静电纺丝技术制备聚合物基中空结构材料

静电纺丝是一种制备纳米尺度连续长丝的技术, 采用静电纺丝技术高效可控地构筑微纳米中空结构材料备受关注. 本文综述了通过静电纺丝技术制备聚合物中空纤维和中空微球的研究进展, 展望了其在不同功能材料领域的发展前景.     

基于静电纺丝技术的多级结构聚合物纳米纤维复合材料的研究进展

静电纺丝技术是目前制备纳米纤维最重要的方法之一,以其制备的纤维具有直径可控、比表面积大、孔隙率高等优点,因而被广泛应用于过滤、催化、传感器及生物医学等众多领域.以静电纺丝纤维为模板可进一步构建多级结构的功能性聚合物纳米纤维复合材料,拓宽其应用范围.本文着重概述了近年来基于静电纺丝技术的简单共混型、核壳结构及多级结构的聚合物纳米纤维复合材料的制备、结构及性能,并展望了其应用研究前景.     

电纺法制备中空多管道碳纳米纤维及其氧还原性能

以过渡金属和新型碳材料为代表的非贵金属催化剂具有成本低、稳定性好等优点,被认为是铂基贵金属催化剂的最佳替代品,对于促进燃料电池商业化应用具有重要意义,其中选择一种简单高效的方法制备符合要求的碳载体成为合成该类催化剂的基础.本实验利用静电纺丝技术制备了中空多管道碳纳米纤维,并深入研究了该材料的氧还原性能.结果表明,具有高度开放结构和较大比表面积的中空多管道碳纳米纤维具有较好的催化活性和电流效率,其极限电流密度为4.06mA/cm~2,电子转移数为3.44,是一种优秀的氧还原催化剂.本论文作者探究了中空多管道结构的形成机理,揭示了催化剂的结构和组成与电催化性能之间的构效关系,证明了中空多管道碳纳米纤维可以作为一种优秀的碳载体应用于非贵金属催化剂中.     

天然高分子静电纺丝水处理膜的研究进展

膜分离技术具有高效、节能、选择性好、操作简单等优点,是目前非常流行的水处理技术,有着巨大的应用前景.静电纺丝纳米纤维膜以其高孔隙率、孔径均匀、比表面积大、易于制备等独特性能已成为膜分离技术的重要发展方向.本文综述了一维纳米结构、核壳和中空结构以及多级结构静电纺丝纳米纤维材料的制备原理、结构和性能,着重介绍了以天然高分子...     

同轴静电纺丝技术制备药物缓释载体的研究进展

由于纳米纤维在组织工程支架材料,药物传递载体等方面的潜在应用,使得具有高比表面积的静电纺丝纳米纤维得到了很大的关注。静电纺丝技术是一种简单、有效的微／纳米技术,而同轴静电纺丝则是在传统静电纺丝技术上发展起来的新方法,单步即可制备连续的壳一芯结构纳米纤维或中空纳米纤维。这也使得静电纺丝纳米纤维在组织工程和药物缓释等领域有...     

静电纺丝纳米纤维基超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

静电纺丝纳米纤维具有比表面积大、孔隙率高及密度低等优势,是电化学储能材料的理想候选者之一.本文综述了近年来静电纺丝碳纳米纤维、金属氧化物/硫化物/氮化物、导电聚合物及其复合材料在超级电容器领域的研究及应用进展,探讨了材料组成、结构与电化学电容性能之间的关系,并对静电纺丝纳米纤维基电极材料的发展前景进行了展望.这将为新型高性能超级电容器电极材料的结构设计与可控制备提供新思路.     

静电纺丝纳米纤维薄膜的应用进展

静电纺丝是一种简单而高效制备高分子微纳米纤维的技术,由于设备和实验成本低、纤维产率高、制备出的纤维比表面积比较大、适用性广泛等独特的优势,近些年来备受关注。静电纺丝的应用是静电纺丝研究的最基本动力和终极目标,因此成为研究者一直努力的方向。为了研究静电纺丝应用的研究现状和主要发展方向,本文综述了静电纺丝纳米纤维薄膜几个主要的应用领域,包括组织工程、药物缓释、纳米传感器、能源应用、生物芯片和催化剂负载等,并展望了未来可能的发展方向。     

静电纺丝制备质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层综述

质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层在成本、耐久性以及性能上的局限是制约燃料电池汽车商业化的瓶颈. 已有文献证明静电纺丝技术制备的纳米纤维催化剂层能提高催化剂利用率、增加三相界面和三相通道以及提高耐久性. 作者结合所在课题组的工作综述了静电纺丝技术制备质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层的研究进展. 首先,介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层的发展历程,并从制备方式和结构两个方面对其进行分类和总结;接下来,从静电纺丝纳米纤维催化剂层的制备、物理特性表征、电化学性能分析及耐久性表征等方面进行了总结;最后,从三相界面、三相通道以及量产适用性的视点比较了三种结构的催化剂层,介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层的发展趋势,并梳理了静电纺丝法制备质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂层领域待研的问题.     

聚合物的静电纺丝

静电纺丝法是聚合物溶液或熔体在静电作用下进行喷射拉伸而获得纳米级纤维的纺丝方法.由纳米纤维制得的无纺布,具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、纤维精细程度与均一性高、长径比大等优点,从而赋予了静电纺丝纤维广泛的应用前景,它已在国内外引起了广泛的关注.本文介绍了静电纺丝的装置、基本原理及静电纺丝制备纳米纤维的研究进展,同时也叙述了其在各个领域的应用,最后展望了静电纺丝制备纳米纤维的发展方向及前景.     

静电纺丝纳米纤维膜固定化酶及其应用*

静电纺丝是一种简单有效的制备聚合物纳米纤维的技术,在组织工程、药物控释和传感器等方面具有广泛的应用。采用静电纺丝技术制备得到的纳米纤维膜具有比表面积大、孔隙率高和易于分离回收等优点,可以作为一种优良的酶固定化载体,目前在酶固定化领域受到了广泛的关注。本文综述了近年来静电纺丝纳米纤维膜固定化酶的研究进展,在阐述静电纺丝纳米纤维膜制备技术的基础上,详细介绍了纳米纤维膜表面担载法和包埋法固定化酶的原理和方法,分析了不同固定化方法的优缺点,并讨论了静电纺丝纳米纤维膜固定化酶的应用前景,对静电纺丝纳米纤维膜固定化酶的发展方向进行了展望。     

聚丙烯腈电纺纤维的功能化

聚丙烯腈是一种性能优异、应用广泛的成纤聚合物,静电纺丝技术则可用于制备聚丙烯腈纳米纤维,本文对聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的功能化进行了综述.通过表面仿生修饰、碳纳米管填充等方法改性的聚丙烯腈电纺纤维被尝试作为酶固定化的载体材料,在显著提高载酶量的同时,能大幅度提高酶活性.糖基功能化的纳米纤维对特定的蛋白质具有较高的识别效率,可望用于蛋白质的分离与纯化.卟啉化的聚丙烯腈电纺纤维则在显示出荧光特性的同时,在催化、传感等方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

金属-有机框架作为异相催化剂的表征方法概述

作为一类具有大的比表面积、高孔隙率、合成方便、骨架规模可变、化学可修饰以及结构组成多样等优点的新型多孔材料,金属-有机框架（MOFs）在光电材料、药物传输、气体吸附分离及催化等领域有着广阔的应用前景,成为近年来研究的热点。异相催化是MOFs最具发展潜力的应用领域之一,各种表征方法和研究手段是开展MOFs异相催化研究的工作基础。本文主要围绕表征MOFs作为异相催化剂的常用技术手段进行介绍,包括X-射线单晶衍射、X-射线粉末衍射、热重分析、红外光谱/拉曼光谱分析、透射/扫描电镜等,旨在为开展相关MOFs催化研究提供一定参考。     

若干典型中空结构材料的模板合成与应用进展（英文）

中空结构材料作为一类新兴功能材料,具有可调空腔、高比例活性表面及强化的物质传递等特性;当多组分及功能被整合与分区时,可实现中空结构材料的非对称结构(Janus)的拓扑演化.本文重点介绍若干典型中空结构材料,包括Janus中空材料的模板合成方法进展及中空结构材料在催化、储能、油/水分离与药物递送等领域的潜在应用,并展望了中空结构材料的未来发展趋势.     

Functional Electrospun Nanocomposites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrospinning with a simple and controllable process has extremely received considerable concerns by virtue of the fabrication and development of nanofibers. Moreover, nanofibers are playing an increasing impact on energy conversion and storage devices, especially for fuel cells based on oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), in view of the rich porosity, large surface area, excellent mass transportation and simply tunable composition, as well as good mechanical strength. In this review, we mainly introduce the primary principle of electrospinning technique, electrochemical reaction mechanism of ORR and synthetic strategies, and summarize the recent advances of unique non-noble-metal nanofibers on the basis of metal-organic framework(MOF) derivatives, single-atom catalysts(SACs) and transition metal oxides. More importantly, we emphasize on the influences of the components, morphology and architecture of advanced electrospun catalysts on their correspon-ding electrochemical performances towards ORR. Finally, the remaining puzzles and perspectives for further development of the electrospinning nanofibers involving electrocatalysis are presented. It is envisioned that this review would offer an important direction in designing novel electrocatalysts based on electrospinning nanofibrous structures and developing their potential.     

Structurally and chemically heterogeneous nanofibrous nonwovens via electrospinning

Homogeneous nonwovens composed of polymer nanofibers of a given diameter are characterized by structural parameters such as the average pore sizes and internal surfaces as well as by transport properties, which are strongly correlated to the fiber diameter at a given porosity. Such nonwovens are used among others for filter applications, protective clothing or as scaffolds for tissue engineering. A frequent requirement is that, to be able to prepare nonwovens optimised for the specific application, one has to find ways to disrupt this strong correlation allowing independent modification of pore diameter, transport properties and internal surface or to induce local chemical and structural heterogeneities within the nonwoven. The route explored in this paper is based on the electrospinning of heterogeneous nonwovens composed of nanofibers with two different average diameters (by a ratio of up to 10 and more) on the one hand and/or different chemical nature on the other hand. Spinning parameters have been optimised to achieve this goal. In addition, nonwovens composed of fibers with circular cross-section and with ribbon-like cross-section have been prepared.     

Fabrication of carbon fibers with nanoporous morphologies from electrospun polyacrylonitrile/poly(L‐lactide) blends

Porous carbon nanofibers were prepared through electrospinning a blend solution of polyacrylonitrile and poly(L ‐lactide), followed by carbonization at different temperatures and in different atmospheres. Structural features of these porous carbon nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Surface area and pore structure were evaluated using the nitrogen adsorption technique. It was found that carbon fibers prepared by this scalable and relatively economical method exhibited a porous surface morphology with high specific surface area and large pore volume. The fiber diameter, surface area, pore volume, bulky crystalline structure, and surface crystalline structure of these carbon nanofibers showed a strong dependence on the polymer precursor composition and carbonization condition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 493–503, 2009     

A Multi-Wall Sn/SnO2@Carbon Hollow Nanofiber Anode Material for High-Rate and Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries

Multi-wall Sn/SnO₂@carbon hollow nanofibers evolved from SnO₂ nanofibers are designed and programable synthesized by electrospinning, polypyrrole coating, and annealing reduction. The synthesized hollow nanofibers have a special wire-in-double-wall-tube structure with larger specific surface area and abundant inner spaces, which can provide effective contacting area of electrolyte with electrode materials and more active sites for redox reaction. It shows excellent cycling stability by virtue of effectively alleviating pulverization of tin-based electrode materials caused by volume expansion. Even after 2000 cycles, the wire-in-double-wall-tube Sn/SnO₂@carbon nanofibers exhibit a high specific capacity of 986.3 mAh g⁻¹ (1 A g⁻¹) and still maintains 508.2 mAh g⁻¹ at high current density of 5 A g⁻¹. This outstanding electrochemical performance suggests the multi-wall Sn/SnO₂@ carbon hollow nanofibers are great promising for high performance energy storage systems.     

Catalysis of the kemp elimination by natural coals

Commercially available coals were found to be efficient heterogeneous catalysts of the Kemp elimination reaction in aqueous solutions. A pH-rate profile study suggests that catalysis originates from specific catalytic groups and not simply from the large graphitic surface area. The low-quality lignite coals, which exhibit similar catalytic efficiency per weight to that of molecularly imprinted polymers, are better catalysts for this reaction in comparison with the bituminous coals.     

Multichannel hollow TiO2 nanofibers fabricated by single-nozzle electrospinning and their application for fast lithium storage

Multichannel hollow TiO₂ nanofibers were synthesized via a facile single-nozzle electrospinning method based on phase-separation mechanism. Compared to normal TiO₂ nanofibers, hollow TiO₂ with higher surface area gave rises to a higher surface contribution and ensured a short diffusion path for ion transport. Thus hollow TiO₂ demonstrated superior cyclic ability and excellent rate capability.     

A Multi‐Wall Sn/SnO2@Carbon Hollow Nanofiber Anode Material for High‐Rate and Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Multi‐wall Sn/SnO₂@carbon hollow nanofibers evolved from SnO₂ nanofibers are designed and programable synthesized by electrospinning, polypyrrole coating, and annealing reduction. The synthesized hollow nanofibers have a special wire‐in‐double‐wall‐tube structure with larger specific surface area and abundant inner spaces, which can provide effective contacting area of electrolyte with electrode materials and more active sites for redox reaction. It shows excellent cycling stability by virtue of effectively alleviating pulverization of tin‐based electrode materials caused by volume expansion. Even after 2000 cycles, the wire‐in‐double‐wall‐tube Sn/SnO₂@carbon nanofibers exhibit a high specific capacity of 986.3 mAh g^?1 (1 A g^?1) and still maintains 508.2 mAh g^?1 at high current density of 5 A g^?1. This outstanding electrochemical performance suggests the multi‐wall Sn/SnO₂@ carbon hollow nanofibers are great promising for high performance energy storage systems.