Photodynamic damage (PDD) study using stimulated raman scattering

In the current study, photodynamic damage in different cell cultures was examined using a pulsed laser light. Two different experiments were performed to analyse the photodynamic damage. For the first one, a stimulated Raman scattering laser has been obtained by exciting DMSO liquid with Nd-YAG laser, second harmonic generation, 532 nm. The resulted SRS wavelength is pulsed 630 nm. 1 ml ALA (200 μg/ml) was added to cell suspension and keep it for incubated for 4 h then irradiate the suspension with SRS wavelength 630 nm at different light dose 8, 12, 17, 25, 30, 40, 60, 100, 150, 200 μJ for 10 pluses and obtain the cell degradation. We repeat the step above but for 30 pluses. Finally for the second experiment, 1 ml ALA (200 μg/ml) was added to cell suspension and was incubated for 4 h and then irradiated with Nd-YAG Laser at wavelength 532 nm. Different doses range between 8 up to 200 μJ for 10 pluses only and the cell degradation rate was measured.     

Tumoricidal effects of nanomaterials in HeLa cell line

Laser Physics - The current study exhibits the cellular response of HeLa (cervical cancer) cells to metal oxides ultrafine nanomaterials e.g. manganese dioxide nanowires (MnO2 NRs), iron oxide...     

Optical parameters measurement for diagnostic and photodynamic therapy of human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line

The purpose of this study was to investigate the optical properties, absorption coefficient (μ _a ) scattering coefficient (μ _s ) and refractive indices, (n) of HeLa cell line in a suspension of 2% minimum essential medium (MEM) at two different (632.8 and 532.0 nm) wave lengths of laser light. Optical properties were determined with Kubelka Munk Model (KMM) and refractive index measurement was made through minimum angle of deviation method (MAD). We reported μ _a = 8.643 ± 0.187 and 2.348 ± 0.249 cm⁻¹ and μ _s = 5.609 ± 0.287 and 88.166 ± 2.833 cm⁻¹ at 632.8 and 532.0 nm, respectively. Refractive index was found to be 1.332 and 1.312 at 632.8 nm and 532.0 nm, respectively. The discussed results provide a route of information for clinical diagnosis, therapeutic application and dosimetry studies in HeLa and other cell lines.     

The role of sensitivity of ALA (PpIX)-based PDT on Human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T)

Present study evaluates the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) as photo sensitizer using Human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cell line as an experimental model. Porphyrins derivatives are used as active cytotoxic antitumor agents in PDT. Above mentioned cell line were irradiated with red light (a diode laser, λ = 635 nm) at different doses (0–160 J/cm²) of light. The influence/effectiveness of incubation time, various concentrations of aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and light doses on the cellular viability was studied. HEK293T cells were deliberated by exposing the ALA-PpIX (0–1000 μg/ml) of concentrations. The optimal uptakes of photosensitizer (PS) in cell lines were investigated by means of spectro photo metric measurements. Cells viability was determined by means of neutral red assay (NRA). It was observed that alone, neither photosensitizer nor light dose have significant effect on cells viability, but optimal concentration of PS along with suitable dose of light exhibit effective impact on the viability of cell. Our results showed that light doses of 40 J/cm² demonstrates effective PDT outcome for HEK293T cell line when incubated with 400 μg/ml, with wrapping up view that HEK293T cell line is very sensitive to ALA-mediated PDT as compared to cell line published in our data. At the end results has been verified by using reactive oxygen species (ROS) measure test.     

Holographic Study of the Response of HeLa Cells to Photodynamic Treatment with Endogenously Generated Protoporphyrin IX

Optics and Spectroscopy - Changes in morphological and optical parameters of HeLa cells preincubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), after photodynamic treatment (PDTr) with different intensity...     

X射线和过氧化氢引起的Hela细胞染色质损伤的微区拉曼光谱研究

我们成功地用微区拉曼光谱探针技术获得了培养单个活体 Hela 细胞核中染色质的拉曼光谱。从光谱中我们看到正常 Hele 细胞核蛋白的二级结构为 a 螺旋,DNA 为 A 型构象。经10~(-3)moI/L 过氧化氢处理20分钟及8Gy x 射线照射后的 Hela 细胞核蛋白的二级结构出现反平行β折叠,DNA 出现 B 型构象。这种结果与我们的假设是相符合的。     

Role of ALA sensitivity in HepG2 cell in the presence of diode laser

Laser Physics - 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) being an amazing second generation photosensitizer was studied as photodamaging drug on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The mentioned...     

镁合金疲劳早期非线性超声在线检测实验研究

材料力学性能早期退化在微观结构上表现为位错和晶带滑移等缺陷的变化,在超声波检测中表现为高次谐波的产生。发展了一套在材料疲劳实验机上直接任线测量超声非线性系数的实验系统,在相同条件下测量了同一试件作不同输入电压下的二次谐波和基波幅度,二次谐波幅度和基波幅度平方的线性相关系数r=0.9996,表明实验系统是可靠的。同时利用该系统进行了三组不同加载应力的镁合金试件疲劳在线非线性超声检测实验。实验结果表明,在疲劳寿命的55%之前,超声非线性系数对疲劳加载周数具有很高的灵敏度。因此,利用超声非线性系数可以很好地表征镁合金的疲劳早期退化。另外在中低周疲劳范围内,加载应力的大小以及拉-拉和拉压疲劳模式的变化对实验结果没有明显的影响。     

Model of line preserving field line motions using Euler potentials

We consider behavior of finite magnetic field lines during reconnection processes. We portray field line motions using Euler potentials representation. Here, we propose a new insight into plasma flow fields related with magnetic reconnection. In this approach reconnection is treated as a breakage of magnetic topology, which results in deviation from the line preserving flow regime. We derive constraints and the general equations for these flows. In our approach the flux preserving flows are treated as a special case of line preserving regime. We also derive a constraint on a non-ideal term in Ohm’s Law within diffusion regions, which relates plasma flow with resistivity, and which must hold for non-reconnective diffusion. We also propose a new method of detecting magnetic reconnection.     

金刚石压腔蛇纹石原位拉曼光谱研究

在金刚石压腔中,运用激光拉曼光谱技术对高压下蛇纹石矿物结构及其稳定性进行了原位观测与研究。实验获得蛇纹石在常温下从0.1～5 140MPa的拉曼光谱数据。研究发现,蛇纹石低频拉曼谱峰388,471,692和705cm-1随压力增加有规律地向高频偏移;层内羟基3 664cm-1峰和层间羟基3 696cm-1峰与压力呈明显的正相关性。层内羟基3 664cm-1峰随压力变化的斜率为3.3cm-1.GPa-1,层间羟基3 696cm-1峰在2.0GPa时斜率由8.3cm-1.GPa-1变为1.1cm-1.GPa cm-1。在实验温压条件下,蛇纹石未发生脱水作用。     

The study of the cell nucleus using cryofixation and cryosubstitution

New pathways leading to a better understanding of the cell nucleus morpho-functional aspects are being opened up by cryofixation and cryosubstitution methods. These techniques are able to produce excellent morphology of the nuclear fine structure with subtle, sometimes even notable, ultrastructural differences when compared with conventional chemically fixed, dehydrated and embedded material. It is of particular interest, when carrying out these cryotechniques, to avoid the use of any cryoprotectant and chemical fixation. This permits an analysis of the cell's fine structure, which may well approach its native state. Cryofixation, because of its extreme rapidity, should be able to immobilize all cell activities and capture a well defined physiological state of the cell without causing major changes in molecular structures. Immunocrytochemical studies carried out using cryofixation and cryosubstitution, gave very satisfactory results, often revealing antigenic sites which were not, or hardly ever, detected when using conventional fixation techniques. The applications of various cryofixation and cryosubstitution methods in the study of the cell nucleus are summarized and an attempt to critically evaluate their results is made in this review.     

Experimental and numerical study on damage detection in an L-joint using guided wave propagation

Longitudinal and flexural wave propagation in a steel L-joint is considered in this paper. Particular attention is paid to damage detection aspects. Experimental investigations were conducted on an intact L-joint as well as on an L-joint with a notch. Velocity time histories of elastic waves propagation have been applied to find the location of damage. To model longitudinal as well as flexural wave propagation including lateral and shear deformations, the special frame spectral element in the time domain, based on the Mindlin-Herrmann rod and Timoshenko beam theories, was formulated. As a result this paper discusses in detail the possibility of detection of damage in an L-joint and it compares the usefulness of the application of axial and flexural waves in non-destructive damage detection for this typical structural component.     

几种直方图变换法在输电接头红外热像增强中的对比研究

由红外热像仪直接得到的热像会受很多外来因素的干扰而致使图像模糊不清、对比度差,由此在故障诊断过程中,需要对热像进行后续增强处理。总结了影响热故障红外检测准确性的外部因素,分析了输电接头热像的基本特征,采用了基于平方根灰度变换直方图修正和全局均衡化两种方法对热像进行了增强处理。在分析上述两种方法优劣的基础上,提出了一种基于线性平滑滤波的局部均衡化方法。结果表明,基于线性平滑滤波的局部均衡化方法对于处理输电接头热像更有效。     

A study of the effective line width in lithium ferrites using magneto microwave Kerr effect

A new technique to determine the effective line width ΔH_eff using the dimensional resonance phenomenon observed in magneto-microwave Kerr-effect experiment is discussed. This effect depends on the Permeability tensor components and the damping parameter α. The components of permeability tensor μ have been calculated theoritically and the damping parameter α is determined from experimental data. The measurements have been made at 24 GHz on three samples of lithium ferrite and their effective line widths have been obtained both in the partially magnetised and the saturated states of magnetisation. It has been found that ΔH_eff for two states of magnetisation are different. Further, the value of ΔH_eff obtained are higher than expected at this frequency. This suggests the possibility of additional relaxation mechanisms at dimensional resonance.     

In situ study of calcite-III dimorphism using dynamic diamond anvil cell

The phase transitions among the high-pressure polymorphic forms of CaCO₃ (cc-I, cc-II, cc-III, and cc-IIIb) are investigated by dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) and in situ Raman spectroscopy. Experiments are carried out at room temperature and high pressures up to 12.8 GPa with the pressurizing rate varying from 0.006 GPa/s to 0.056 GPa/s. In situ observation shows that with the increase of pressure, calcite transforms from cc-I to cc-II at ～ 1.5 GPa and from cc-II to cc-III at ～ 2.5 GPa, and transitions are independent of the pressurizing rate. Further, as the pressure continues to increase, the cc-IIIb begins to appear and coexists with cc-III within a pressure range that is inversely proportional to the pressurizing rate. At the pressurizing rates of 0.006, 0.012, 0.021, and 0.056 GPa/s, the coexistence pressure ranges of cc-III and cc-IIIb are 2.8 GPa-9.8 GPa, 3.1 GPa-6.9 GPa, 2.7 GPa-6.0 GPa, and 2.8 GPa-4.5 GPa, respectively. The dependence of the coexistence on the pressurizing rate may result from the influence of pressurizing rate on the activation process of transition by reducing the energy barrier. The higher the pressurizing rate, the lower the energy barrier is, and the easier it is to pull the system out of the coexistence state. The results of this in situ study provide new insights into the understanding of the phase transition of calcite.     

Structural damage evaluation using genetic algorithm

The detection and identification of structural damage is important in monitoring of structural systems during their lifetime. Many researchers have proposed a variety of damage evaluation methods based on structural monitoring. The stiffness matrix is used in some conventional damage detection methods; however, it leads to inevitable error due to the lack of data provided by structural monitoring. To overcome this problem, this study introduces a new damage evaluation method that identifies the structural damage in a shear building based on a genetic algorithm using the structural flexibility matrix with dynamic analyses. The proposed method enables the deduction of the extent and location of structural damage, even when there is insufficient data on the dynamic characteristics and insufficient accurate measurements of the structural stiffness and mass. The validity of the proposed damage evaluation method is demonstrated through numerical analyses using OpenSees.     

Analysis of metamaterials using transmission line models

We use simple transmission line models with lumped elements of inductance and capacitance to interpret optical transmission and reflection spectra of cut wires and cut-wire pairs in the near infrared region. The numerical values of the elements are obtained by fitting experimental or numerical simulated reflectance and transmittance spectra. The scattering parameters and the retrieved effective material parameters calculated from the transmission line models show good agreements with those obtained from experiments or numerical simulations. This indicates that transmission line theory is a powerful tool for designing and analyzing metamaterials at optical frequencies. PACS 41.20.Jb; 78.67.-n; 78.66.Sg     

Fiber-optic delay line using multicore fiber

A fiber-optic delay line based on a multicore optical fiber is fabricated for the first time. Due to the optical pulse sequential passage over all cores, the time delay of the optical signal of 45.0 μs is obtained at the optical fiber length of only 1300 m. The use of the seven-core optical fiber allows a sevenfold reduction in the used fiber length in comparison with single-core fibers, which is promising for developing lines with long signal delays.     

Kinetic study of phase transformation of n-octane using hydrothermal diamond anvil cell

A kinetic study of phase transformation of n-octane has been performed using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. The results show that pressure has a negative effect on the solid–liquid reaction rate. The increase of pressure can accelerate the liquid–solid transformation rate. Upon the liquid–solid transformation, the light transmittance showed a decreased trend with time in the early stage, which was caused by the formation of a large quantity of crystal nuclei. In the later stage, the light transmittance almost remained the same, thus indicating a growth stage of crystal nuclei. The activation volume yields a value of 2.16×10^?5 and –1.35×10^?5 m³/mol for the solid–liquid and liquid–solid transformations. Based on the obtained activation energy, the solid–liquid transformation is dominated by the interfacial reaction and diffusion, and the liquid–solid transformation is controlled by diffusion. This technique is an effective and powerful tool for the transformation kinetics study of n-octane.