脂肪族醇、醚、胺电子效应对其气相碱性的影响

有机物的气相碱性是指有机物分子在气相条件下与质子的亲合能力,通常用化合物的气相质子亲合能（PA）来表示,由于受到分子中不同取代基甚至不同空间构象的影响往往不同,因而很难测定。长期以来人们都是在溶液中测定有机物的碱性,高压质谱（HPMS）和离子回旋共振（ICR）等高新技术的发展和应用,使得人们在气相条件下测定分子本身固有的相对碱性成为可能。气相碱性比溶液中的碱性更能直接反映出化合物的分子结构特征,有利于有机化合物结构-性能／活性（QSPR／QSAR）关系的研究。     

逆气相色谱

引言气相色谱已为大多数分析技术人员所熟知,但是逆气相色谱,大多数分析技术人员还不很了解。气相色谱是针对挥发性物质、即气体抑或液体,而只要在柱温下,能有10mm 汞柱以     

药物中磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质测定方法研究进展

介绍磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质的分析方法,包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱联用法等。高效液相色谱法操作简单,应用广泛,能实现绝大多数化合物的分离、分析;液相色谱-质谱联用法具有灵敏度高、准度高、特异性高等特点;气相色谱应用于易分离气体和易挥发的成分的检测,灵敏度高,专属性强;气相色谱-质谱联用法具有分析速度快、分离效能好、灵敏度高、选择性强的特点。开发通用、简便、灵敏度高的分析检测方法,为更好地监测磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质提供理论参考。     

固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定尿液和血液中的毒鼠强

研究了固相膜萃取-气相色谱测定尿液、血液中毒鼠强的方法。样品经固相膜吸附,然后经溶剂洗脱、蒸发浓缩定容,最后进行气相色谱分析。该法操作简便、结果准确可靠,能有效排除杂质的干扰。毒鼠强在尿液和血液中的平均回收率分别为86.4%和83.4%,检出限分别为0.1 ng和2 ng。     

水溶液中氨基酸侧链对G∶C碱基对间氢键影响的理论研究

利用量子化学方法研究了气相和水溶液下,氨基酸侧链与鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶间的氢键作用.应用B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)方法优化复合物几何结构,使用MP2/aug-cc-p VDZ方法进行复合物能量、自然键轨道(NBO)电荷和二阶稳定化能的计算.结果表明,水溶液可使氨基酸侧链与碱基或碱基对之间氢键键能显著减小;带电复合物气相和水溶液氢键键能之差范围为50.63~146.48 k J/mol,中性为0.17~24.94 k J/mol;电荷的转移量与氢键键能成正比,电荷转移量越多,复合物越稳定;二阶稳定化能与氢键键长成反比,与电荷转移量成正比,且气相与水溶液氢键二阶稳定化能之比约为两相的电荷转移量之比.水溶液对该类体系中氢键作用具有明显影响.     

硅烷化对Ti/HMS分子筛催化性能的影响

分别用水热法和气相沉积法制备了Ti/HMS分子筛,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)和六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDSZ)对Ti/HMS样品进行了气相硅烷化,并用X射线衍射、N2吸附、红外光谱、29Si核磁共振和紫外-可见光谱对样品进行了表征.丙烯环氧化反应的测定结果表明,硅烷化可显著提高环氧化催化活性.水热法制备的Ti/HMS经HMDSZ硅烷化后的催化活性比经TMCS硅烷化后的稍高;气相沉积法制备的Ti/HMS经HMDSZ硅烷化后的催化活性远高于经TMCS硅烷化后的催化活性.这是由于TMCS不但能与分子筛表面的硅羟基反应,而且能破坏分子筛骨架中的Si-O-Ti甚至Si-O-Si键,形成新的羟基,导致样品的亲水性较强,同时还能对气相沉积法制备的Ti/HMS中的四配位骨架钛产生破坏作用.     

密度泛函研究不同价态金属离子与谷胱甘肽相互作用

采用密度泛函DFT/B3LYP方法,研究了在气相和生物环境内稳定存在的2种构型的还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）与不同价态金属铬离子(Cr2+,Cr3+,Cr6+)相互作用。 金属离子的电荷越高、半径越小,与GSH结合能越大,使GSH的变形程度也越大。 金属Cr6+在气相和液相条件与GSH作用均促使了GSH的骨架断裂,末端羧基发生脱羧。 Cr3+和Cr2+与气相中性和液相两性离子结构的GSH分子相互作用均形成了9种稳定的复合物,与气相计算结果相比,考虑溶剂化效应之后,金属离子与GSH两性离子作用的结合能要比与在气相条件下中性的GSH相互作用能大大降低。     

关于气相色谱分离过程中排斥作用的讨论

基于气相色谱保留值方程,对气相色谱分离过程中的排斥作用进行了研究。结果发现,固定相极性增加后,排斥作用在增加,总作用能在减少。     

气相色谱法测定甘油与盐酸反应过程的混合物

采用气相色谱方法分析了甘油与盐酸反应过程中的主要物质. 使用KB-WAX毛细管柱及FID检测器, 以乙二醇作内标和甲醇定容, 并用内标法计算. 结果表明, 在程序升温下, 气相色谱内标法能使GLY, DCP, CPD等几种物质达到基线分离, 该方法能满足测试要求.     

多阶段线性程序升温毛细管气相色谱最佳分离温度的选择

本文提出了气相色谱程序升温分离已知样品的优化指标。在此基础上考虑到色谱柱温和样品组分在色谱柱内的路径差别对保留时间和分离度的影响。提出了气相色谱最佳多阶梯线性程序升温温度曲线选择的基本原则——“移动重叠分辨图”法,并用毛细管气相色谱实验对此进行了验证,理论值与实测值能很好吻合。     

离子色谱法测定饲料添加剂磷酸二氢钠中4种无机阴离子

应用抑制电导检测离子色谱法建立了准确快速测定磷酸二氢钠中无机阴离子含量的分析方法。样品经过简单溶解后即可上机分析,分析时间小于30min。实验结果表明,方法的重现性好、灵敏度高、操作简便易行,还可以推广应用到其他工业原料如磷酸钠、磷酸氢钙及磷酸等的测定。     

Quenched Instationary Polymerization Systems, 6. The Direct Determination of Axial Dispersion in Size Exclusion Chromatography by Comparison of Theoretical and Ideal Peak Widths

For the direct determination of axial dispersion in size exclusion chromatography a simple method is presented which makes use of the measured and ideal peak widths. The peak width can be defined in two ways: either absolute as the difference of successive points of inflection or relative as the ratio of these points. If the absolute peak width is invariant for the number, molar mass and hyper distribution then this distribution can unambiguously be classified as Poissonian. The relative peak width for such distributions is strictly determined by the experimental parameters. It is demonstrated that axial dispersion only leads to an additive increase in the peak variances for peaks with a relative peak width smaller than 1.25. Thus, it is possible to determine directly the axial dispersion of an experimental size exclusion chromatography set‐up by the use of Poisson distributions prepared by quenched instationary polymerization techniques or any other technique leading to ideal Poisson distributions.     

Simulation of peak profiles in non-linear HPLC

Summary The possibilities and domain of applicability of the ideal chromatography model for calculating peak profiles in non-linear chromatography are analyzed. For this purpose we used the main conclusion of the model of a layer of equilibrium adsorption (LEA model), which determines the difference between ideal and non-ideal chromatography in terms of the relative length of a chromatographic column. It is shown that the experimental data of non-linear high-performance liquid chromatography can be approximated in terms of the elementary analytical relations known in the theory of ideal chromatography.     

General model for precalculation of the retention indices of isoalkanes separated by gas or liquid chromatography

A general model consisting of two terms is proposed for precalculation of retention indices of isoalkanes separated by gas chromatography (GC) on a squalane column and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a column containing a bonded octadecyl phase. The first term (referred to as extensive) includes parameters which have the greatest correlation with the experimental value of the index; the second term (referred to as intenzive) includes parameters which can modify the value of the roughly calculated index in the direction of the experimental value. The equations derived have correlation coefficients better than 0.99. The maximum discrepancy between the experimental and calculated retention index for twenty C₆C₈ isoalcanes was less than ± 1 index unit in gas chromatography and less than 4 index units in HPLC. The retention indices of 23 other C₇C₉ isoalkanes, calculated in the extrapolation region of the equations, were sufficiently accurate.     

Optimisation and robustness analysis of a hydrophobic interaction chromatography step

Process development, optimisation and robustness analysis for chromatography separations are often entirely based on experimental work and generic knowledge. The present study proposes a method of gaining process knowledge and assisting in the robustness analysis and optimisation of a hydrophobic interaction chromatography step using a model-based approach. Factorial experimental design is common practice in industry today for robustness analysis. The method presented in this study can be used to find the critical parameter variations and serve as a basis for reducing the experimental work. In addition, the calibrated model obtained with this approach is used to find the optimal operating conditions for the chromatography column. The methodology consists of three consecutive steps. Firstly, screening experiments are performed using a factorial design. Secondly, a kinetic-dispersive model is calibrated using gradient elution and column load experiments. Finally, the model is used to find optimal operating conditions and a robustness analysis is conducted at the optimal point. The process studied in this work is the separation of polyclonal IgG from BSA using hydrophobic interaction chromatography.     

双柱交替循环色谱分离甘露醇山梨醇过程

本文在非线性非平衡双柱循环色谱分离过程数学模型的基础上,进行了双柱交替循环色谱分离甘露醇山梨醇的实验,对模型进行了实验验证。结果表明：采用非线性非平衡双柱循环色谱模型计算的流出曲线与实验结果相吻合。计算机模拟的结果从理论上证明了对本实验体系采用双柱交替循环色谱分离模式比采用传统的色谱分离模式能获得更高的分离产率,产率随循环次数的增加而增加,使用双柱交替循环色谱分离操作模式获得的分离效率超过使用传统长色谱柱操作模式获得的分离效率。当轴向扩散比较严重、液固两相间的传质阻力较大,或者吸附的表观选择性系数较小时,采用双柱循环色谱模式比使用传统单柱色谱模式能获得更高的产率。     

Determination of binding constants by affinity chromatography

This review summarizes developments in the use of affinity chromatography to characterize biospecific interactions in terms of reaction stoichiometry and equilibrium constant. In that regard, the biospecificity incorporated into the design of the experiment ensures applicability of the method regardless of the sizes of the reacting solutes. By the adoption of different experimental strategies (column chromatography, simple partition equilibrium, solid-phase immunoassay and biosensor technology protocols) quantitatiative affinity chromatography can be used to characterize interactions governed by an extremely broad range of binding affinities. In addition, the link between ligand-binding studies and quantitative affinity chromatography is illustrated by means of partition equilibrium studies of glycolytic enzyme interactions with muscle myofibrils, an exercise which emphasizes that the same theoretical expressions apply to naturally occurring examples of affinity chromatography in the cellular environment.     

THE UNIFIED FORM OF RETENTION EQUATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

The unified form of retention equation of chromatography is suggested by adoptingstatistical thermodynamics and lattice theory. According to different conditions, the retentionformulas of GC, LC and SFC can be obtained from this unified equation. Those formulashave been confirmed by experimental data.     

The thermodynamic limit of linear gradient chromatography

The thermodynamic limit of the elution profile for solutes in linear gradient chromatography is obtained from the analytical solution of the equation for the ideal model of chromatography, Eq. (12). This limit is of great interest in both preparative and analytical chromatographies because it specifies the maximum possible concentration profile that can be achieved at elution. Elution profiles that are obtained from simulated experiments of the equilibrium dispersive model, Eq. (8), are compared with predictions made by the presented theory as well as the theory by Poppe [11]. It is found that for short injection times the simulated experimental peak is Gaussian like and its width agrees very well with the theory of Poppe. When the injection time increases, the experimental elution profile gradually approaches the profile that is obtained as the thermodynamic limit.