Optimization of Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers Based on Arrayed Waveguide Gratings with Fabrication Errors for Transparent Optical Networks

A transparent optical network (TON) composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) with fabrication errors is optimized for 10 Gbit/s per channel and channel spacing of 25 GHz. The optimization takes into account the effect of inter-symbol interference, amplified spontaneous emission noise accumulation, and coherent and incoherent homodyne crosstalk. Numerical results reveal that AWG fabrication errors can have a high influence on the TON performance; however, in all investigated situations, they do not affect the AWG parameters values corresponding to the optimum AWG frequency response. This surprising behavior is due to the fabrication errors affect mainly the AWG response outside the passband for the required AWG crosstalk level. It is shown that the optimum AWG frequency response is a flat-top response with a mean amplitude response outside the passband lower than -30 dB and the switch isolation should exceed 30 dB.     

光纤光栅和环形器组成的光分插复用器同频串扰特性研究

对三种不同结构的光纤光栅和环形器组成的光分插复用器的同频串扰进行了实验研究。实验表明，与常规的I型结构光分插复用器相比，Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型结构中由上载端泄漏到下载端的同频串扰分别减少了24．4dB和39．3dB，由下载端泄漏到上载端的同频串扰分别减少了23．6dB和24．6dB。     

An Efficient Technique for Analyzing Transmission Characteristics of Arrayed Waveguide Grating Multiplexers

An efficient technique is presented for analyzing transmission characteristics of arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexers. As an example, calculations using this technique are performed for a polymer 33 × 33 AWG multiplexer around the central wavelength of 1.55 m with the wavelength spacing of 0.8 nm. Computed results show that this technique possesses high accuracy for analyzing the power profile, diffraction efficiency, transmission spectrum, free spectral range and crosstalk of the AWG multiplexer.     

Penalty Evaluation Due to the Cascade and Frequency Misalignment of AWG-Based Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers in 10 Gb/s Metro Core Ring Networks

The performance evaluation of AWG-based OADMs due to filter cascade in 10 Gb/s WDM metro core networks is presented. The penalty for the through optical channels is investigated versus the laser wavelength drift and OADM temperature stabilization failure. Results are measured and extrapolated with simulation results to obtain the maximum allowable number of OADMs in the metro network.     

Penalty Evaluation Due to the Cascade and Frequency Misalignment of AWG-Based Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers in 10 Gb/s Metro Core Ring Networks

The performance evaluation of AWG-based OADMs due to filter cascade in 10 Gb/s WDM metro core networks is presented. The penalty for the through optical channels is investigated versus the laser wavelength drift and OADM temperature stabilization failure. Results are measured and extrapolated with simulation results to obtain the maximum allowable number of OADMs in the metro network.     

Evaluation of Transparent Optical Network Performance in Presence of Incoherent Homodyne Crosstalk

A simple method to evaluate the performance of transparent optical networks (TON) that takes into account the incoherent homodyne crosstalk, signal distortion, inter-symbol interference (ISI), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and arbitrary optical and electrical filters is proposed. This method combines the effect of the incoherent homodyne crosstalk with an exhaustive Gaussian approximation for the influence of ASE noise, signal distortion, and ISI. It is shown that the incoherent homodyne crosstalk penalty depends on the ASE noise accumulated in the TON, ISI, and extinction ratio. The proposed method estimates are compared with experimental results published by other authors. Good agreement is observed for one, two, and four incoherent homodyne crosstalk signals, revealing that the proposed method provides accurate estimates even when the methods based on a Gaussian approximation for the incoherent homodyne crosstalk fail. The proposed method is used to assess the performance of a TON composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. Results reveal that incoherent homodyne crosstalk, ASE noise, and ISI impair the TON performance and, therefore, none can be neglected in the TON design.     

Evaluation of Transparent Optical Network Performance in Presence of Incoherent Homodyne Crosstalk

Abstract

A simple method to evaluate the performance of transparent optical networks (TON) that takes into account the incoherent homodyne crosstalk, signal distortion, inter-symbol interference (ISI), amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and arbitrary optical and electrical filters is proposed. This method combines the effect of the incoherent homodyne crosstalk with an exhaustive Gaussian approximation for the influence of ASE noise, signal distortion, and ISI. It is shown that the incoherent homodyne crosstalk penalty depends on the ASE noise accumulated in the TON, ISI, and extinction ratio. The proposed method estimates are compared with experimental results published by other authors. Good agreement is observed for one, two, and four incoherent homodyne crosstalk signals, revealing that the proposed method provides accurate estimates even when the methods based on a Gaussian approximation for the incoherent homodyne crosstalk fail. The proposed method is used to assess the performance of a TON composed by optical add-drop multiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings. Results reveal that incoherent homodyne crosstalk, ASE noise, and ISI impair the TON performance and, therefore, none can be neglected in the TON design.     

一种基于斜光栅辅助的非对称耦合器型光分插复用器

提出了一种基于斜光栅辅助的非对称耦合器型光分插复用器。运用复合波导的三维正交模式,对器件的三种可能的结构进行了理论分析,选出粗波导光栅型结构。利用耦合模理论,模拟了斜光栅的耦合特性并对其倾斜角进行优化设计。通过回波峰值设计法,将器件的工作波长放在波分复用信道之内,回波峰值波长放在波分复用信道之外,使得器件的性能大有提高。模拟结果表明器件的串扰可达到-30 dB,回波损耗可达到-25 dB。同时,器件的关键工艺容差较大,易于批量化生产。当斜光栅的倾斜角度在2.5°到4.5°之间时,器件的串扰低于-28 dB,回波损耗低于-22 dB。     

Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.     

基于阵列波导光栅的智能服装人体测温解调系统研究

研究并实现了一种应用于智能服装中人体温度测量的阵列波导光栅解调系统。分析了系统的解调原理,搭建了光纤布拉格光栅解调实验平台,采用了强度法解调出光纤光栅的布拉格波长,完成了光纤光栅传感器串联前后解调的实验。结果表明,系统对光纤布拉格光栅的布拉格波长的解调具有高线性度,波长测量精度可达0.001 nm,光纤布拉格光栅传感器间串扰所造成的解调误差为0.000 5 nm,人体温度的测量误差为±0.16 ℃。该解调系统精度高、串扰低,可适用于智能服装中人体温度的测量。     

一种通带平坦的粗波分复用/解复用器件的研制

随着粗波分复用(CWDM)系统在城域网和接入网中日益广泛的应用,人们对粗波分复用／解复用器的研究也逐渐展开。报道了一种8通道波长间隔为20nm的粗复用／解复用器。该器件基于阵列波导光栅(AWG)原理设计,利用平面光波导技术(PLC)制作,采用多模干涉输入结构和“S”形阵列波导结构,实现了较宽的通带宽度和较低的串扰。实验测得1dB带宽大于10nm,相邻串扰大于24dB,非相邻串扰大于32dB。介绍了其设计原理和制作过程,给出了光束传播法(BPM)数值模拟结果,并和实验结果进行了对比。     

Theoretical Design of a Pump‐Free Ultrahigh Efficiency All‐Optical Switching Based on a Defect Ring Optical Waveguide Network

A theoretical design of a defect ring optical waveguide network is proposed to construct a pump‐free ultrahigh efficiency all‐optical switch. This switch creates ultrastrong photonic localization and causes the nonlinear dielectric in the defect waveguide to intensely respond. At its ON state, this material defect without Kerr response helps to produce a pair of sharp pass bands in the transmission spectrum to form the dual channel of the all‐optical switch. When it is switched to its OFF state, the strong Kerr response induced refractive index change in the high nonlinear defect waveguide strongly alters the spectrum, leading to a collapse of the dual channels. Network equation and generalized eigenfunction method are used to numerically calculate the optical properties of the switch and obtain a threshold control energy of about 2.90 zJ, which is eight orders of magnitude lower than previously reported. The switching efficiency/transmission ratio exceeds 3× 10¹¹, which is six orders of magnitude larger than previously reported. The state transition time is nearly 108 fs, which is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than the previously reported shortest time. Furthermore, the switch size can be much smaller than 2.6 µm and will be suitable for integration.     

制备工艺对掺杂NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+发光纳米晶的聚合物光波导放大器性能的影响

制备了NaYF₄：Er³⁺,Yb³⁺纳米晶,表征了纳米晶的形貌,通过物理掺杂的方式将纳米粒子掺杂到SU-8中作为光波导放大器的芯层材料,优化了波导放大器的尺寸,利用旋涂、刻蚀等工艺,在二氧化硅衬底上制备了光波导放大器。实验中用光漂白法和湿法刻蚀两种方法制备光波导放大器,分别给出了两种方法制备的器件的结构、工艺流程、光场模拟结果,并对两种方法制备的器件的放大特性进行了测试。测试结果表明,当980 nm波长的泵浦光功率为241 mW且1 550 nm波长的信号光功率为0.1 mW时,使用湿法刻蚀法制备的放大器得到2.7 dB的相对增益。当980 nm波长的泵浦光功率为235 mW且1 550 nm波长的信号光功率为0.1 mW时,使用光漂白法制备的放大器得到4.5 dB的相对增益。根据以上测试结果,分析了两种工艺对器件性能的影响。