A Survivable Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network with Both Point-to-Point Service and Broadcast Service Delivery

Abstract

A survivable wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network enabling both point-to-point service and broadcast service is presented and demonstrated. This architecture provides an automatic traffic recovery against feeder and distribution fiber link failure, respectively. In addition, it also simplifies the protection design for multiple services transmission in wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks.     

A Wavelength and Bandwidth Assignment Algorithm to Support Guaranteed Bandwidth Levels in Hybrid Time Division Multiplexing/Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

Abstract

A novel bandwidth assignment algorithm in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks, called a dynamic wavelength assignment service level agreement, is proposed to efficiently provide subscriber differentiation. Simulation results show that the dynamic wavelength assignment service level agreement outperforms other bandwidth allocation algorithms in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks, as it makes a fairer bandwidth distribution than other methods and is able to overcome the non-allowed packet fragmentation of the Ethernet passive optical network standard. Consequently, it greatly increases the achieved throughput and always ensures a minimum guaranteed bandwidth to every priority subscriber. Furthermore, the new algorithm obtains lower mean packet delay and packet loss rate for the highest priority subscribers when compared with other bandwidth distribution schemes in wavelength division multiplexing Ethernet passive optical networks.     

Advanced Optical Network

The following article describes an advanced dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Optical Network developed by L-3 Photonics. The network, configured as an amplified optical bus, carries traffic simultaneously in both directions, using multiple wavelengths. As a result, data distribution is of the form peer-to-multi-peer, it is protocol independent, and it is scalable. The network leverages the rapid growth in commercial optical technologies, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and when applied to military and commercial platforms such as aircraft, ships, unmanned and other vehicles, provides a cost-effective, low-weight, high-speed, and high noise-immune data distribution system.     

Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.     

Crosstalk Elimination in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks: Implementation and Theory

Abstract

Data traffic for multiple independent data channels can be simultaneously transmitted over a dense wavelength division multiplexing network with complete segregation. A limiting amplifier applied to each channel after the optical to electrical conversion eliminates crosstalk.     

Modeling and performance analysis of optical WDM node architecture using SRR protocol

In order to enhance the data transport capability and overall throughput of an optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system, a proper node architecture design is necessary. In the present paper a simple node architecture model based on media access control protocols for bursty data traffic of variable time slot duration and data rate has been proposed to decrease the packet loss probability and to increase the efficiency of an optical WDM system using synchronous round robin (SRR) protocol. An appropriate mathematical model has been derived to evaluate performance of the proposed node architecture. It has been observed that the network performance is well controlled through implemented model and the corresponding network design parameters.     

Costs of Fiber-to-the-Home Passive Optical Network Unbundling

Abstract

This work considers different unbundling options for local loop unbundling in order to provide multi-operator access and consider the economical impact for the fiber-to-the-home next-generation access entrants to deploy such alternatives. It is shown that deploying wavelength division multiplexing networks is an efficient strategy to perform local loop unbundling while upgrading the gigabit passive optical network for the new era where high bandwidths are necessary for satisfying customer demand. In areas with a high population density, wavelength division multiplexing techniques are the most suitable for entrant operators to access the incumbent's network and provide service.     

Performance Analysis of Duty-Cycle Division Multiplexing over Wavelength Division Multiplexing System

Abstract

Performance optimization of a duty-cycle division multiplexing system over 8- and 40-channel wavelength division multiplexing networks is reported in this article. The modified duty-cycle division multiplexing system with optical domain multiplexing using a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator is simulated with two and three users per wavelength. Using conventional dispersion compensation, the 40 × 40-Gbps system with two and three users per channel can support 240 and 160 km of transmission distance, respectively. The dispersion management technique based on a chirped fiber Bragg grating is proposed for a 40 × 3 × 13.33-Gbps duty-cycle division multiplexing/wavelength division multiplexing system that allows double the transmission distance compared to conventional technique.     

Blocking probability analysis model for flexible spectrum optical networks

Compared to the traditional wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） optical networks with rigid and coarse granularities, flexible spectrum optical networks have high spectrum efficiency, which can support the service with various bandwidth requirements, such as sub and super channel. Among all network performance parameters, blocking probability is an important parameter for the performance evaluation and network planning in circuit~based optical networks including flexible spectrum optical networks. We propose an analytical method of blocking probability computation for flexible spectrum optical networks in this letter through mathematical analysis and theoretical derivation. Two blocking probability models are built respectively based on whether considering spectrum consecutiveness or not. Numerical results validate our proposed blocking probability models under different link capacity and traffic loads.     

A Techno-Economic Study on the Outside Plant Cost of Current and Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-X Deployments

Abstract

A techno-economic study on the outside plant costs of fiber-to-the-X infrastructures is presented in this article. Standardized passive optical network and active optical network technologies, implemented in fiber-to-the-home architectures, are presented/compared in terms of costs. Future architectures based on passive optical networks are investigated, their outside plant infrastructure, and corresponding costs are reviewed. Cost comparisons of fiber-to-the-X infrastructures reveal significant differences. Besides fiber-to-the-node being the less costly, it is shown that the cost of high splitting ratio passive optical network fiber-to-the-home infrastructures is not increasing linearly with the splitting ratio. The highest splitting ratio is not always the one with the largest savings percentage. Referring to current and future fiber-to-the-home access network architectures/technologies, the flexibility of wavelength division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical networks is estimated to reach a 40% reduction in outside plant cost compared with the home run architecture.     

Fast Restoration Based on Alternative Wavelength Paths in a Wide Area Optical IP Network

Abstract

In this article we describe an experimental investigation of IP network restoration based on wavelength recovery. We propose a procedure for metro and wide area gigabit Ethernet networks that allows us to route the wavelength in case of link failure to another existing link by exploiting wavelength division multiplexing in the fiber. Such a procedure is obtained by means of an optical switch that is managed by a loss-of-light signal that is generated by a router in case of link failure. Such a method has been tested in an IP network consisting of three core routers with optical gigabit Ethernet interfaces connected by means of 50-km-long single-mode fibers between Rome and Pomezia. Compared with other conventional restoration techniques, such as OSPF and MPLS, our method -in very fast (20 ms) and is compatible with real-time TV services and low-cost chips.     

Fiber-wireless (FiWi) access network: Performance evaluation and scalability analysis of the physical layer

The fiber-wireless (FiWi) access network is a prestigious architecture for next generation (NG) access network. NG access networks are proposed to provide high data rate, broadband multiple services, scalable bandwidth, and flexible communication for manifold wireless end-users (WEUs). In this paper, the FiWi access network is designed based on a wavelengths division multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON) at the optical backhaul with data rate of 2.5 Gb/s and wireless fidelity-worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiFi–WiMAX) technologies at the wireless front-end along a 50 m–5 km wireless links with data rate of 54–30 Mb/s, respectively. The performance of the optical backhaul and the wireless front-end, in the proposed FiWi access network, has been evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the physical (PHY) layer. The scalability of the optical backhaul based on maximum split ratio of 1/32 for each wavelength channel and a fiber length of 24 km from the central office (CO) to the access point (AP) is analyzed with bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻⁹.     

5G/NGPON Evolution and Convergence: Developing on Spatial Multiplexing of Optical Fiber Links for 5G Infrastructures

ABSTRACT

The offering of demanding telecommunication services as promised by the 5G specifications raise the necessity for high capacity, flexible, adaptive, and power conserving fronthaul. Toward this goal, the role of the passive optical network which is responsible for interconnecting the central office (CO) with the cell-sites is crucial. Among the latest related technologies that need to be integrated in the context of the next generation passive optical networks (NGPONs), the most promising for increasing the provided bandwidth, is the optical spatial multiplexing. In this paper, we present the key 5G technologies, focusing on spatial division multiplexing, which constitutes the main innovation of the blueSPACE 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G PPP) project. Exploiting the recent developments on multicore fibers (MCFs), optical beamforming networks (OBFNs), analog radio over fiber (ARoF), and spatial-spectral resources granularity in the context of Spectrally Spatially Flexible Optical Networks (SS-FONs), we describe a complete approach for the 5G fronthaul, emphasizing on the efficient allocation of optical resources while aiming at minimizing energy consumption. The modeled optimization problem is thoroughly presented, and the introduced scheme is evaluated through a real-world based simulation scenario, exhibiting quite promising results.     

基于正交频分复用无源光网络的动态带宽分配算法研究

介绍了一种应用于未来大容量、多业务接入场景下的称为光正交频分复用无源光网络的下一代接入网技术,并提出了一种基于此结构的称为基于服务质量需求的固定周期流水线轮询动态带宽分配算法.该算法通过应用二级带宽分配机制、带宽预申请机制和最小带宽申请优先原则等方法,有效地保障了在大容量、多业务接入场景下各个业务不同的服务质量需求.为研究其性能,建立了该算法的仿真模型并进行了对比仿真.仿真结果显示该算法以低时延和低抖动有效地支持快速转发业务,同时平衡了确保转发业务和尽力而为业务之间的优先性和相对公平性,并且实现了不同光网络单元间的同优先级业务带宽分配的公平性.与传统的动态带宽分配算法算法相比,基于服务质量需求的固定周期流水线轮询动态带宽分配算法具有执行效率高、算法复杂度低、性能良好等优点,并且能够更好地适应光正交频分复用无源光网络的特性,发挥网络最大的性能.     

基于正交频分复用无源光网络的动态带宽分配算法研究

介绍了一种应用于未来大容量、多业务接入场景下的称为光正交频分复用无源光网络的下一代接入网技术,并提出了一种基于此结构的称为基于服务质量需求的固定周期流水线轮询动态带宽分配算法.该算法通过应用二级带宽分配机制、带宽预申请机制和最小带宽申请优先原则等方法,有效地保障了在大容量、多业务接入场景下各个业务不同的服务质量需求.为...     

Analysis of Doppler-effeet on satellite constellations with wavelength division multiplexing architectures

With the development of optical space communications, a global space-based optical backbone network is currently proposed by using broadband laser inter-satellite links (ISLs) which enable routing traffic through the space. Satellite optical networking techniques based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) ISLs can transit significantly high data rates signals. In this letter, a new function of wavelength excursion due to Doppler-effect is developed for the ISLs, considering the conception of pointing ahead mechanism. The characteristic of wavelength excursion induced by Doppler-effect is examined in one of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation networks named the next-generation LEO system (NeLS) with WDM ISLs assumed, and the influence on its communications caused by wavelength excursion is analyzed.     

Performance evaluation of survivable WDM based SANs in a metro ring network

Storage area networks (SANs) are an essential part of enterprise computing today. There is no comprehensive business continuity plan without SANs in the picture. This paper proposes and evaluates network survivability of optical paths in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based storage area networks in a metro ring network. The paper begins with a background on network survivability in metro WDM ring network. Subsequently, the network and node architectures along with their medium access control (MAC) protocols are described. In this work, one link failure (a single cable cut) in metro WDM based SANs in a ring network architecture is considered. Performance evaluation for network survivability in metro WDM SAN is carried out by means of discrete-event computer simulation. Network throughput and packet delay are investigated. The network performance is evaluated for asymmetric (unbalanced) traffic scenarios under Poisson and self-similar traffic.     

WDM网状网中动态域间流量疏导策略

对波分复用(Wavelength Division Multiplexing,WDM)网状网中的动态域间流量疏导问题进行了深入研究.在源路由模式下,提出了一种基于固定备选路由方式的动态域间流量疏导算法,并在其基础上提出了只考虑波长均衡和同时考虑波长均衡与业务均衡的改进方法.该算法可以有效地避免路由环,得到较低的阻塞率,节省全网的收发器数目和波长资源.仿真结果表明,这种算法可以有效地改善网络性能.     

Routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks with dynamic link weight assignment

We consider the routing and wavelength assignment problem on wavelength division multiplexing networks without wavelength conversion. When the physical network and required connections are given, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is the problem to select a suitable path and wavelength among the many possible choices for each connection such that no two paths using the same wavelength pass through the same link. In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, there is need to maximize the number of connections established and to minimize the blocking probability using limited resources. In this paper, we have proposed three dynamic link weight assignment strategies that change the link weight according to the traffic. The performance of the existing trend and the proposed strategies is shown in terms of blocking probability. The simulation results show that all the proposed strategies perform better than the existing trend.     

Network Evolution Toward a Carrier-Grade Ethernet Transport Network

Abstract

In this article, an overview is presented about state-of-the-art Ethernet technology and its evolutions beyond local area networks into metropolitan and wide area networks as carrier-grade technologies. It will be shown that the Ethernet can be used to guarantee the performance of current transport technologies in terms of operations, administration and maintenance, quality of service, monitoring, and test capabilities in support of service level agreements; in particular, the Ethernet could replace current transport techniques, simplifying network design and reducing both capital and operational expenditures. The Ethernet data-plane evolution will also be presented, from the virtual bridged local area network up to provider backbone bridging traffic engineering, including the issues related to the control plane. Also indicated is a future scenarios dealing with close interworking with optical technologies. In conclusion, a summary is given of experimental activities carried out on the virtual private local area network service, a current Layer 2 technique that can be assumed as a first step toward a carrier-grade Ethernet, which show the implementation of reliable wide area networks based only on gigabit Ethernet transmission.