions flowing in the rectangular tube of small aspect ratio (b/a = 0.14) is presented in this work. The slurry of higher MPCM concentration shows better cooling performance in the most section of dimensionless axial distance whereas worse in a small section at the beginning. Up to 20.6% of the dimensionless wall temperature was decreased by the 20 wt% MPCM suspension as compared to water.     

Investigation of the fluid temperature field inside a flat-plate solar collector

An experimental study was conducted to investigate fluid temperature fields inside a flat-plate solar collector tube. The results show the highest fluid temperature at the upper end of the tube which decreased gradually to the lowest value at the bottom end of the tube, whereas, the temperature field in the horizontal plane is symmetric about the centerline. The vertical temperature gradients vary with the axial distance. The local fluid temperature increased nonlinearly along the collector length and its magnitude decreased with an increase in the Reynolds number. The local Rayleigh number increased with the axial distance and at a given location, its magnitude increased with a decrease in the Reynolds number, whereas, the local Nusselt number trends in flat-plate collector tube are in general similar to that in the conventional laminar channel flows. The local fluid temperature increased with an increase in the incident heat flux at a given collector orientation but decreased for the inclined collectors. The results show that over the given Reynolds number range, the fluid in a flat-plate collector tube is stably stratified over most of the fluid cross-sectional domain and the convective currents are suppressed and restricted to a thin layer adjacent to the lower tube wall. The results from the present study provide the physical explanation for the heat transfer enhancement by insert devices. That is, the insert devices disrupt the stably stratified layer and induce mixing which enhances the heat transfer.     

Laminar heat transfer characteristics of internally finned tube with sinusoidal wavy fin

Comparative numerical study of laminar heat transfer characteristics of annular tubes with sinusoidal wavy fins has been conducted both experimentally and numerically with Re = 299–1,475. The uniform heat flux is imposed on the tube outside wall surface. Two tube materials (copper and stainless steel) are considered. It is found that the fluid temperature profile is not linear but convex along the flow direction due to the axial heat conduction in tube wall, and the effects of axial heat conduction on the heat transfer decreases with an increase in Reynolds number or decrease in tube wall thermal conductivity. The axial distributions of local Nusselt number could reach periodically fully developed after 3–5 cycles. The convectional data reduction method based on the traditional method should be improved for tube with high thermal conductivity or low Reynolds numbers, Otherwise, the heat transfer performance of internally finned tube may be underestimated.     

Determination of gun propellants erosivity: Experimental and theoretical studies

Requirements for higher and higher performances of contemporary guns intensify investigations concerning influence of various factors on barrel erosion. The most important parameter for the life of the gun is the type of the gun propellant. The device based on modification of 37 mm M39 gun for investigating influence of gun propellant on barrel erosion is used. The nozzle (main part of device) mass loss during firing was the measure of gun propellant erosivity. The theory of nozzle erosion includes basic thermal, chemical and metallurgical factors. The main thermal and chemical factors are maximum nozzle inside surface temperature and gun propellant composition. The maximum nozzle surface temperature was determined theoretically by developed interior ballistic model with heat transfer, and experimentally by micro thermocouples measurements and solution of inverse heat conduction problem. The coefficients of gun propellants erosivity are determined in experimental and theoretical way.     

MOTION AND DEFORMATION OF VISCOUS DROP IN STOKES FLOW NEAR RIGID WALL

A boundary integral method was developed for simulating the motion and deformation of a viscous drop in an axisymmetric ambient Stokes flow near a rigid wall and for direct calculating the stress on the wall. Numerical experiments by the method were performed for different initial stand-off distances of the drop to the wall, viscosity ratios, combined surface tension and buoyancy parameters and ambient flow parameters. Numerical results show that due to the action of ambient flow and buoyancy the drop is compressed and stretched respectively in axial and radial directions when time goes. When the ambient flow action is weaker than that of the buoyancy the drop raises and bends upward and the stress on the wall induced by drop motion decreases when time advances. When the ambient flow action is stronger than that of the buoyancy the drop descends and becomes flatter and flatter as time goes. In this case when the initial stand-off distance is large the stress on the wall increases as the drop evolutes but when the stand-off distance is small the stress on the wall decreases as a result of combined effects of ambient flow, buoyancy and the stronger wall action to the flow. The action of the stress on the wall induced by drop motion is restricted in an area near the symmetric axis, which increases when the initial stand-off distance increases. When the initial stand-off distance increases the stress induced by drop motion decreases substantially. The surface tension effects resist the deformation and smooth the profile of the drop surfaces. The drop viscosity will reduce the deformation and migration of the drop.     

Axial heat conduction effects in the entrance region of circular ducts

This paper describes the transport of thermal energy within a small distance after an abrupt wall temperature change in a circular duct. In general, the axial conduction becomes significant when the Peclet number is small. The results indicate that the inclusion of axial conduction in the fluid substantially increases the wall heat flux at near the thermal inlet location. The exact series solution leads to a modified Graetz type problem. This exact solution is augmented by an asymptotic solution describing the wall heat flux near the thermal entrance location.     

Anti-wear beam effects on gas–solid hydrodynamics in a circulating fluidized bed

Anti-wear beams installed on water walls of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are one of the most effective ways to protect against water-wall erosion. Beam effects from, for example, beam size and superficial gas velocity were investigated on gas–solid hydrodynamics in a CFB test rig using CFD simulations and experimental methods. The downward flow of the wall layer solids is observed to be disrupted by the beam but is then restored some distance further downstream. When falling solids from the wall layer hit the anti-wear beam, the velocity of the falling solids decreases rapidly. A fraction of the solids accumulates on the beam. Below the beams, the falling solids have reduced velocities but upward-moving solids were observed on the wall. The effect of the beam increases with width and superficial gas velocity. Wear occurs mainly above the beam and its variation with width is different above to below the beam. There is an optimum width that, when combined with beam height, results in less erosion.     

Numerical Modeling of Interior Ballistics Processes in Light Gas Guns

An improved procedure for modeling the operation of a light-gas gun is proposed. The motion of working bodies in both the firing chamber and the light-gas chamber is studied within the framework of the mechanics of heterogeneous media. The problem of barrel heating taking into account its melting and removal of thermal ablation products into the medium inside the bore is solved in a coupled formulation. Heat and mass transfer and friction on the barrel surface are calculated using empirical dependences. The deformable piston is considered compressible and elastoviscoplastic. Allowance is made for the presence of a clearance between the lateral surface of the piston and the barrel bore walls and the associated gas flow between the firing and the light-gas chamber. Calculation results are given.     

药筒发射应力和抽壳力的有限元分析

应用非线性有限元方法计算药筒的发射应力和抽壳力。结构分析分别采用轴对称和三维有限元计算模型。分析表明 :由于起膛线的作用 ,轴对称模型有比较大的误差。计算数据表明 :由于药筒为薄壁圆筒结构 ,膛压的作用导致药筒内部较高的等效应力和塑性变形 ;特别是膛压下降时 ,身管的收缩又使得药筒受到反向压力作用而再次屈服 ,并使等效应力达到最大值 ,并且维持在一个常值。因此抽壳力是必要的 ,而且开栓时间对抽壳力的影响很小。讨论了初始间隙等因素对发射应力和抽壳力的影响。