地表反照光对天基空间目标的成像影响

天基空间目标观测时, 在对空间目标的可见光特性提取的过程中, 随着其姿态的不断变化, 存在太阳光照射不到目标表面、或是在某一特定位置由于目标的强烈反射导致太阳光照度不均匀的情况. 针对这些问题, 分析了在可见光和近红外波段空间目标表面的光照特性, 提出了利用地表反照光作为天基空间目标成像辅助照明光源的思想, 给出了一种精确的建模方法. 基于漫反射模型建立了地表反照光在空间目标表面的照度计算方法, 借助satellite tool kit卫星工具软件获取太阳、目标的坐标, 省去了以往方法中烦琐的矩阵相乘和坐标转换过程; 对任意时刻的地表有效反照区域给出了判断, 引入对地球表面进行网格划分的方法, 对划分后的每一个面元均匀采样, 通过数值积分可计算出整个有效地表反照区域的地表反照辐射. 以某天基成像任务中的太阳同步轨道卫星为例, 就地表反照光对目标的光照情况进行仿真, 计算得出卫星在经过北极上空时可以利用地表反照光作为辅助光源这一重要结论. 仿真结果验证了建模方法的正确性.     

Model calculations of the radiation dose and LET spectra on LDEF and comparisons with flight data

Ionizing radiation environment models, a 3-D spacecraft mass model, and radiation transport codes have been used to predict the radiation dose and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra measured at various locations on the LDEF satellite. The predictions are compared with thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements of the trapped proton and electron doses and with LET spectra measured by plastic nuclear track detectors. The predicted vs observed comparisons indicate some of the uncertainties of present ionizing radiation environment models for low Earth-orbit missions.     

Study of magnetic field expansion using a plasma generator for space radiation active protection

There are many active protecting methods including Electrostatic Fields, Confined Magnetic Field, Unconfined Magnetic Field and Plasma Shielding etc. for defending the high-energy solar particle events (SPE) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) in deep space exploration. The concept of using cold plasma to expand a magnetic field is the best one of all possible methods so far. The magnetic field expansion caused by plasma can improve its protective efficiency of space particles. One kind of plasma generator has been developed and installed into the cylindrical permanent magnet in the eccentric. A plasma stream is produced using a helical-shaped antenna driven by a radio-frequency (RF) power supply of 13.56 MHz, which exits from both sides of the magnet and makes the magnetic field expand on one side. The discharging belts phenomenon is similar to the Earth's radiation belt, but the mechanism has yet to be understood. A magnetic probe is used to measure the magnetic field expansion distributions, and the results indicate that the magnetic field intensity increases under higher increments of the discharge power.     

Effects of electron radiation on shielded space and triple-junction GaAs solar cells

The displacement damage dose methodology for analysing and modelling the performance of triple-junction InGaP₂/GaAs/Ge solar cells in an electron radiation environment is presented. Degradations at different electron energies are correlated with displacement damage dose (D_\rm d). One particular electron radiation environment, relative to a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO), is chosen to calculate the total D_\rm d behind the different thicknesses coverglasses to predict the performance degradation at the end of the 15-year mission.     

Experimental determination of physical processes in space,leading to deviations of radio synchrotron radiation spectra from the power law

We present universal formulas for spectral characteristics of cosmic radio sources of synchrotron radiation upon the presence of spectral density maxima at certain frequencies (spectra with negative curvature) taking into account most typical physical processes observed in space. On the basis of long-term observations of angular radiation structure of cosmic radio sources in the decameter wavelength range by the URAN radio interferometer system, we determine most probable physical processes resulting in spectra with extremum values for several quasars, radio galaxies, and their separate components. On the basis of these data, we estimate some parameters of cosmic medium, magnetic field, and angular sizes of compact radio sources and their components. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 91–110, February 2008.     

A simple model for spectra of laser radiation backscattered from an unstable inhomogeneous plasma

It is shown that phase modulation causes the occurrence of harmonics and satellites in the reflected spectrum and subharmonics and harmonics of half integer order in the Raman scattered light.     

目标辐射特性现场校准用大面积黑体辐射源技术研究

红外成像技术在空间探测、对地观测、安防监控等领域的应用越来越广,为了确保红外目标识别的准确性,必须掌握目标的辐射特性。目标辐射特性需要在外场实际条件下测量得到,需要利用大面积黑体辐射源对目标特性测量设备进行现场辐射参数校准。设计了一种大面积黑体辐射源,辐射体采用铝材质并发黑处理,大面积黑体辐射源温度控制采用PID控制算法。在外场实际环境温度为26.8 ℃,湿度为60%时对目标特性测量设备辐射参数进行了校准。试验数据表明:辐射温度测量不确定度为0.4 ℃（k=2）,取得了较好的应用效果。     

Photoionisation of ions with synchrotron radiation: from ions in space to atoms in cages

The photon-ion merged-beams technique for the photoionisation of mass/charge selected ionised atoms, molecules and clusters by x-rays from synchrotron radiation sources is introduced. Examples for photoionisation of atomic ions are discussed by going from outer shell ionisation of simple few electron systems to inner shell ionisation of complex many electron ions. Fundamental ionisation mechanisms are elucidated and the importance of the results for applications in astrophysics and plasma physics is pointed out. Finally, the unique capabilities of the photon-ion merged-beams technique for the study of photoabsorption by nanoparticles are demonstrated by the example of endohedral fullerene ions.     

Calibration of CR-39 with atomic force microscope for the measurement of short range tracks from proton-induced target fragmentation reactions

We studied the track response of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTD) for low (<6 MeV/n) and high (>100 MeV/n) energy heavy ions using the atomic force microscope (AFM). CR-39 PNTD was exposed to several heavy ion beams of different energy at HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba). For AFM measurement, the amount of bulk etch was controlled to be ∼2 μm in order to avoid etching away of short range tracks. The response data obtained by AFM for ∼2 μm bulk etch was in good agreement with data obtained by the conventional optical microscope analysis for larger bulk etch. The response data from low energy beams (stopping near the surface) was also consistent with the data from high energy beams (penetrating the detector) as a function of REL (restricted energy loss) with the δ-ray cut off energy of ω₀ = 200 eV. We experimentally verified that REL (ω₀ = 200 eV) gives a universal function for wide energy range in CR-39 PNTD. This work has been done as part of a basic study in the measurement of secondary short range tracks produced by target fragmentation reactions in proton cancer therapy fields.     

Infrared absorption spectra for B- and P-alloyeda-Si: Effects of annealing

The effects of isochronal annealing on the infrared and far-infrared spectra of very heavily B- and P-dopeda-Si(H) are reported. Upon annealing, the B-H stretching mode evolves into two bands centered at 2475 and 2370cm^–1. The broad band of the heavily B-doped samples between 600 and 900cm_-1 is resolved into three peaks or absorption shoulders located at 830, 725, and 630cm_-1. The 640cm_-1 band of the heavily P-doped samples splits into two peaks centered at 630 and 670cm_-1. The assignment of the above peaks is discussed. The intrinsic infrared absorption due to the Si lattice modes changes only little as a result of the annealing. These changes are a measure of the H-induced ir activity of the Si-Si bands.     

Theoretical studies of molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces: I. Electronic spectra

The band shape of electronic spectra for a diatomic molecule adsorbed on a surface is studied using the adiabatic approximation. In this approximation, the Schrödinger equation for the total system is separated into those for electronic motion, intramolecular vibration, and low frequency motions (e.g., hindered molecular rotation and lattice vibration). Our theory is applied to the system of an admolecule on the (001) surface of fcc monatomic crystals. We determine the line shape of a vibronic transition for both chemisorption and physisorption cases. In chemisorption cases, a side band due to the low frequency motions can appear in the line shape of a vibronic transition. On the other hand, in physisorption cases, the line shape is a single peak. Moreover, we suggest theoretically a new experimental technique for exciting adsorbed molecules; for this purpose, we derive equations giving the cross sections for the electronic excitation of admolecules by using ion impact at grazing incidence. The admolecules can be excited by this method; the subsequent light emission can give information on the orientation of the admolecule on the surface and on the admolecule-surface species interaction.     

Effect of sheath potential on electromagnetic radiation emitted from the rear surface of a metallic foil target

In ultra-intense laser--matter interactions, intense electric fields formed at the rear surface of a foil target may have strong influences on the motion of energetic electrons, and thereby affect the electromagnetic emissions from the rear surface, usually ascribed to transition radiation. Due to the electric fields, transition radiation occurs twice and bremsstrahlung radiation also happens because the electrons will cross the rear surface twice and have large accelerations. In the optic region, transition radiation is dominant. The radiation spectrum depends on the electric field only when the electrons are monochromatic, and becomes independent of the electric field when the electrons have a broadband momentum distribution. Therefore, in an actual experiment, the electric field at the rear surface of a foil could not be studied just with the measurement of optic emissions. In the terahertz region, both bremsstrahlung and transition radiations should be taken into account, and the radiation power could be enhanced in comparison with that without the inclusion of bremsstrahlung radiation. The frequency at which the maximum terahertz radiation appears depends on the electric field.     

Examining the fragmentation of 158 A GeV lead ions on copper target: Charge-changing cross sections

A stack of plastic CR-39 Track Detectors were exposed to 158 A GeV ²⁰⁷Pb ions at the CERN-SPS beam facility. The exposure of stack was performed at normal incidence with a fluence of about $1500\mathrm{ions}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$. The total number of lead ions in each spill was about $7.8\times {10}^4$ with eight spills on each stack. For the stack with the Cu target, the lengths of etched cones on one face of the CR-39 detectors (before and after the target) were measured. Using these measurements and charge identification methodology in CR-39 track detectors, total and partial charge changing cross sections of 158 A GeV ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{82+}$ ions on Cu and CR-39 targets are determined in the charge region $63⩽Z⩽82$. The possibilities of presence and absence of odd–even effect in measured partial charge changing cross sections of 158 A GeV Pb ions for Cu and CR-39 targets are described. The charge resolution $({\sigma }_Z)$ achieved in the present experiment is $\sim 0.18\mathrm{e}$–0.21e. The analysis of discrepancies between our experimental results and other published results for the identical reaction is also presented.     

Influence of an ambipolar field and target boundary blurring on transition radiation from fast electrons of laser plasma

It is shown that the blurring of the rear side of a thin laser target leads to a decrease in the intensity of higher harmonics in the spectrum of coherent transition radiation and that the scale of the boundary inhomogeneity can be estimated from the amplitude ratio of harmonics. Deceleration of the electron flow in an ambipolar electric field at the rear boundary of a target leads to a decrease in the intensity of lower harmonics in the spectrum of coherent transition radiation, and the strength of the ambipolar field can be estimated from the amplitude ratio of harmonics. A change in the permittivity of a dielectric laser target with frequency can lead to an increase in the intensity of some harmonics in the spectrum due to the Vavilov-Cherenkov mechanism.     

靶的厚度对激光产生的x射线输运到靶后能谱的影响

利用一维辐射流体动力学程序MULTI数值模拟研究了功率为10¹⁴W/cm²、脉冲宽度为1ns、波长为0.35μm的短脉冲强激光辐照不同厚度的平面Au靶时，靶厚度对靶背面x射线能谱结构和辐射强度的影响. 关键词： 激光等离子体 辐射流体力学 x射线转换     

Effects of postlingual deafness on speech production: implications for the role of auditory feedback

This study investigated some effects of postlingual deafness on speech by exploring selected properties of consonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals in the speech of seven totally, postlingually deafened individuals. The observed speech properties included parameters that function as phonological contrasts in English, as well as parameters that constitute primarily phonetic distinctions. The results demonstrated that postlingual deafness affects the production of all classes of speech sounds, suggesting that auditory feedback is implicated in regulating the phonetic precision of consonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals over the long term. In addition, the results are discussed in relation to factors that may influence the degree of speech impairment, such as age at onset of deafness.     

Core binding energies for clusters deposited on different insulating substrates: esca spectra and theoretical electronic structure studies

The 4f core-level X-ray photoemission of small Pt clusters deposited on Teflon and SiO₂ substrates has been investigated. The experimental results are discussed and related to other data reported in the literature. Parallel results are presented for ab initio selfconsistent field, SCF, calculations of the core ionization potentials, IPs, of small Li clusters. These model calculations provide qualitative information about the nature and magnitude of the initial and final state contributions to the IPs for small clusters. We find that the binding energy shifts and linewidth broadening depend primarily on the cluster size and on the cluster substrate interaction. They do not result from electrostatic effects of the unit positive charge remaining on the ionized cluster. Our calculations show that this Coulomb effect does not apply to very small clusters.     

Study of the turbulence and inner waves in the stratosphere based on the observations of stellar scintillations from space: A model of scintillation spectra

Abstract

Stellar scintillations observed from space through the atmosphere show that density inhomogeneities in the stratosphere are stretched along the Earth's surface. This is true for vertical scales above dozens of metres. The observations reveal the existence of locally isotropic small-scale structure with fluctuation sizes up to fractions of a metre. The subject of this paper is to find out how the rotation of inhomogeneities with respect to the passing ray affects scintillations. Another subject of this study is chromatic aberration in the atmosphere which distorts the scintillation spectra. Numerical modelling within the weak-fluctuation approximation showed that the characteristic value of the anisotropy parameter is equal to the square root of the Earth's radius divided by the atmospheric scale. After the anisotropy exceeds this value, the growth of scintillation variance quickly becomes saturated. Chromatic aberration suppresses the high-frequency branch of the scintillation spectrum. However, information on the structure of isotropic fluctuations with scales up to the Fresnel radius is retained in scintillation spectra for oblique occultations. The model of composing blocks is suggested to develop the approximation for a three-dimensional fluctuation spectrum in the stratosphere. Parameters of these blocks can be determined from the set of measured scintillation spectra.