基于嵌套阵的宽频带恒定束宽快速处理算法

针对宽频带阵列信号处理中的恒定束宽波束形成问题,本文首先分析了几种常见的实现方法,然后重点介绍了基于嵌套阵的组合滤波算法,并指出该算法在多倍频程实时处理应用中面临计算资源不足的限制。本文的重点是在分析原有算法的基础上,对基于嵌套阵的组合滤波算法提出了一系列的改进,改进后的算法在保证精度的前提下,对七倍频程嵌套阵信号的处理时间缩短为原型算法的3.25%。经过试验验证,其处理速度、处理精度以及波束恒定效果都满足设计和使用要求。     

宽带恒定束宽波束形成器的设计与实现

本文提出了一种设计宽带恒定束宽波束形成器的方法,这对应用于海底探测和分类问题的声纳系统来说十分重要,对于给定频带宽度的信号,选择一定数量的频率点来表达其频率响应,对于一个给定的频点,可以通过现有方法导出满足恒定宽要求的加权矢量,例如对于一个线阵列,可用切比雪夫多项多得到其加权矢量,因此对于一个具有Ｎ个阵元的宽带阵,如果选择Ｍ个频率点,可以得到一个ＮＭ的加权矩阵,这个矩阵的每一行代表一个阵元的频率响     

Legendre函数加权的声纳宽频带恒定束宽波束特性分析*

为了处理水声信号,声纳阵列通常需要形成宽频带恒定束宽的波束。采用两种阵元加权方法分析二维圆弧形恒定束宽换能器声纳阵列:球面Legendre函数加权方法和柱面Legendre函数加权方法。分别对球面阵、柱面阵和平面阵这三种几何结构的声纳阵列进行分析,并且计算波束宽度和波束方向。结果表明,在宽频带范围内,除了柱面Legendre函数加权的球面阵之外,其余Legendre函数加权的声纳阵列均能利用简单的、不随频率变化的阵元权重和阵元延时,形成恒定束宽的波束,并且具有较小的旁瓣,此外波束方向与预设方向也较为一致。相对于其他恒定束宽波束形成方法,Legendre函数加权方法能利用较低的计算复杂度来实现良好的宽频带恒定束宽的波束特性。     

四基元宽频带恒定束宽声基阵

本文详细介绍由四个具有余弦规律变化指向性图的基元所组成的声基阵结构,其各个基元的声轴俟个相互错开90°,从而实现波束全方位覆盖,并利用振幅法测向原理达到对入射声信号的方位检测。基阵后挡是特殊成分的反声泡沫橡胶。实践证明,合适的后档尺寸可以在频率为8:1倍率范围内获得束宽恒定。本文还对于基阵结构作了数学模拟,理论计算与实测数据吻合比较好。     

基于二阶锥规划的任意传感器阵列时域恒定束宽波束形成

提出了基于FIR滤波器的适用于任意几何形状和阵元方向性的传感器阵列的时域恒定束宽波束形成方法。首先将设计频带分成若干窄带,采用优化方法,通过对各窄带波束施加约束,设计出具有设定主瓣形状要求的各窄带波束。然后针对每个传感器,根据其各频率波束形成加权向量,采用约束优化方法,设计出具有要求幅度和相位响应的FIR滤波器。各滤波器输出相加即得到时域恒定束宽波束输出时间序列。波束图主瓣形状设计与期望频率响应FIR滤波器的设计问题都可以转化为二阶锥规划(Second-Order Cone programming)的形式,然后利用已有的内点方法(Interior-Point,Methods)求出其数值解。计算机仿真结果显示,设计出的各子带波束主瓣宽度比较接近,FIR滤波器设计精度高。湖上实验数据处理结果表明,该方法可以适用于实际水声系统,时域宽带波束能够满足恒定束宽要求。     

基于Kaiser窗函数的矢量阵近场聚焦恒定束宽方法

本文针对宽带信号矢量阵近场聚焦的恒定束宽问题,提出了基于Kaiser窗函数改进的矢量阵近场聚焦恒定束宽方法。主要在常规Kaiser窗恒定束宽基础上,根据Kaiser窗的特点,使得窗参数随指数变化,提高了恒定束宽的计算精度及效果;利用束宽随频率的变化规律及窗函数本身特点,以低频率恒定束宽参数为先验信息,确定较高频率的恒定束宽参数,缩小了参数搜寻范围,提高了计算效率。仿真实验结果表明本文建立的恒定束宽方法具有较好的效果。     

基于调频Z变换的均匀线列阵恒定束宽波束形成器设计

提出了基于调频Z变换(CZT)的宽带恒定束宽波束形成(CBB)方法:假设在每个子带内,各方位波束的权系数相同,推导得到:每个频率子带的权系数序列与参考频率的权系数序列的频谱相同,而在频率轴上满足比例伸缩关系,比例尺度为参考频率与相应频率子带的中心频率之比。依据此设计思想,给出有效孔径不变的CZT法(CZTIA)和有效孔径变化的CZT法(CZTVA)两种CBB实现方法。它们均是由参考频率的权系数序列,通过设定不同的参数值,采用CZT快速计算各个子带的权系数序列的频谱,然后通过傅里叶反变换便可得到相应频率子带的权系数序列。计算机仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

一种稳健的恒定束宽波束形成方法

考虑到信号的方向信息存在误差时,宽带聚焦变换波束形成方法的稳健性会急剧下降,为了克服这种缺点,将稳健的二阶锥规划波束形成用于聚焦变换方法中,提出一种稳健宽带恒定束宽波束形成方法并将其应用于声呐探测。二阶锥规划波束形成是通过对阵列流形进行约束求解得到准确的权值,从而减少聚焦数据误差,避免估计畸变,得到恒定束宽,提高了聚焦变换恒定束宽波束形成器的性能。借助计算机对圆环形传感器阵列在宽频段内进行恒定束宽波束优化设计,并进行了实验研究,结果表明该方法对信号信息误差有很好的宽容性,能实现我们期望得到的恒定束宽波束图,能应用于实际的声呐探测中。并且比传统的二阶锥恒定束宽方法有更高的稳健性。     

圆阵宽带恒定束宽波束形成的实验研究

为了检验“任意结构阵列宽带恒定束宽波束形成新方法”(声学学报,2001; 26 (1):55—58)一文中提出的方法是否在实际系统中可行,我们针对24元均匀圆阵进行了湖上实验。基于实验数据,在覆盖一个倍频程带宽的8个频率点上形成了恒定束宽波束。实验圆阵的实测阵列流形和理论阵列流形存在较大误差,这表明该文采用的可适用于任意结构阵列的宽带恒定束宽波束形成方法具有良好的宽容性。     

时域宽带恒定束宽波束形成的实验研究

由于实际水声系统中的阵列模型往往与理想阵列模型失配,导致基于理想阵列模型设计的时域恒定束宽波束形成器所形成的波束图在实际应用中严重畸变,从而不能有效地抑制旁瓣干扰和无失真地接收宽带信号。本文利用水池实验说明阵列模型失配对基于理想阵列模型设计的时域恒定束宽波束形成器的影响,并提出一种有效的设计方法以减小这种影响,即通过实际测量,获得包含失配信息在内的实际阵列模型,并将该模型应用到时域恒定束宽波束器的设计当中。实验结果表明,基于实际阵列模型的设计可以有效地减小由于阵列模型失配带来的影响,这对设计实际系统可以使用的时域恒定束宽波束形成器具有重要的意义。     

Perceptual discrimination of very high frequency components in wide frequency range musical sound

Subjective evaluation tests on perceptual discrimination between musical sounds with and without very high frequency (above 20 kHz) components were conducted. To make a precise evaluation, the test system was designed to exclude any influence from very high frequency components in the audible frequency range. Moreover, a newly developed very wide frequency range microphone was used to record various sound stimuli that contained enough components in the very high frequency range. Tests showed that the subjects could discriminate between musical sounds with and without very high frequency components. This paper describes these subjective evaluations in terms of reproducing such very high frequency components in musical sound.     

Static dielectric constant assessment from capacitance over a wide range of electrode separations

Static dielectric constant extraction from two-electrode capacitance measurement over a wide range of electrode separations and dielectric constants involves careful assessment of fringe fields. Finite-element method has been employed to compute capacitance and quantify fringe fields for parallel electrode capacitor of (finite thickness, radii r, electrode separation d), with a homogeneous dielectric medium extending up to the geometric limits of the electrodes. Two distinct regimes, in the fringe field contributions are seen. A procedure to extract the static dielectric constant has been proposed for the first regime and a validation has been provided for the same.     

Stable superhydrophobic surfaces over a wide pH range

A stable superhydrophobic surface was fabricated by solidifying poly(epoxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane-co-bisphenol A) [P(ETPDMS-co-BPA)] copolymer on a rough substrate. The low surface energy of the copolymer and the geometric structure at micrometer scale of the surface contribute to the superhydrophobic property. The as-prepared surface shows stable superhydrophobicity over a wide pH range (1-14) and the wettability is excellent stable to heating, water, corrosive solution and organic solvent treatments. The procedure is simple and time-saving as well as utilizing non-fluorine-containing compounds.     

Vibration reduction over a frequency range

An efficient optimal design algorithm for minimizing the vibratory response of a multi-degree of freedom system under sinusoidal loading over several excitation frequencies is presented. The method is applicable to large scale dynamic systems because it incorporates an effective time-saving reanalysis approach to compute cost function and cost function derivatives. In particular, the efficiency of the method is demonstrated by applying it to the problem of designing two dynamic vibration absorbers simultaneously applied to an undamped cantilever beam.     

Dynamics of sorbitol and maltitol over a wide time-temperature range

The relaxation behaviour of two molecular glass-forming systems, namely sorbitol and maltitol, are investigated in the large temperature range relevant to the glass-transition. These data are obtained by combining three techniques, i.e. low-frequency mechanical spectroscopy, medium and high frequency dielectric spectroscopy, and viscosity measurements. This procedure allows to determine the relaxation map of these polyols on a wide time range [10^-9-10⁷ s]. Two different relaxation processes can be observed. The principal α-relaxation process exhibits a complex behaviour, comprising a non-Arrhenius temperature dependence above T _g (supercooled liquid state), and an Arrhenius behaviour below T _g (glassy state). A secondary β-relaxation is observed at higher frequencies with an Arrhenius temperature dependence. The secondary process appears in the same time-temperature range in both polyols. Consequently the molecular root of this relaxation is most likely the same in these complementary chemical systems. On the other hand, the time scale on which the α and β processes cross is very different for these two polyols. We relate this feature to the differences in the relative contributions of intra and inter-molecular interactions due to the different chemical architecture of these polyols.     

Observation of the Goldanskii effect over a wide temperature range

The Goldanskii effect was observed in the recoilless absorption spectra of the 21.6 KeV gamma ray of ¹⁵¹Eu in Eu₂Ti₂O₇ between 4 and 900 K. Full agreement between the Goldanskii theory and the experimental spectra was obtained throughout the whole temperature range.     

A Teflon pressure-transducer-specimen bond for ultrasonic measurements over a wide temperature range

A major limitation for the application of megahertz ultrasonic techniques to the study of the properties of solids is the problem of finding transducer-specimen bonds useful over a wide temperature range. A Teflon pressure bond has been developed and tested. It appears to overcome most of the problems, and promises to allow for many studies previously more difficult or impracticable.     

An optical nanotrap array movable over a milimetre range

We present the theoretical and experimental study of nondiffracting Bessel beams as a device for optical manipulation and confinement of nanoparticles. We express analytically the optical forces acting on a nanoparticle placed into a single and two counter-propagating non-paraxial nondiffracting beams created behind the axicon. Nanoparticle behavior in these configurations is predicted by computer simulations. Finally we demonstrate experimentally how standing waves created from two independent counter-propagating nondiffraction beams confines polystyrene beads of radii 100 nm, and organizes them into a one-dimensional chain 1 mm long. Phase shift in one beam causes the motion of the whole structure of the standing wave together with any confined objects over its extent. PACS 42.25.-p; 42.50.Vk; 82.70.Dd     

Design of scale model of plate-shaped absorber in a wide frequency range

In order to design the scale model in a wide frequency range,a method based on the reflective loss is proposed according to the high-frequency approximation algorithm,and an example of designing the scale model of a plate-shaped absorber is given in this paper.In the example,the frequency of the full-size measurement ranges from 2.0 GHz to 2.4 GHz,the thickness of the full-size absorber is 1 mm and the scale ratio is 1/5.A two-layer scale absorber is obtained by the proposed method.The thickness values of the bottom and top layer are 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm,respectively.Furthermore,the scattering properties of a plate model and an SLICY model are studied by FEKO to verify the effectiveness of the designed scale absorber.Compared with the corresponding values from the theoretical scale model,the average values of the absolute deviations in 10 GHz~12 GHz are 0.53 d Bm~2,0.65 d Bm~2,0.76 d Bm~2 for the plate model and 0.20 d Bm~2,0.95 d Bm~2,0.77 d Bm~2 for the SLICY model while the incident angles are 0?,30?,and 60?,respectively.These deviations fall within the Radar cross section(RCS) measurement tolerance.Thus,the work in this paper has important theoretical and practical significance.