小型紫外拉曼光谱仪

紫外拉曼光谱技术具有拉曼本征散射效率高,受杂散光干扰小等优点,在爆炸物、污染物以及农药残留现场检测等领域有着广阔的应用前景。然而,目前市场上常见的小型或者便携式拉曼光谱仪均采用可见或者近红外激光作为激发光源。本研究在实验室具有自主知识产权的紫外可见共振拉曼光谱仪的基础上,设计了小型紫外拉曼光谱仪,光谱仪采用透镜作为光谱仪的准直镜和聚焦镜,有效减小了慧差造成的影响,实现了高分辨率和宽光谱范围的测试。     

几种农药的显微拉曼光谱和荧光光谱

首次用显微拉曼光谱仪测试了几种用于粮食、蔬菜、水果的农药的拉曼光谱和荧光光谱。从一些市售农药上记录到了分子振动特征峰 ,从而可以区分这些农药。此外一些市售农药的荧光光谱也很不同。据此 ,可利用拉曼光谱仪根据拉曼谱和荧光光谱的不同 ,实时实地和快速地识别这些农药及其在粮食、蔬菜、水果表面上的可能残留。     

液芯光纤光谱仪

液芯光纤可以使拉曼光谱强度提高103倍。将液芯光纤既作为样品池又作为前置放大系统,研制成功了体积小、重量轻、成本低、灵敏度高的小型拉曼光谱仪。结果表明:通过对液体及溶在液体中的样品进行自发拉曼光谱、共振拉曼光谱的测量,获得了理想的拉曼光谱。     

多波长消荧光拉曼光谱仪的研制及应用研究

拉曼光谱技术作为探究分子、晶体及其结构特征的有力手段,具有快速、无损、样品用量小、无需前处理且适应性强等优点,已被广泛应用于食品安全、石油化工等领域。但在拉曼光谱应用中,常常受到荧光背景干扰,导致拉曼信号降低,严重的情况下拉曼信号甚至会淹没在荧光背景中。为解决拉曼技术在实际应用中荧光背景干扰的问题,从仪器角度出发,采用二色镜对多波长拉曼光谱进行光路耦合设计,研制了近红外拉曼光谱与移频差分拉曼复合一体的多波长消荧光拉曼光谱检测系统,其中近红外拉曼光谱采用1 064 nm激光光源设计,移频差分拉曼光谱选取784.5和785.5 nm两组激光光源进行时分复用,在移频差分拉曼光谱检测的同时,亦可获得两组单波长拉曼光谱数据。通过对比同步测试和分时逐次测试的强度及峰位稳定性,验证了多波长消荧光拉曼光谱仪的同步测试性能;选取了多种荧光背景强弱不同的样品,进行了单波长拉曼、近红外拉曼及移频差分拉曼光谱的对比分析。针对丙酮、乙腈等荧光背景较弱的样品,可采用单波长拉曼光谱对样品进行定量及定性分析;针对食用油、红色塑胶微粒等荧光背景与拉曼信号强度相当的样品,可采用近红外拉曼光谱对样品进行定量及定性分析;针对红酒、棕色塑胶微粒等荧光背景较强的样品,需结合近红外拉曼光谱和差分拉曼光谱对样品进行定性分析。研究表明：通过多波长消荧光拉曼光谱检测系统的研制,在常规单波长拉曼光谱技术的基础上,将两种抑制荧光干扰技术有机结合,有效扩充了应用领域及样品检测范围。     

新疆和田黑色透闪石质软玉振动光谱特征及颜色成因

采用X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪、红外光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪等对黑色透闪石质软玉样品进行化学成分和谱学特征研究。通过X射线粉晶衍射判定所采样品全部属于透闪石质软玉,采用红外光谱仪和拉曼光谱仪对样品进行振动光谱测试,并结合化学成分测试结果分析墨玉的组成和颜色成因。结果显示,黑色透闪石质软玉可分为两种:由含铁量较高的阳起石组成的(TFe2O3:7.47Wt%～11.97 Wt%),另外一种是由透闪石和石墨组成,并且含铁量比较低(TFe2O3:0.56 Wt%～4.74 Wt%)。两者的振动光谱特征与透闪类矿物基本一致,在含石墨透闪石的拉曼光谱中出现了石墨特征峰1 581cm-1。因此,拉曼光谱在区分阳起石致色和石墨致色的黑色透闪石质软玉比红外光谱更加敏锐,该方法可以成为无损鉴定黑色透闪石质软玉颜色成因和产地来源的重要辅助手段。     

显微拉曼光谱检验射击残留物

建立了一种使用显微拉曼成像光谱仪检验发射火药、火药燃烧后产物和射击残留物的方法。取警用仿9×19巴拉贝鲁姆手枪弹发射药颗粒和“QSZ92式”9毫米手枪发射药燃烧后的产物,同时提取射击者手部射击残留物、枪管内射击残留物和目标靶物上射击残留物。使用显微拉曼成像光谱仪对采集的发射火药、火药燃烧后产物和射击残留物样本进行拉曼检测。实验中发现检测上述样品宜采用455 nm波长激光,此波段激光可有效避开荧光的干扰;激光强度选择6.0 mW,该能量下拉曼强度可达到最大,与其他杂峰有较好的区分;同时观察物镜选择50倍条件,该倍数条件下,可看到待测样本的微观形态特征,也可以最大程度的吸收拉曼信号。采用以上参数,待测样本获得的拉曼信号效果最好。拉曼光谱的检测谱图结果证明发射火药、火药燃烧后成分和其他部位提取的射击残留物主要成分基本一致,这些成分主要来源于待测样品中的有机成分部分。火药燃烧后成分和其他部位提取射击残留物的某些部分拉曼强度相对于发射火药有所下降和变化,实验中荧光现象有所加强,证明了射击后某些特定的成分会发生变化。50倍物镜条件下,微观形态可比性强,发现待测物表面存在表面黑亮、塌陷空洞和裂缝等特点,这些特点可视为不同类型待测样品的典型微观形态特征,也可作为判定射击残留物的有力证据。该方法可利用拉曼光谱对发射火药、火药燃烧后产物和射击残留物进行无损检验,符合当下光谱检验和法庭科学对此类样品的检验要求。同时方法的灵敏度高,分析速度快,操作简便。     

拉曼-荧光联合光谱水下原位探测技术研究

深海热液环境中存在着巨大的化学和热梯度,快速剧烈的混合和生物过程产生了多种多样的矿物过程,并培养了大量的化学合成微生物。激光拉曼光谱非常适合于深海热液环境矿物过程的探测,然而要对矿物与微生物作用过程进行研究,还需要与荧光光谱技术进行联合,针对此需求开展了原理验证实验研究。在实验室搭建了一套拉曼-荧光联合光谱探测桌面系统,利用一台双波长激光器同时作为拉曼光谱和荧光光谱的激发光源,其中拉曼光谱采用532 nm波长,荧光光谱采用266 nm波长,双波长激光器发出的光束经分光镜分为两路,经过后向散射光路收集的两路信号分别进入两个小型光纤光谱仪进行分光探测,拉曼光谱采用QE65000光谱仪,荧光光谱采用USB2000光谱仪,通过软件可以方便的分别设置两个光谱仪的参数。利用搭建的实验系统对海水和拟菱形藻样品进行探测,分别获得了海水样品的SO2-₄拉曼光谱和可溶性有机物(CDOM)荧光光谱,拟菱形藻样品的类胡萝卜素拉曼光谱和类蛋白、叶绿素等荧光光谱,实验结果证明了研制小型拉曼-荧光联合光谱探测装置的可行性,并为发展原位联合光谱探测装置提供了技术参考。     

激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪变温系统的设计与研制

针对常规激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪无法满足物质变温,特别是低温测试需求的问题,设计了适用于拉曼光谱仪的高精度变温系统。该系统采用GM制冷机作为制冷源,利用高纯无氧铜作为导冷介质,通过将GM制冷机的冷量传导至样品台,并利用控温仪进行温度控制,可以实现待测样品10 K-402 K范围的温度变化控制,控温精度高于0.008 K。相比于常规的低温测试设备,该系统无需采用液氮、液氦进行制冷,大幅降低了设备的使用及维护费用。同时,使用激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪搭载该系统,成功获得了Si、V₂O₅等材料的变温拉曼光谱,验证了激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪变温系统设计的可靠性。     

芬太尼类物质的振动光谱特征分析研究

通过分析28种芬太尼类物质的红外和拉曼光谱,研究了芬太尼类物质的振动光谱特征,考察了红外和拉曼光谱对芬太尼类物质的区分能力。整体上看,芬太尼类物质的红外和拉曼光谱表现出不同的光谱特征,具有互补性。在红外光谱中,不同盐型芬太尼类物质在3200～2 000 cm-1区间差异显著,碱型化合物在2 972～2 952 cm-1存在强的吸收峰,盐酸盐化合物在2 600～2 320 cm-1存在中等强度的多重吸收峰,枸橼酸盐化合物在3 100～2 800 cm-1存在中等偏弱的宽吸收峰。在红外光谱中,芬太尼类物质在1 750～1 630 cm-1存在由C═O键伸缩振动引起的强吸收峰,在710～680 cm-1存在由苯环面外弯曲振动引起的强的单峰或双峰。在拉曼光谱中,28种芬太尼类物质均在1 001～1 002 cm-1处有强的拉曼峰,该峰是由苯环上C-H键的面内弯曲振动引起的。含烷基、苯基、四氢呋喃基取代化合物的拉曼光谱中,1 000 cm-1左右位置的峰为基峰,其他峰的强度均低于基峰强度的30%;含氟、呋喃、硫代等取代基化合物的拉曼光谱中,除1 000 cm-1左右位置的峰外还有其他高强度的峰。红外光谱可用于区分所有芬太尼类物质,对绝大多数化合物区分度高,对个别结构相差一个甲基的芬太尼结构类似物的区分度较弱,但通过指纹区的特征吸收峰,也可实现区分。当不存在荧光干扰时,拉曼光谱可用于区分所有的芬太尼类物质,对绝大多数化合物区分度高,对部分结构相差一个甲基或不同位置甲基取代的芬太尼结构类似物的区分度较弱,但通过指纹区的特征峰,也可实现区分。红外光谱和拉曼光谱均具有无需样品前处理、测试速度快、检测成本低、绿色环保等优点,便携式设备可用于现场快速检验。拉曼光谱仪测定某些样品时会受到荧光干扰,具有一定的局限性。与拉曼光谱相比,红外光谱无荧光干扰、谱图一致性高、商业谱库更加完备,是现场快速定性分析的首选方法。     

R-3000便携式拉曼光谱仪在翡翠鉴定中的应用

使用R-3000便携式拉曼光谱仪,对缅甸原料、腾冲工艺的3个翡翠饰件和一个昆明古玩城所购翡翠挂件进行了无损鉴定。通过对检测样品拉曼光谱的比较研究,得出了有2个样品是由天然翡翠原料所制成;有一个样品含石蜡填充物;而有一个样品与天然翡翠无关,而是由石英岩（SiO2）为主要材料制成的,是假翡翠的结论。说明了R-3000便携式拉曼光谱仪,在玉石翡翠检测鉴定中是十分方便、快捷、准确的。     

In situ detection of cocaine hydrochloride in clothing impregnated with the drug using benchtop and portable Raman spectroscopy

This study describes the application of benchtop and portable Raman spectroscopy for the in situ detection of cocaine hydrochloride in clothing impregnated with the drug. Raman spectra were obtained from a set of undyed natural and synthetic fibres and dyed textiles impregnated with the drug. The spectra were collected using three Raman spectrometers: one benchtop dispersive spectrometer coupled to a fibre‐optic probe and two portable spectrometers. Despite the presence of some spectral bands arising from the natural and synthetic polymer and dyed textiles, the drug could be identified by its characteristic Raman bands. High‐quality spectra of the drug could be acquired in situ within seconds and without any sample preparation or alteration of the evidential material. A field‐portable Raman spectrometer is a reliable technique that can be used by emergency response teams to rapidly identify unknown samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Technical Development of Raman Spectroscopy: From Instrumental to Advanced Combined Technologies

Abstract

Raman-based techniques have developed into excellent analytical tools in various research fields, primarily due to their noninvasive sampling capability, minimal sample preparation, and short analysis time. Major improvements in lasers, spectrometers, detectors, and holographic optical components have made Raman spectroscopy an effective tool for analyzing natural and synthetic materials. This article presents a short introduction to Raman spectroscopy and several recently related advances, including, Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, Raman sensing, and stand-off Raman spectroscopy techniques. Other topics discussed in this article are the importance of its combination with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF).     

维生素C包合物的拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究

通过拉曼光谱和红外光谱法分析维生素C包合物,探讨拉曼光谱法作为一种新的验证包合物形成方法的可行性。采用饱和水溶液法制备维生素C包合物,共焦拉曼光谱仪和傅里叶转换红外光谱仪分别测定并获得β-环糊精、维生素C、维生素C与β-环糊精物理混合物及其包合物四种固体粉末的拉曼图谱和红外图谱并将其进行对照分析。拉曼图谱和红外图谱共同证明了维生素C通过氢键作用嵌入β-环糊精的疏水空腔形成包合物,从而增加了它的稳定性。拉曼光谱法具有快速、准确、简便、无损测量等显著优势,可作为验证药物包合物的形成重要手段。     

基于拉曼光谱的危险液体快速识别研究

快速准确识别不明危险液体在公共安全领域需求明显。拉曼光谱技术因具有快速、灵敏、可非接触式检测等优点,成为近年来此领域的研究热点。以沙林、梭曼、塔崩、维埃克斯、芥子气等化学毒剂,磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、磷酸三丁酯、甲基膦酸二甲酯、甲基膦酸二异丙酯等化学毒剂模拟剂,亚磷酸二甲酯、亚磷酸三甲酯、亚磷酸三乙酯、甲基膦酰氯乙酯、甲基膦酰二氯、甲基膦酰二氟、氯沙林、二乙胺基磷酰氯、2-二乙胺基乙硫醇、硫二甘醇、异丙醇、频呐基醇、甲基膦酸、甲基膦酸异丙酯、甲基膦酸频呐基酯等化学毒剂前体、中间产物、水解产物以及有毒工业化学品如邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、苯甲醚、氯代苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸乙烯酯、乙酸苄酯、甲醇、乙醇、乙腈、丙酮、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、正己烷、正丁醇、四氯化碳等和汽油、水等42种危险液体和常见溶剂为研究对象,使用配备785 nm激光器的便携式拉曼光谱仪,针对上述化合物建立了拉曼光谱检测方法,获得了高信噪比的散射光谱数据,对谱图特征进行了分析。采用线性判别分析（LDA）、二次判别分析（QDA）、k近邻（kNN）、朴素贝叶斯（NB）模型、分类决策树（CT）、支持向量机（SVM）6种模式识别算法对上述拉曼光谱数据进行识别归类。研究结果表明,支持向量机、线性判别分析模型具有100%的识别准确率,考虑到实际使用过程中非标准谱图、仪器条件以及外界环境改变等因素会对支持向量机识别结果产生影响,将线性判别分析模型确定为危险液体的快速识别方法。全部测试过程在1~2 min内即可完成且不损耗样品,成功实现水和危险品汽油与其他有毒液体的区分。该研究揭示了具有指纹谱特征的拉曼光谱结合模式识别算法可用于化合物的快速筛查,为及时发现通关夹带,保证物流安全以及化学恐怖事件应急处置等提供了技术支撑。     

The fluorescence interference in Raman spectrum of raw coals and its application for evaluating coal property and combustion characteristics

Fluorescence interference in Raman spectrum is a big barrier for rapid and precise analysis of coal structures by Raman spectroscopy. Dealing with fluorescence interference suitably is one of the key tasks before efficient application of Raman spectroscopy in coal assessment. In this study, Raman spectra and coal combustion characteristics of 32 kinds of Chinese coals were respectively obtained in a micro-Raman spectrometer and Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer. The degree of fluorescence interference in Raman spectrum was firstly defined and quantified as the drift coefficient α using a simple method without curve-fitting the spectrum. The correlations between the degree of fluorescence interference and coal property, coal combustion characteristics were set up and multivariable analysis was done. The results indicate that the degree of fluorescence interference is well related to the coal structures, and it is synthetically determined by volatile, moisture and ash content in coal. With the increase of volatile, moisture content in coal, the fluorescence interference increases continuously, and it can be reduced but not eliminated by drying the moisture in coals. Significant mathematical relations between the drift coefficient α and volatile, moisture content, coal combustion characteristic temperatures have been found. Coal with more evident fluorescence interference in Raman spectrum usually has lower degree of coalification, more polar functional groups, and burns at a lower temperature. The drift coefficient α can act as an efficient probe for coal property and coal combustion characteristics. This study provided a new and simple approach for evaluating coal property and coal combustion characteristics by fluorescence interference in Raman spectrum.     

A portable shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy system: device and field demonstration

In this paper, we present a portable shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) system applied in outdoor experiments. A dual‐wavelength diode laser emitting at 785 nm is used as excitation light source. The diode laser provides two individually controllable excitation lines at 785 nm with a spectral distance of about 10 cm⁻¹ for SERDS. This monolithic light source is implemented into a compact handheld Raman probe. Both components were developed and fabricated in‐house. SERDS measurements are performed in an apple orchard, and apples and green apple leafs are used as test samples. For each excitation wavelength, a single Raman spectrum is measured with 50 mW at the sample. Strong background interference from ambient daylight and laser‐induced fluorescence obscure the Raman signals. SERDS efficiently separates the wanted Raman signals from the disturbing background signals. For the Raman spectroscopic investigations of green leafs, one accumulation with an exposure time of 0.2 s was used for each excitation wavelength to avoid detector saturation. An 11‐fold improvement of the signal‐to‐background noise is achieved using SERDS. The results demonstrate the suitability of the portable SERDS system for rapid outdoor Raman investigations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HERAS: A helium jet to prevent damage on works of art in Raman experiments

Raman spectroscopy is often used for non‐destructive analysis of works of art, polymers and biological materials, but in some cases, the laser beam can cause damages on the surface being studied due to the deposited beam energy. When possible, such damage can be prevented by minimizing laser intensity or acquisition time, but this is usually available only on high sensitivity bench‐top spectrometers. Portable Raman spectrometers are commonly not so flexible and an alternative is needed to ensure the safe study of sensitive works of art and other fragile materials. A helium jet aimed directly at the laser spot may prevent this damage from occurring and, in some cases, helps improving the Raman spectra. We designed a simple system (HERAS, Helium Raman System) consisting of a pinhole collimator, coupled to a helium line and a gas mass flux control and tested it on pyroxylin, vermilion and ochre paint references and pigment samples, using a 785 nm portable Raman spectrometer at various laser powers. Experimental conditions slightly differ for each sample, but small burns on the surface were avoided in all cases and only some ablation was observed on the most sensitive materials. The use of this coupled system allows the non‐destructive application of Raman to a wider variety of materials, while the technique remains portable. This setup may be used in bench‐top apparatus as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于拉曼光谱技术鉴别ABS废旧塑胶原料的方法研究

塑胶微粒原料已渗透到人类衣食住行的方方面面,并广泛应用于能源、工业、农业、交通乃至航空航天和海洋开发等各重要领域不可或缺的材料。在利益的诱惑下,废旧塑胶的走私现象屡禁不止。我国作为塑胶原料进口大国,现有检测方法耗时长,难以实现现场检测,因此,开发一种用于现场的废旧塑胶微粒判别方法,对快速通关和海关缉私有重要意义。拉曼光谱技术具有快速、无损、样品用量小、无需前处理且适应性强等优点,已在现场快速鉴别领域得到广泛应用。在研究塑胶废旧机理的基础上,将拉曼光谱技术结合化学判别方法,应用于废旧塑胶原料识别。选取两类成分相似的实际通关塑胶原料样品,包含标准品及废旧品各160份,并对样品的拉曼光谱信息进行了采集。对比分析了两种塑胶原料的原始拉曼光谱,并对样品的拉曼光谱特征峰进行了归属分析。选取1 603 cm-1作为归一化参照峰位,进一步探究废旧塑胶的成分变化,对比统计了废旧塑胶原料及标准塑胶原料的相对峰强变化,结果表明废旧塑胶原料发生了化学老化。基于主成分分析法（PCA）对原始拉曼光谱及预处理拉曼光谱进行降维处理,结果表面预处理拉曼光谱的前2主成分空间分离度较好,通过对原始拉曼光谱数据进行背景扣除及平滑预处理,可减少荧光背景及噪声对鉴别的影响,提高鉴别的准确度。将样品一半划分为校正集用于模型建立,另一半划分为预测集用于模型验证,基于偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）,建废旧塑胶原料鉴别模型,该模型对建模训练集鉴别正确率为100％,模型验证集鉴别正确率为99.06％。研究表明,基于拉曼光谱技术,结合测试数据预处理及偏最小二乘判别分析方法,可以有效地实现塑胶原料的现场、快速、准确鉴别,为开发现场检测装备及方法提供理论参考。