Étude du dosage du phosphore et de l'arsenic dans les aciers par colorimétrie

Phosphomolybdic and arsenomolybdic acids are formed and reduced to their blue reduction products at normal temperature in the presence of certain metallic ions: bismuth, zirconium, titanium. Of these ions, the last two catalyse the reduction of molybdic acid under acid conditions favourable to the reduction of phospho- and arsenomolybdic acids. Bismuth does not bring about this last reaction. It was chosen because of its analytical applications, which are related to the estimation of phosphorus and arsenic in steels. The working methods proposed are given in an appendix.     

Une méthode de dosage colorimétrique du phosphore dans les matières organiques

1° The use of hydrated ferric oxide is suggested for separating phosphate from a solution containing other salts.2° A new flask is proposed, which can be used in the decomposition of organic matters. By means of this flask, we can carry out the mineralization without any bumping.3° By using hydrated ferric oxide and the new flask, we can successfully carry out the determination of phosphorus in natural waters as well as in organic matter.     

Détermination spectrophotométrique de l'aluminium et du fer dans les siliciums industriels

Résumé Le dosage colorimétrique de l'aluminium par le ferron a été précisé et les modalités de son application à l'analyse des siliciums et ferrosiliciums décrites. La précision est de l'ordre de celle de la gravimétrie de l'oxinate, et le procédé, qui permet en même temps la détermination du fer, est beaucoup plus rapide.

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Summary The colorimetric determination of aluminium by ferron has been made exact and the methods of applying it to the analysis of silicon and ferrosilicons are described. The accuracy is of the order of the gravimetric oxinate procedure and the method which permits the simultaneous determination of iron, is much faster.

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Zusammenfassung Die kolorimetrische Bestimmung des Aluminiums mittels Ferron wurde ausgearbeitet und ihre Anwendung auf die Analyse von Silicium und Ferrosilicium beschrieben. Die Genauigkeit des Verfahrens entspricht der Gravimetrie des Oxinats. Es ist aber rascher und gestattet gleichzeitig die Bestimmung des Eisens.

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Avec la collaboration deP. van de Leur     

Nouvelle méthode de lavage et d'isolement du sulfate de baryum dans le microdosage du soufre par gravimétrie

Résumé L'auteur décrit une méthode de lavage et d'isolement du précipité de sulfate de baryum en vue du microdosage du soufre par gravimétrie.Le précipité, transvasé dans un tube de quartz taré, y est lavé et séparé des eaux de lavage par centrifugation et siphonnage automatique. Le précipité est ensuite désséché puis le tube est porté au rouge. On pèse après refroidissement.L'auteur a vérifié que les tubes de quartz employés conservaient rigoureusement leur masse malgré un chauffage au rouge prolongé.

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Summary A new technique is described for use in the determination of sulphur in organic substances; it enables the barium sulphate precipitate to be weighed without the employment of either aPregl filter-tube or a microNeubauer crucible.After the organic substance has been decomposed by the customary methods using either a microCarius' tube or aPregl tube, the contents of the tube are transferred to a Jena glass test-tube, and evaporated on the waterbath. If aPregl tube has been used for the attack on the substance, the barium sulphate is to be precipitated before the evaporation is carried out. The precipitate is then stirred up with 1% hydrochloric acid, and transferred to a previously weighed quartz test-tube by rinsing with ethyl alcohol and 1% hydrochloric acid alternately. After centrifuging, the supernatant liquid is withdrawn by means of suction, the precipitate again stirred up with 1% hydrochloric acid, and the supernatant liquid removed as before after centrifuging. These operations are repeated twice more. The test-tube containing the precipitate is then dried, heated to redness for a short time, cooled in a desiccator, and weighed. A simple device is given which affords a ready and effective means of ensuring that no fine particles of the precipitate have been carried away during the removal of the supernatant liquid.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik beschrieben, die es gestattet, bei der Schwefelbestimmung in organischen Substanzen den Bariumsulfatniederschlag ohne Verwendung einesPreglschen Filterröhrchens oder eines Mikro-Neubauer-Tiegels zu wägen.Nach dem in bekannter Weise vorgenommenen Aufschluß der organischen Substanz in derCarius-Mikrobombe oder imPregl-Rohr wird der Inhalt der Bombe, bzw. desPregl-Rohres in einer Proberöhre aus Jenaer Glas auf dem Wasserbad eingedampft. Bei Ausführung des Aufschlusses imPregl-Rohr wird vor dem Eindampfen noch der Bariumsulfat-Niederschlag ausgefällt. Der Niederschlag wird hierauf unter Benützung einer Schnepfenfeder mit 1%iger Salzsäure aufgewirbelt und unter abwechselndem Nachspülen mit Äthylalkohol und 1%iger Salzsäure in eine gewogene Proberöhre aus Quarz übergeführt. Nach dem Zentrifugieren saugt man die überstehende Flüssigkeit ab, bringt den Niederschlag abermals mit 1%iger Salzsäure in Suspension, zentrifugiert und saugt neuerlich die überstehende Flüssigkeit ab. Dies wird noch zweimal wiederholt. Die Proberöhre mit dem Niederschlag wird sodann getrocknet, kurze Zeit zur Rotglut erhitzt und nach dem Abkühlen im Exsiccator gewogen. Eine einfache Apparatur ermöglicht eine leichte und wirksame Kontrolle darüber, ob beim Absaugen der Flüssigkeit keine Niederschlagsteilchen mitgerissen worden sind.

     

La détermination du vanadium par la méthode spectrophotométrique en solution non-aqueuse

On mixing small quantities of an aqueous solution of vanadium, containing hydrogen peroxide and acidified with HCl, with anhydrous dioxan containing gaseous hydrogen chloride in molar concentration, an intense red-yellow colour appears, in the presence of as little as 5 μg/ml vanadium.If a drop of salicylic aldehyde is added to the solution thus obtained, the colour changes to violet-blue, which shows an absorption maximum at 565 mμ, clearly visible even with 1 μg/ml vanadium.This reaction, though a sensitive method for the detection of vanadium, is not suitable for quantitative measurement of this substance because the small quantity of water introduced in the form of the vanadium solution hydrolyses the coloured compounds.Very good results can be obtained by dissolving the dry residue (at 100°C) of the solution under examination in 0.2 ml of N HCl in 2% aqueous H₂O₂ solution, and then in 5 ml of a solution made up of 40% acetic anhydride containing gaseous HCl (1 N), 40% glacial acetic acid, and 20% methyl Salicylate.By this method as little as 1 μg of vanadium can be determined.Co, Mo, and W, interfere; the other elements do not.     

Détermination du module d'young,de la dureté et de la contrainte d'écoulement plastique de dépôts par nano-indentation

Variable residual stresses are present in the metallic coatings of tungsten and chromium manufactured by PVD and modify the quantities measured by depth-sensing indentation instruments: depth of penetration and contact stiffness for a given load. By considering the results of experiments and numerical simulations we discuss the corrections required for improving the determination of the mechanical characteristics of such coatings.     

Dosage du chrome,du vanadium et du molybdène par la méthode des indicateurs radioactifs

A radiochemical method for the determination of Cr, Mo, and V by means of radioactive silver is described. Using a solution of radioactive silver nitrate, a standard curve is obtained indicating the activity of the precipitate as a function of the quantity of the metal present. Unknown concentrations of Cr, Mo, or V can be easily determined if the same experimental and geometrical conditions are reproduced.     

Dosage colorimétrique du cuivre dans les aciers par l'acide rubéanique

The rapid colorimetric determination of copper has been studied by means of the coloured reactions of copper salts with dithio-oxamide or rubeanic acid. This method can be used for the determination of copper, contained in an impure state in steels, in the presence of iron and some alloy elements without first extracting in an acetic buffer medium, the iron being made complex by citric acid. The method can equally be applied to the determination of small quantities of copper in different metals and alloys. The accuracy obtained is about ± 2.5 % of the quantity of copper.     

Détermination de la dissipation caractéristique dans la propagation d'un front de recristallisation

We study the displacement of the boundary between the two grains of an ideal two-dimensional bicrystal having a hexagonal lattice within the plane. The boundary we deal with is a discontinuity straight line for the lattice orientation function that may move at a different velocity from the underlying matter; hence dissipation occurs, eventually equal to the rate of released energy. We estimate the characteristic dissipation in the propagation of the discontinuity.     

Application de la méthode de Melnikov pour l'étude du roulis non linéaire des navires dans la houle

For studying ship rolling within a global analysis more and more mathematical tools from chaos theory are available. For this purpose, however, drastic simplifications must be applied: (i) rolling is the single degree of freedom, (ii) motion is represented by an ordinary differential equation, and (iii) the study is achieved in the vicinity of vanishing stability. Here the Melnikov method is used in this application. The focus is on ships whose restoring moment is represented with an odd polynomial. Above the fifth degree, a harmonically excited system exhibits frequencies which cancel the fluctuating part of the Melnikov function. Hence the heteroclinic orbits still exist whatever the ‘smallness’ of the perturbation as soon as the system is undamped. The existence of such cancellation is otherwise confirmed from an analysis of the erosion of the attraction basin.     

La détermination indirecte du tungsténe dans les minerais par voie complexométrique

The determination of tungsten by gravimetric methods is time-consuming and requires special precautions. A simple and rapid method is described for the indirect determination of tungsten in minerals by means of complexometric titration.The separation of tungsten (in the form of sodium, tungstate) is obtained by precipitation of this soluble salt by means of calcium chloride. The precipitate of calcium tungstate is filtered and decomposed into calcium chloride and tungstic acid (insoluble) by treating with concentrated hydrochloric acid.The filtrate is made alkaline and serves for the titration with a 0.1M solution of Complexon III. One ml of this solution corresponds to 23.1867 mg of WO₃. This determination of Lungyten takes 3 to 4 hours.     

Statu quo sur la méthanation du dioxyde de carbone : une revue de la littérature

This review summarizes the statu quo and the perspectives of chemical methanation. CO₂ methanation, including catalyst deactivation, reactors, mechanisms, and thermodynamics are presented. This reaction serves as a test bed for our fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis and is used in various industrial processes, including the removal of oxo-compounds (CO_x) in the feed gas for the ammonia synthesis, in connection with the gasification of coal, where it can be used to produce methane from synthesis gas, and in relation to Fischer–Tropsch's synthesis. Moreover, CO₂ methanation became of interest as a renewable energy storage system based on a “power-to-gas” conversion process by SNG (synthetic natural gas) production integrating water electrolysis and CO₂ methanation as a highly effective way to store the energy produced by renewables sources. The effectiveness and efficiency of the “power-to-gas” plants strongly depends on the CO₂-methanation process.     

De l'analyse de la résistance interne par perçage à la détermination du profil de dureté des aciers traités en surface

The thrust measured during a drilling test is related to the hardness of the material tested. When the test is performed on a superficially heat-treated specimen, the results do not exactly correspond to the hardness profile obtained by the Vickers micro hardness technique. The difference is due to the integration of heterogeneous resistance along the cutting edge of the conic drill. By discretising the drilled thickness, we have developed an algorithm yielding the hardness of each elemental thickness. Results are very close to those obtained by Vickers hardness profile measurements.     

Calcul de chiralité quantitative par la méthode des moindres carrés

It is shown how the root mean square chiral index is computed without enumerating all the permutations of a set of n atoms. As an example, the quantitative measure of chirality is achieved for various helicene derivatives. It is also shown that the chiral index of a protein backbone is computable without enumeration.     

Activation de la voie alterne du complément par les surfaces biologiques

The C3 amplification convertase of human complement, C3b, Bb, is assembled on biological surfaces by the interaction of the alternative pathway proteins B, D and P with cell-bound C3b. Convertase formation is modulated by the action of the regulatory proteins H and I. On activating surfaces of the alternative pathway, C3b, Bb is relatively resistant to regulation by H. In contrast, non-activating surfaces exhibit surface characteristics such as high content in membrane-associated sialic acid or heparin-related material which increase the interaction of H with cell-bound C3b. Thus, finely tuned molecular interactions allow the alternative pathway to function as a major recognition and effector system for natural defence.