风致折叠网壳结构表面积雪分布CFD模拟

为研究风致折叠网壳结构表面积雪的分布规律,基于Euler-Euler方法和空气相与雪相单向耦合的基本假设,运用通用计算流体动力学软件ANSYS Fluent的Mixture多相流模型理论,并考虑壁面上积雪的侵蚀与沉积,建立风致雪漂的数值模型。首先,模拟立方体周围积雪分布并与实测结果对比,探讨与分析数值风洞的关键技术与参数,证实三方程k-kl-ω湍流模型能更好地对风雪两相流进行模拟。在此基础上,以风速和风向角为分析参数,模拟折叠网壳结构表面积雪分布。结果表明,10 m/s以下较低风速的持续作用对积雪分布尤为不利,受风向角变化影响,结构表面积雪的侵蚀与沉积发生在不同分区,其中迎风面被大面积侵蚀、背风面局部沉积,在不同的风向角下同一分区的积雪分布系数相对改变量最高达1.28。模拟获得结构表面在全风向角下的最不利积雪分布系数,为近似体型结构的抗风雪设计理论提供参考依据。     

开洞口煤仓风致积雪数值模拟及雪荷载不利分区研究

风雪共同作用下开洞口煤仓网壳表面雪压不均匀分布,对网壳结构安全性极为不利,且我国《建筑结构荷载规范》和《火力发电厂圆形贮煤仓施工技术规范》并未明确规定此种结构的雪荷载,故模拟研究了此种更接近实际煤仓选型的结构表面积雪侵蚀和沉积量的变化情况。运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件,基于Euler-Euler的方法,分析了不同风向角、积雪厚度和吹雪时间对开洞口煤仓表面积雪侵蚀量和沉积量的影响,结果表明,风向角和积雪厚度对煤仓表面积雪变化量影响较大,随风向角和积雪厚度增大,煤仓中心部位垂直来流风方向的积雪侵蚀量显著增大。将数值模拟所得结果与规范进行对比,发现此类结构并不适用于我国规范给出的屋面积雪分布系数,故提供煤仓表面最不利积雪分布系数分区图,为煤仓表面雪荷载设计提供依据。     

风雪共同作用下大跨度双曲屋盖数值模拟研究

“风致雪漂”运动可能会造成建筑物倒塌,威胁到人身财产安全,因此风雪的共同作用在设计大跨度结构时是不能忽略的。本研究采用欧拉-欧拉方法,基于k-kl-ω湍流模型,选择的大跨度双曲屋盖结构的投影形状有4种,分别为矩形、正方形、椭圆形以及圆形,研究在风雪流共同作用下风向角不同时这4种结构屋盖表面的风致积雪压力系数曲线图和积雪分布系数云图,并进行了对比分析,得到积雪分布规律。结果表明：风致雪漂作用下4种形状屋盖结构表面风致积雪压力系数比单独风作用下的平均压力系数大;4种屋盖结构表面的风致积雪压力系数最大值出现的位置不同;风向角对屋盖表面的风致积雪压力有很大影响,当风向角不同时,屋盖表面压力从大到小的排列顺序依次为矩形、椭圆形、正方形和圆形屋盖。     

落地四坡房屋表面风致雪漂移效应分析

为了获得落地四坡房屋表面积雪分布规律,根据风雪运动机理选取适当的雪粒粒径、积雪密度、沉降速度等条件,考虑积雪侵蚀沉积等影响因素,基于Euler-Euler多相流理论,使用FLUENT软件Mixture多相流模型模拟了立方体周围积雪及高低屋盖模型表面积雪分布,并与实测进行了比较,确定了湍流物理方程、数值风洞尺寸、细部网格及数量、壁面条件等各计算参数设置。以风速、风向角为参数,模拟落地四坡房屋屋面积雪分布得出:随着风速增加,屋面积雪量不断减少,15m/s风速下屋面积雪呈完全侵蚀状态,低风速下屋面积雪更多;屋面各区域积雪漂移随着风向角的改变不断改变,总体表现为侵蚀状态沉积区域较少;在5m/s风速下落地四坡房屋的迎风面各区域积雪分布系数在0.5以下,迎风屋顶各区域积雪分布系数基本为0,背风屋顶各区域积雪分布系数变化幅度高达0.8,背风面各区域积雪分布系数整体保持在0.9附近。得到了5m/s风速下区域积雪分布系数表,可为该类房屋的设计使用提供理论依据。     

攒尖四坡屋面风致雪漂移的数值模拟

为获得攒尖四坡屋面的风致雪漂移规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法和风雪单向耦合假定,运用计算流体动力学软件,选取Mixture模型分别对立方体周边和高低屋面上的风致雪漂移运动进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与两者的实地观测数据对比,探讨分析数值风洞的关键技术和参数设置,验证数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性。依据攒尖四坡房屋的使用功能要求,设计分析模型与分析工况,在试算的基础上对屋面进行分区。以风速5 m/s,7 m/s,9 m/s,11 m/s,13 m/s和15 m/s,风向角0°,15°,30°和45°以及屋面坡度25°,30°,34°,40°和45°为分析参数,对攒尖四坡房屋的120种工况进行数值模拟,得到屋面各分区侵蚀沉积的基本规律,提出可用于抗雪设计的屋面积雪分布系数。研究表明,风向角的改变会使屋面积雪分布状态发生较大程度的变化,风速和屋面坡度的变化对屋面整体积雪量有较大影响。     

基于风压分布特性的折叠网壳结构形状优化研究

针对风敏感结构折叠网壳存在抗风不利区域和风压梯度变化较大的力学行为,为优化其在风荷载作用下的表面风压分布,降低结构的风致响应,基于流体动力学基本原理和大气边界层基本理论,运用Fluent软件对折叠网壳结构风压分布进行数值模拟的基础性研究,对比风洞试验结果,确定复杂体型结构数值模拟的计算域尺寸、计算域离散和湍流模型等关键参数的选取。在此基础上对8种折叠网壳结构形状优化方案进行分析,得到其分区体型系数和体型系数的标准差,对比结构初始形态表面风压,最终得到具有良好抗风性能的最优方案,化解了结构的不利风压分布。结果表明,CFD数值分析技术能够有效地解决风敏感结构在风荷载作用下的形状优化问题,为结构体型优化和研发新型野营房屋提供了一个设计方法和理论依据。     

基于风压分布特性的折叠网壳结构形状优化研究Folding reticulated shell structure shape optimization based on wind pressure distribution characteristics

针对风敏感结构折叠网壳存在抗风不利区域和风压梯度变化较大的力学行为,为优化其在风荷载作用下的表面风压分布,降低结构的风致响应,基于流体动力学基本原理和大气边界层基本理论,运用Fluent软件对折叠网壳结构风压分布进行数值模拟的基础性研究,对比风洞试验结果,确定复杂体型结构数值模拟的计算域尺寸、计算域离散和湍流模型等关键参数的选取。在此基础上对8种折叠网壳结构形状优化方案进行分析,得到其分区体型系数和体型系数的标准差,对比结构初始形态表面风压,最终得到具有良好抗风性能的最优方案,化解了结构的不利风压分布。结果表明,C FD数值分析技术能够有效地解决风敏感结构在风荷载作用下的形状优化问题,为结构体型优化和研发新型野营房屋提供了一个设计方法和理论依据。     

多参数影响下开洞口煤仓表面风压系数拟合研究

在实际结构中球形储煤仓的网壳结构都与输煤栈桥相连,栈桥洞口的存在会使网壳表面风荷载变化更为复杂,我国现行规范中对网壳上开洞口的特殊建筑风压没有明确的设计规定。基于此,运用FLUENT软件和计算流体力学(CFD),采用SST?-?湍流模型,对开洞煤仓球面网壳的风荷载分布规律进行了数值风洞计算。分析了当矢跨比、来流风速、网壳高度、风向角、球面半径、栈桥洞口尺寸改变的情况下网壳表面的风压系数分布规律。分析结果表明,矢跨比、风向角、球面半径对网壳表面风压分布有较大影响。栈桥洞口尺寸对网壳表面局部的风压系数有较大影响,针对此种特殊结构推导出了计算风压系数的拟合公式,并将公式应用到已有的风洞实验结果,发现风压分布变化规律大致相同,拟合情况较好。     

平屋盖风压分布的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程和RSM模型对平屋面的风压分布进行了数值模拟,在此基础上系统研究了风向角、跨高比、地面粗糙度、风速等因素对屋面风压分布的影响,探讨了结构周围流场的绕流特性,最后根据屋面的结构形式及风压分布特点将屋面进行分区,给出了屋面在不同风向角下的分区风载体型系数以供工程设计参考。     

拉格朗日随机模型模拟屋面积雪分布

基于拉格朗日随机模型并结合已有文献中最新改进的k-ω湍流模型,对风致屋面雪粒迁移运动进行了数值模拟,其中根据雪深变化对屋面积雪边界采用了自适应变形调整。首先对程序进行了验证,然后对一典型阶梯形屋面的积雪分布进行了数值模拟。通过求解RANS方程及对湍流脉动速度PDF采样,模拟计算了约3×104个粒子的跃移及悬移运动迹线,统计获得了不同粒子大小、风速以及阈值风速下的屋面积雪效率及雪深分布。结果表明:在分离泡及拐角等部位的积雪效率最高,是积雪较多的地方;直径0.2mm的粒子屋面积雪效率最高;当屋面流动剪切速度大于雪粒阈值剪切速度时,不同风速及阈值风速对屋面的积雪效率影响相对较小;模拟结束时计算的屋面积雪系数分布与观测结果吻合较好。     

Upwinded finite difference schemes for dense snow avalanche modeling

Avalanche dynamics models are used by engineers and land‐use planners to predict the reach and destructive force of snow avalanches. These models compute the motion of the flowing granular core of dense snow avalanches from initiation to runout. The governing differential equations for the flow height and velocity can be approximated by a hyperbolic system of equations of first‐order with respect to time, formally equivalent to the Euler equations of a one‐dimensional isentropic gas. In avalanche practice these equations are presently solved analytically by making restrictive assumptions regarding mountain topography and avalanche flow behaviour. In this article the one‐dimensional dense snow avalanche equations are numerically solved using the conservative variables and stable upwinded and total variation diminishing finite difference schemes. The numerical model is applied to simulate avalanche motion in general terrain. The proposed discretization schemes do not use artificial damping, an important requirement for the application of numerical models in practice. In addition, non‐physical M‐wave solutions are not encountered as in previous attempts to solve this problem using Eulerian finite difference methods and non‐conservative variables. The simulation of both laboratory experiments and a field case study are presented to demonstrate the newly developed discretization schemes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of high-mobility tracked vehicles for over snow operations

This paper describes a detailed investigation into the effects of some of the major design features on the mobility of tracked vehicles over snow. The investigation was carried out using the latest version of an advanced computer simulation model, known as NTVPM, developed under the auspices of Vehicle Systems Development Corporation (VSDC), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Results show that the road wheel system configuration, initial track tension (i.e., the tension in the track system when the vehicle is stationary on a level, hard ground) and track width have significant effects on vehicle mobility over snow. On deep snow where the vehicle belly (hull) contacts the snow surface, the location of the centre of gravity (C.G.) of the sprung weight in the longitudinal direction has a noticeable effect on vehicle mobility, as it affects the attitude of the belly and the belly–snow interaction. Based on the investigation, a conceptual high-mobility tracked vehicle for over snow operations is discussed. Results of this study will provide the vehicle designer with guiding principles for the development of high-mobility tracked vehicles. It also demonstrates that NTVPM is a useful and effective tool for design and performance evaluation of tracked vehicles from a traction perspective.     

Vehicle-wet snow interaction: Testing,modeling and validation

For a vehicle interacting with snow, whether dry or wet, uncertainties exist in the mechanical properties of snow, and in the interfacial properties between the tires of the vehicle and snow. For dry snow, these uncertainties have been studied recently using methods within a statistical framework employing a simple stochastic tire-snow interaction model and several validation metrics. Wet snow is more complicated and much less studied than dry snow, especially for tire-snow interaction. In this paper, the authors used a physical tire-snow interaction model and a similar statistical framework as was used to analyze dry snow, and presented results of calibration and validation of the interaction model for wet snow in conjunction with new test data based on a single test run with the assumption that it would provide needed sampling points for statistical analysis. Four local and global statistical validation metrics were used to assess the physical and statistical models with good results. Comparison between wet and dry snow, based on a single test run, shows that the former has a lower interfacial coefficient of friction, and a higher drawbar pull than the latter.     

冰雪路面汽车轮胎摩擦特性研究进展

简要总结了中、高模量材料同冰雪之间的摩擦机理及相关理论，系统分析了影响冰雪路面上橡胶块和轮胎摩擦行为的因素；指出在一定工作条件下，轮胎性能和设计参数，包括胎面胶的低温模量、轮胎结构和胎面花纹等是影响轮胎摩擦牵引力的重要因素，其影响程度取决于运行条件；并就轮胎摩擦特性、全天候轮胎研制及轮胎力主动控制等方面的研究方向和热点提出了建议．     

风吹雪廓线的风洞实验研究

利用颗粒图像测速仪对新雪形成的风吹雪进行风洞实验研究, 给出了不同高度处雪粒粒径分布函数以及平均粒径廓线、雪粒数通量廓线的分布规律. 发现当摩阻风速大于0.5 m/s 时单宽输雪率与摩阻风速满足指数函数的关系, 小于0.5 m/s 时两者满足幂函数的关系, 总体而言, 单宽输雪率与摩阻风速呈线性关系.     

Advanced mobility in difficult terrain

The development and success of the Swedish Combat Vehicle CV90 has demonstrated the abilities of the author in the field of terramechanics related to tracked military vehicles. The honour of the Bekker–Reece–Radforth Award 2002 has been granted in recognition of these achievements made during the author's employment at Hägglunds Vehicle AB since 1975. Hägglunds Vehicle AB has been a producer of military vehicles since the late 1950s, although the first years concentrated on production only. From the early 1960s, Hägglunds developed a number of its own tracked vehicles, all of which were influenced by the mobility demands dictated by their intended use in severe terrain conditions, such as those found in Northern Scandinavia. This paper presents a brief history of the advancement of tracked vehicle technology at Hägglunds Vehicle AB. The concepts discussed include: ground pressure, the number of road-wheels, articulated steering, track tension, track attack angle, sinkage, belly effects, and the use of terramechanic simulation. The success of the CV90 demonstrates that the combination of practical experience, terrain knowledge, and terramechanic simulations can effect substantial improvements in vehicle mobility. Evaluation of the CV90 versus other modern combat vehicles of the same class has shown that the CV90 possesses considerably higher mobility and speed under severe terrain conditions. These two attributes provide CV90 with the ability to access terrain that similar vehicles cannot, thus giving the military user greater mobility options.     

Preface

This special issue of PARTICUOLOGY is devoted to the first UK-China Particle Technology Forum taking place in Leeds, UK, on 1-3 April 2007. The forum was initiated by a number of UK and Chinese leading academics and organised by the University of Leeds in collaboration with Chinese Society of Particuology, Particle Technology Subject Group （PTSG） of the Institution of Chemical Engineers （IChemE）, Particle Characterisation Interest Group （PCIG） of the Royal Society of Chemistry （RSC） and International Fine Particle Research Institute （IFPRI）. The forum was supported financially by the Engineering and Physics Sciences Research Council （EPSRC） of United Kingdom,     

The 7th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics May 24-27,2015,Qingdao,China

正http://www.icfm7.org First Announcement and Call for PapersThe objective of International Conference on Fluid Mechanics(ICFM)is to provide a forum for researchers to exchange new ideas and recent advances in the fields of theoretical,experimental,computational Fluid Mechanics as well as interdisciplinary subjects.It was successfully convened by the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics(CSTAM)in Beijing(1987,