New approach to the measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of short (<25 m) lengths of silica and erbium-doped fibers

The nonlinear refractive index n2 of silica fiber (24 m) and erbium-doped fiber (10 m) is measured to within an accuracy of 5% by use of time-delayed photorefractive beam coupling of intense 53-ps, 1.064-microm pulses that experience self-phase modulation in the fibers. The resultant induced grating autocorrelation response yields a value of n2/A(eff) and a calibration standard for the fiber. A phase shift of the order of 0.19pi can be detected and is limited only by laser amplitude fluctuations. A unique advantage of this technique is its ability to measure n2 accurately in short lengths (z < or = 25 m) of fiber, whereas other approaches typically use much longer lengths of fiber (z > or = 100 m).     

Numerical Analysis of Induced Phase Modulation between Two Ultrashort Pulses in Silica Fiber by the Extended Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

We have analyzed the induced phase modulation (IPM) for ultrashort (74 fs) two-pulse propagation in a silica fiber by the extended finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, considering all exact Sellmeier-fitting values and nonlinear polarization P_NL involving the Raman response function. We show that nonlinear polarization causes several phenomena in spectral characteristics of propagated pulses, such as self-phase modulation (SPM), self-steepening, Raman response and IPM, by the extended FDTD method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first IPM calculation by the extended FDTD method for the simultaneous propagation of two ultrashort (74 fs) laser pulses in a silica fiber.     

基于二次偏振调制的变频测距方法与系统实现

由于鉴相精度限制、电路等引入的附加相移干扰等因素,传统相位测距技术精度的提高受到了限制.采用二次偏振调制技术对相位测距技术进行了改进.利用二次偏振调制方法能够直接在相位调制器上对两次调制信号的相位差进行解调,大幅度简化了系统的复杂程度.采用变频方法替代传统的鉴相方法,从而系统的测量精度不再受鉴相问题的困扰.从理论上得到系统输出光强与调制频率成正余弦关系,并进行了实验验证.基于变频测距的实验中,系统频率的稳定度优于10-6,测量精度可以达到±10.6μm(被测距离为4.5 m).并对一段长200 m的光纤进行了实际测量,得到了清晰的调制频率与系统输出光强的曲线.     

基于超长环形激光器泵浦的94 km布里渊分布式传感系统

首次将超长光纤环形激光器的光放大应用于布里渊光时域分析(BOTDA)传感系统,以延伸传感距离。 通过对布里渊泵浦消耗、 拉曼泵浦相对强度噪声(RIN)转移的抑制及拉曼泵浦功率分布的优化,基于对布里渊增益谱分析的原理在94 km的传感距离上实现了3 m空间分辨率,以及全程28 με/1.4 ℃应变/温度精度。     

On the question of the error in the partial capacitance method

An analytical method is proposed for calculating the capacitance of a planar capacitor constructed in the form of a two-layer structure. The method is used to calculate the capacitance of a planar capacitor containing a ferroelectric film. A number of calculations were performed to check the accuracy of the partial capacitance method. The calculations made it possible to determine the limits of accuracy of the partial capacitance method for a permissible calculational error of ±3%. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 8–13 (April 1999)     

Effect of self-phase modulation on the evolution of picosecond pulses in a Nd:glass laser

Many authors have reported disparate characteristics of pulses from Nd:glass mode-locked lasers. From these it has become clear that the well-developed pulse has a frequency sweep or subpicosecond structure and yields a contrast ratio less than the ideal 3 in the two-photon-fluorescence measurement. On the other hand, the early pulse is well behaved, has simple temporal and spectral structure, and yields a contrast ratio of 3 in TPF. The measurements are almost all indirect. Theories explaining the early pulse have appeared, but these fail for the fully developed pulse. The authors present time-resolved spectrograms, covering pulse development from 1/50 peak intensity, where the pulse is well mode-locked, to full development, where spectral structure is complex. A numerical analysis, including self-phase modulation, non-linear absorption, amplification and dispersion, yields results that qualitatively agree very well with the experimental records, suggesting that self-phase modulation plays an important role in the evolution of mode-locked pulses in a Nd:glass laser.     

Transform-limited spectral compression by self-phase modulation of amplitude-shaped pulses with negative chirp

Spectral compression by self-phase modulation of amplitude- and phase-shaped pulses is demonstrated as superior compared to pulses that have only been phase shaped. We synthesize linearly negatively chirped parabolic pulses, which we send through a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber, in which self-phase modulation compresses the spectrum of the pulses to within 20% of the Fourier transform limit.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature Using a Hybrid Fiber Bragg Grating/Long-Period Fiber Grating Configuration

Abstract

A fiber optic sensing system for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature, based on a hybrid fiber Bragg grating/long-period grating arrangement is described. The experimental results show that this setup has a good performance in terms of linearity and sensitivity, the ratiometric output changes 4%/0.001 RIU and 3.6%/°C, respectively. The sensor resolution for the refractive index is ≈2 × 10^?5 RIU. The simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature was demonstrated. The sensing configuration has the ability to be read-out in reflection and works in the telecommunications window.     

Physical limitations of measurement accuracy of the diffraction reference wave interferometers

An analysis of principal factors limiting the measurement accuracy of diffraction reference wave interferometers is carried out. The latest data on the measurement accuracy achieved with an interferometer based on tipped fiber reference wave source and developed at the IPM are given.     

Performance limitations of an optical heterodyne CPFSK transmission system due to self-phase modulation

A detailed theoretical analysis is presented to evaluate the combined influence of self-phase modulation (SPM) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) of optical fiber on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a heterodyne optical CPFSK system. The power penalty suffered by the system due to the combined influence of GVD and SPM is evaluated from the BER performance results. It is found that the penalty due to SPM at a BER of 10⁻⁹ is significant when the input power exceeds 7 dBm. Further, the CPFSK system with modulation index of 0.5 is less sensitive to the effects of GVD and SPM compared to the system with a modulation index of 1. The theoretical results are in conformity with the experimental results reported earlier.     

Nonlinear optics in Xe-filled hollow-core PCF in high pressure and supercritical regimes

Supercritical Xe at 293 K offers a Kerr nonlinearity that can exceed that of fused silica while being free of Raman scattering. It also has a much higher optical damage threshold and a transparency window that extends from the UV to the infrared. We report the observation of nonlinear phenomena, such as self-phase modulation, in hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with supercritical Xe. In the subcritical regime, intermodal four-wave mixing resulted in the generation of UV light in the HE₁₂ mode. The normal dispersion of the fiber at high pressures means that spectral broadening can be clearly obtained without influence from soliton effects or material damage.     

Effect of higher order non-linearity in frequency variation of self-phase modulation in optical fiber communication

In optical soliton propagation through a single mode optical fiber,it is established that self-phase mod ulation is maintained by the third order non-linearity of the silica-based glass material of the fiber.In this paper we show that the fifth order non-linearity has also some contribution in frequency variation of self-phase modulation.     

Useful and detrimental aspects of self-phase modulation in fiber optical applications

This paper reviews the features of self-phase modulation (SPM) in single-mode optical fibers and discusses the useful and detrimental aspects of this fiber nonlinearity with respect to fiber optical transmission and device applications. After a short introduction to the physical origin of self-phase modulation in fibers the following topics will be addressed: transmission system limitations due to SPM, soliton propagation, optical pulse compression, modulational instability.     

基于自相位调制和交叉相位调制的全光开关特性研究

提出一种优化含有掺铒光纤放大器的非线性Sagnac干涉仪全光开关的新方法,建立了基于自相位调制和交叉相位调制两种解析模型,讨论了掺铒光纤放大器的小信号增益和饱和输出功率对开关性能的影响.分析表明掺铒光纤放大器的性能参量对开关所需要的Sagnac环中光子晶体光纤长度产生限制.当采用相同长度的光子晶体光纤时,基于交叉相位调制方式的全光开关与基于自相位调制方式的全光开关相比能够显著降低开关功率.采用分布傅里叶法数值求解非线性薛定谔方程,优化了开关结构,讨论了重复频率为40 GHz脉宽为5 ps的高斯型信号脉冲在开关时沿Sagnac环的传输特性.模拟结果表明,通过合理选择高非线性光子晶体光纤长度和掺铒光纤放大器的性能参量能够实现超低开关功率（＜1 mW）的开关操作.     

All-optical RZ-to-NRZ data format conversion using spectral broadening effect in a dispersion-shifted fiber

We propose a simple and efficient approach to obtain all-optical RZ-to-NRZ data format conversion using self-phase modulation (SPM) in a dispersion-shifted fiber. By exploiting SPM induced spectral broadening together with group velocity dispersion in the normal regime, a 10 Gb/s return-to-zero data signal has been converted to the non-return-to-zero format. The proposed scheme can work with different signal bit rates and does not require any external pulse duplicator. The 10 Gb/s bit-error-rate (BER) measurement shows a power penalty of less than 1.5 dB at 10⁻⁹ BER level.     

Optical guiding of laser beam in nonuniform plasma

A plasma channel produced by a short ionising laser pulse is axially nonuniform resulting from the self-defocusing. Through such preformed plasma channel, when a delayed pulse propagates, the phenomena of diffraction, refraction and self-phase modulation come into play. We have solved the nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation governing the propagation characteristics for an approximate analytical solution using variational approach. Results are compared with the theoretical model of Liu and Tripathi (Phys. Plasmas 1, 3100 (1994)) based on paraxial ray approximation. Particular emphasis is on both beam width and longitudinal phase delay which are crucial to many applications.     

Useful and detrimental aspects of self-phase modulation in fiber optical applications

This paper reviews the features of self-phase modulation (SPM) in single-mode optical fibers and discusses the useful and detrimental aspects of this fiber nonlinearity with respect to fiber optical transmission and device applications. After a short introduction to the physical origin of self-phase modulation in fibers the following topics will be addressed: transmission system limitations due to SPM, soliton propagation, optical pulse compression, modulational instability.     

基于光纤自相位调制多波长全光再生的色散管理优化

针对基于光纤自相位调制效应的多波长全光再生系统,分析了光纤平均色散对再生器品质因子改进量的影响,提出一种色散管理优化方法.由于波长间色散差异会导致再生系统性能的稳定性下降,通过选择色散补偿光纤和单模光纤的长度,使其合成的色散曲线与各波长分别达到最优再生性能时对应的色散曲线近似拟合,同时保证该色散曲线落在性能满意度高的色散区域,然后调整信号输入功率和滤波器的偏移量,可有效改善多波长再生性能的稳定性,实现再生器的色散管理优化.     

脑组织漫反射光谱与约化散射系数的斜率估算法

约化散射系数是生物组织光学研究中的一个重要的组织光学参数。利用微光纤探头与光纤光谱仪组成漫反射光谱采集系统对脑组织约化散射系数的实时在位测量进行研究。通过悬乳液与模拟胶模型实验推导了700～850nm波段约化散射系数与漫反射光谱斜率绝对值的关系式,用模型对公式的计算精度进行验证,利用该系统实时在位测量了20只大鼠脑组织在700nm、750nm和800nm处的约化散射系数。经统计分析,大鼠脑白质约化散射系数在上述波长处分别为30±5cm-1、28±5cm-1和25±6cm-1,脑灰质约化散射系数则分别为14±3cm-1、13±3cm-1和12±3cm-1。脑组织约化散射系数实时在位测量对脑外科微创手术中的组织识别具有重要的参考意义。     

Fiber-optic interferometric point thermometer

Abstract

A modulation technique suitable for short optical fiber interferometric sensors is presented. This is a passive technique that makes use of modal properties of highly birefringent fiber to generate quadrature output components. Experimental results are presented for 2 miniature, remote Fabry-Perot interferometers fabricated from 2 different types of highly birefringent fiber using this signal processing method.