为学生创设动手实践的机会和平台——开设初中化学实验选修课的实践与思考

中学化学教学要关注学生实验能力的培养与提升，开设校本化学实验选修课是对课堂实验教学的有效补充与拓展。基于初中学生参与动手实验的现状，阐述了实验选修课开设的课程目标、组织形式及内容，并结合具体案例对选取实验的功能和价值进行深入分析。通过观察学生的课堂表现及参与度，并结合课后访谈，对选修课给予学生的发展进行了深入思考。     

开设高中环境监测选修课提高中学生化学实验综合能力

高中学生面临着高考升学与提高自身综合素质两大任务。在中学化学教学中,如何使两者有效结合,是我们化学教师始终关心的一个现实问题。化学实验在化学中占有重要地位,对培养学生综合能力有着不可替代的作用。但由于许多原因(如教材的编写体系、教师队伍建设、教学条件以及高考模式等),高中化学实验一直是教学环节中一个薄弱环节,也是学生在考试中失分较严重的部分。部分学生高中毕业之后,在日常生活中不能独立运用化学实验技能解决常见问题,更谈不上自主设计实验、自主研究等较高要求了。笔者在从事高中化学教学的同时,兼任环境监测选修课的教学,在教学过程中,经常思考这个问题：能否通过选修课培养学生对化学实验的强烈兴趣,加强实验技术的掌握和应用,让学生在学习环保知识的同时,能全面提升他们的化学实验综合能力。     

我们开设"化学实验选修课"

我们在高一年级开设的化学实验选修课,通过一个个具体的实验课题,让学生在实验方案的设计过程中,达到强化知识的理解与灵活应用、培养实验设计与操作的能力、提高对实验方案的评价能力与实验结果的分析能力,特别是学生运用多学科知识解决化学问题的综合能力。1教学程序该课程是     

浅析化学生物学实验课程的有效教学方法

作为高年级化学专业本科生的综合性实验课程,化学生物学实验课为学生提供了拓宽知识体系及培养相关实验技术能力的平台。本文主要介绍了笔者在改进实验课教学过程中所做的尝试,包括设置"实验考查点"以提高实验效率,通过"翻转课堂"形式引入改进内容以及根据教材合理拓宽实验内容等。多种方式的综合应用有助于教与学的互动,更适应实验课程交叉性和不断发展的需要。     

鲁科版高中化学新教材学生必做实验解读及教学建议*

化学实验是探究和学习物质及其变化的基本方法,是发展学生化学学科素养的重要途径,《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》明确规定了18个学生必做实验。在分析新课标中必做实验的地位、内容与分布及相关建议和新鲁科版高中化学教材中18个学生必做实验的内容、特点的基础上,提出了相应的教学建议。     

初中化学实验教学中实现三维目标整合的有效策略

论述了有效教学的概念,并提出了4点在初中化学实验教学中实现三维目标整合的有效教学策略,即启发讲授使学生深刻理解化学实验;示范演示、规范操作实验深刻影响学生;有指导的学生实验,可以帮助学生深入地理解化学知识;学生独立实验,可以提高学生的能力。倡导化学教师的教学要真正成为能够促进全体学生进步和发展的有效教学。     

开设综合化学实验的探索与实践

1　开设综合化学实验的必要性　　化学是 1门实验科学 ,实验课在化学教学中占有特殊的地位。传统的教学模式中 ,化学系的学生在低年级做各基础课实验 ,高年级做专门化实验和毕业论文。各基础课具有自身的基础理论、实验操作技能 ,学生在这些实验课中是分别学习的 ,各门课的知识和技能也是分别学习和掌握的 ,学生缺乏大量有关知识和技能的融会贯通 ,缺乏各种实验方法和技术的综合应用能力 ;而高年级的专门化实验又由于专业划分过细 ,知识分割过窄 ,使学生学得的知识过窄 ,实验方法和技能也较单一 ,尽管基础扎实 ,但缺少创新意识和能力。所以 …     

大一化学实验课程改革的研究与实践——兼谈《现代化学实验基础》教学体会

化学是以实验为基础的学科 ,化学实验是全面实施化学教育的最有效的教学形式。我们认为目前的化学实验教学在以下几个方面存在着需要研究和改革的问题。　　 (1 )实验内容太多 ,且陈旧重复 ,学生学习积极性不高。实验过程基本上是“照方抓药” ,学生独立思考的空间甚少 ,学习效果不理想。　　 (2 )在化学教育中 ,理论课偏重于知识的形成和发展 ,而实验则是强调其实现过程。化学实验单独设课确实是一大进步 ,但是目前高等院校的化学实验教学仍然是以验证教学内容为目的 ,依附于理论课教学。且过分强调实验课与理论课开设的同步性 ,相继成立的…     

化学类选修课“分离技术”中引入研究型实验的探索

实验于化学举足轻重,但化学类选修课中的实验教学部分目前教学效果并不理想,因此尝试将应用研究型实验引入到选修课"分离技术"的实验教学环节中,并以"席夫碱的制备及对氧离子裸眼识别研究"为例,阐释了实验内容设计及优势。结果表明,这不仅有利于提高学生的综合实验素质,还有利于培养其科研兴趣,体现了科研的教学价值。最后,对完善这种尝试提出了几点建议。     

“对比实验+现象驱动的知识挖掘”在高分子材料合成创新实验教学中的尝试与运用

高分子材料合成实验是高分子专业的核心实验课程之一,如何建立实验课程与理论课程的有效衔接,加深学生对所学知识点的深入理解和活学活用,是本课程的主要目标。为此,笔者和教学团队提出：在同一个实验中改变某个实验变量,在教学班中引入对比实验,通过这些改变引起的不同实验现象和由此产生的材料性能的迥然差异,引导学生从现象出发,联系理论课堂知识进行深入分析。这种尝试有效改变了以往实验教学中所有教学班千篇一律的操作和几乎完全相同的实验现象与结果,有效激发了学生的主动性,提高了其分析问题、解决问题的能力。2年的实验教学反馈表明,“对比实验的引入”和“现象驱动的知识挖掘”帮助学生有效巩固了理论课堂的知识点,做到了活学活用。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。