聚乙烯醇／纳米羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶的接触变形与启动摩擦特性研究

选用高分子聚乙烯醇(PVA)和纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)为原料,采用反复冷冻-融化法制备PVA/HA复合水凝胶,在超高精度三维轮廓仪、光学显微镜和S-3000N型扫描电子显微镜上观察PVA/HA复合水凝胶的微观组织形貌,用精密位移传感器对PVA/HA复合水凝胶的接触变形特性进行测量,采用UMT-II型微摩擦磨损试验机评价PVA/HA复合水凝胶的启动摩擦特性.结果表明:PVA/HA复合水凝胶与天然骨组织具有相似的交联网状微观结构,表现出良好的黏弹性;PVA/HA复合水凝胶在滑动过程中的法向位移变化所对应的时间以及启动摩擦系数与接触时间呈现出先减小而后增大的趋势,在相同接触时间下,天然软骨的启动摩擦系数及其对应的滑行时间均比PVA/HA复合水凝胶小;而PVA/HA复合水凝胶的启动摩擦系数与滑动速率无明显的关联性;试样之间法向位移的转折点及其所对应的滑行时间均随滑动速率的增大而减小,这与天然软骨的试验结果基本一致.     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶/钛合金摩擦磨损特性的正交试验研究

利用冷冻-解冻法制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,运用正交试验法在球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上研究滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态对PVA水凝胶/钛合金摩擦副摩擦系数的影响及在不同载荷下的磨损性能.结果表明:滑动速度、载荷和润滑状态3种因素对PVA水凝胶/钛合金球摩擦副的摩擦系数影响显著程度由高到低依次为载荷＞滑动速度＞润滑状态;在干摩擦和水润滑状态下,摩擦系数变化甚微,平均摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而下降,随着载荷增加而升高;当转速从110 r/min升至220 r/min时,平均摩擦系数从0.038降至0.031,降幅达19.4%;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,平均摩擦系数从0.027增至0.042,增幅达51.8%;PVA水凝胶的磨损率随载荷增加而降低且载荷对磨损率影响的显著程度逐渐降低;当载荷从5 N增至10 N时,磨损率降幅高达2.6倍,当载荷从10 N增至15 N时,仅下降35%.     

PDMS材料特性和滑动速度对黏着态下摩擦峰的影响

黏弹性体接触界面由湿变干过程中,出现的摩擦系数高于干摩擦系数的状态,称为黏着态.最大摩擦系数为摩擦峰,摩擦峰相对于干摩擦系数的增长称为摩擦峰相对增长百分比(μ%).本文中利用原位观测摩擦试验台研究了氮化硅小球与PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane)接触界面在润湿转变过程中摩擦学行为,并分析了弹性模量及滑动速度对μ%的影响.结果表明：对于较软的PDMS,摩擦峰的削减甚至消失伴随有接触界面分离波的出现,黏弹性体的材料特性将影响甚至决定摩擦峰的出现;当PDMS较硬时,接触界面间残余水膜对黏着态摩擦峰的影响起主导作用.μ%与弹性模量的1.45次方成正比.随着滑动速度的增加,μ%逐渐降低.研究结果对于利用弹性模量以及滑动速度实现对黏弹性体摩擦峰的调控提供了理论指导.     

两亲性氧化石墨烯/聚(丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)复合水凝胶的制备及介质调控的摩擦学性能研究

为解决水凝胶在溶剂中机械强度差的问题,同时保持其表面低摩擦特性以满足软物质材料的润滑需求,文中通过使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水(DMF/H_2O)混合溶剂,采用一步聚合法制备得到氧化石墨烯增强的两亲性氧化石墨烯/聚(丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)复合水凝胶材料.利用流变仪测试了复合水凝胶材料的机械性能,结果表明疏水性组分聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的对复合水凝胶起到了明显的增强作用.系统考察了氧化石墨烯/聚(丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)复合水凝胶材料分别在不同亲疏水单体比例和不同DMF/H_2O混合比例溶剂中的溶胀和摩擦性能,结果表明两亲性复合水凝胶具有明显的介质响应行为,从而实现在不同溶剂环境下摩擦性能的调控.     

摩擦信号分形维数与载荷和速度的关系研究

在立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上对GCr15/45#钢摩擦副进行不同接触载荷和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验,对初始滑动距离1 000 m内的摩擦系数信号进行数据采集,运用结构函数测度方法对摩擦系数信号进行分形表征,计算不同载荷和速度下的分形维数,研究摩擦信号的分形维数随载荷和速度的变化规律.结果表明,摩擦系数信号具有显著的分形特征,其分形维数随载荷和速度而变化.在相同载荷下,分形维数随滑动速度增加而增大;在相同速度下,分形维数随着接触载荷增加而增大.磨损率与摩擦系数信号的分形维数正相关.     

界面接触特性对两种自组装分子膜摩擦特性的影响

利用多功能微摩擦磨损试验机，在不同滑动速度和载荷条件下，采用不同摩擦副分析了界面接触特性对自组装分子膜摩擦特性的影响，同时采用Lennard-Jone势对铜和镍与三氯十八硅烷(OTS)和3-氨基丙基-三甲氧基硅烷(APS)自组装分子膜之间的相互作用进行了比较。结果表明，镍同OTS和APS对摩的摩擦系数均大于铜同2种自组装分子膜对摩的摩擦系数，这是因为镍与自组装分子膜间具有较强的相互作用所致。铜和镍与OTS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而增大，随载荷增加而减小；铜与APS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而减小，载荷对摩擦系数的影响则很小；而镍与APS对摩的摩擦系数随滑动速度增加而增大，随载荷增加而减小．可以用分子弛豫来解释2种自组装分子膜的摩擦特性差异。     

表面形貌变形对塑性成形滑动接触界面摩擦的影响

为了更好地理解塑性成形滑动接触界面的摩擦行为,构建了一种新型的摩擦试验装置,运用表面纹理化技术制备了两类表面形貌的1050铝材试件,在不同的接触压力和滑动速度条件下进行一系列拉伸摩擦试验.对试验前后试件三维表面形貌进行了测量;提取真实接触面积比、封闭空体面积比和开放空体面积比等三维表面参数,来描述试件表面形貌的变化.试验发现:摩擦系数随名义接触压力和滑动速度增加而逐渐减小;试件初始表面形貌对摩擦有明显的影响;试件表面形貌和参数随接触条件出现了规律性变化.基于机械流变模型的分析表明:随着试件表面形貌变形,不同的机理决定界面摩擦行为,摩擦系数对名义接触压力和滑动速度的依赖性可分别归因于微观塑性流体动压润滑效应和入口区流体动压牵引效应.     

SiC与球形石墨颗粒混杂增强铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

以6092铝合金为基体,通过粉末冶金法分别制备了球形石墨颗粒(Gr)以及SiCp和Gr混杂增强的铝基复合材料,并采用田口模型结合方差分析,对复合材料与铜合金摩擦副之间的干滑动摩擦磨损行为进行了分析研究. 结果表明:随着载荷从10 N增至20 N,3种复合材料的摩擦系数、磨损率均相应增加;随滑动速率从0.5 m/s增至1.0 m/s,15%Gr/6092Al和(5%Gr+20%SiCp)/6092Al的摩擦系数先减小后增大;而(5%Gr+10%SiC_p)/6092Al的摩擦系数呈递减趋势. 相同条件下,单一石墨颗粒增强的复合材料的磨损率大于混杂增强的复合材料的磨损率. 方差分析的结果表明:增强相百分比单独作用、增强相百分比和滑动速率相互作用以及滑动速率单独作用3个因素对磨损率和摩擦系数产生了显著的影响. 随SiC_p含量增加,材料硬度增加,SiC_p对基体起到支撑保护作用,磨损面上的磨痕变浅,分层剥落现象明显减轻,磨屑变得细小,摩擦系数更为稳定,磨损机制由剥层磨损向磨粒磨损转变.      

水工圆形隧洞围岩衬砌摩擦滑动接触的新解法

在实际工程中,围岩和衬砌接触时,它们之间并非完全光滑,也并非可以承受任意大的摩擦力.如果围岩与衬砌之间的剪应力大于所能承受的最大静摩擦力,接触面间将发生切向滑动,定义接触面上产生最小滑动量的状态为衬砌的真实工作状态,这种接触即为摩擦滑动接触.以库仑摩擦模型模拟围岩和衬砌之间的摩擦滑动接触,在考虑支护滞后效应的前提下,利用平面弹性复变函数方法列出了应力边界条件、应力连续条件以及位移连续条件的方程, 再结合最优化理论,建立了具有一般性的摩擦滑动接触解法.在利用混合罚函数法求解最优化问题的过程中,减少了设计变量的个数,极大地简化了优化模型,提升了优化过程的迭代速度以及优化结果的精度.以此为基础,获得了围岩和衬砌相互作用下圆形水工隧洞的应力解析解.该方法可以求解光滑接触和完全接触两种极限情况,具有一般性.同时,利用一种精确的计算方法得到了不同情况下满足完全接触条件摩擦系数的阈值,还分析了衬砌和围岩边界上切向应力的变化规律.      

机械密封在干摩擦状态下的摩擦界面热力耦合分析

依据W-M分形函数建立了接触式机械密封摩擦副三维瞬态滑动接触模型,考虑了接触微凸体之间相互机械作用和摩擦的热力耦合,基于ABAQUS分析平台,首次提出了能够模拟机械密封摩擦副回转运动的计算模型,仿真分析了机械密封摩擦副在干运转条件下的摩擦特性. 研究结果表明:接触面温度分布不均匀,局部温度很高,在接触微凸体中心区域出现极值;在滑动后很短时间内温度急剧上升,随着滑动进行,接触节点温度继续升高,但是温升速率减缓;粗糙体轴向温度梯度较大,其亚表层区域存在较大的热应力,易发生热损伤失效;在接触微凸体轴向距表层较近的局部区域存在拉应力,滑动行为会使微凸体内部拉应力区域扩大,拉应力的数值也增大. 微凸体接触区轴向上的应力状态是变化的,依次为压应力-拉应力-压应力.      

聚乙烯醇水凝胶的生物摩擦学研究进展

介绍了聚乙烯醇水凝胶的制备方法及其物理化学性能,评述了润滑介质、摩擦配副、摩擦运动方式、水凝胶自身特性及载荷和基体材料性质等对聚乙烯醇水凝胶生物摩擦磨损性能的影响,指出今后应加强对多因素协同作用下水凝胶磨损机理、关节运动模拟系统、关节滑液的主要组分润滑协同效应及其润滑机理的研究.     

聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

分别利用超声共混法和溶胶凝胶原位复合法制备出聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石(PVA-H/HA)复合材料,测定了其拉伸强度和抗剪切强度,并对不同HA含量下的试样进行了摩擦磨损性能研究.结果表明:少量HA的加入能提高复合材料的机械强度和抗磨损性能,利用原位复合法制备的试样机械性能较好,而且当HA含量为3%时复合材料的机械性能最佳;试样的磨损量随着接触载荷的增加而显著上升;在相同HA含量下,原位复合法制备的试样抗磨损性能更佳,当HA含量为4%时,原位复合法制备的复合材料试样的摩擦磨损性能最佳,其磨损量仅为纯PVA-H的29.8%.     

仿生人工软骨材料的摩擦磨损性能及润滑机理研究

采用原位复合法制备聚乙烯醇水凝胶(PVA-H),采用模板-滤取法制备多孔超高分手量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)材料,对比研究了这2种材料在相同条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过改变试验转速和载荷获得Stribeck曲线,并对其润滑机理进行分析.结果表明:干摩擦条件下,多孔UHMWPE和PVA-H的摩擦系数和磨损量均较大;在水润滑和牛血清润滑条件下,二者的摩擦磨损性能均得以改善,且PVA-H具有更低的磨损量.Stribeck曲线分析表明:仿生UHMWPE具有的多孔结构使得在其一定的区域内可以形成混合润滑区域;PVA-H具有更好的亲水性能和多孔结构,对应的Stribeck曲线谷底较宽,能够形成较宽的混合润滑区域和流体润滑区域,从而降低了接触区域的磨损量.     

3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGE EFFECTS ON THE DENTAL COMPOSITE SUBJECT TO WATER SORPTION

The damage effects of water sorption on the mechanical properties of the hydroxya-patite particle reinforced Bis-GMA/TEGDMA copolymer (HA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) have been predicted using 3D finite cell models. The plasticizer effect on the polymer matrix was considered as a variation of its Young's modulus. Three different cell models were used to determine the influence of varying particle contents, interphase strength and moisture concentration on the debonding damage. The stress distribution pattern has been examined and the stress transfer mode clarified. The Young's modulus and fracture strength of the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composite were also predicted using the model with and without consideration of the damage. The former results with consideration of the debonding damage are in good agreement with existing literature experimental data. The shielding effect of our proposed model and an alternative approach were discussed. The FCC cell model has also been extended to predict the critical load for the damaged and the undamaged composite subject to the 3-point flexural test.     

IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL FIBER REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES BEAMS

The paper presents results of an investigation conducted to study the impact resistance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced cementitious composite (PVA-FRCC) beams containing silica fume and fly ash. PVA-FRCC beam specimens of size 100 × 100 × 400 mm were tested under impact loading. The specimen incorporated four different volume fractions i.e. 0, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% of corrugated PVA fibers. Silica fume and fly ash were added for the specimens containing PVA fibers volume fraction of 2.0%. The drop-weight type impact tests were conducted on the test specimens and the number of blows of the hammer required to induce first visible crack and ultimate failure of the specimen were recorded. The results are presented in terms of number of blows required, impact ductility as well as impact energy at first crack and ultimate failure. It has been observed that specimen containing 2.0% PVA fibers gave the best performance under impact loading, and that impact resistance was improved after silica fume and fly ash were added.     

Embedding copper nanoparticle-anchored conductive nano-blocks in polyelectrolyte

Conductive carbon nanotubes （CNTs） or alternatively polyaniline （PANI） nano-blocks was introduced into aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） and copper （II） salt, to assist the reduction of copper （II） ions and the anchoring of the resulting copper nanoparticles onto the conductive blocks. The mixture solutions of nano-blocks, copper （lI） salts and PVA were spin-coated onto the cathode surface, forming swollen cathode films （SCFs）. The copper （II） ions in the film assembled onto the surfaces of the conductive blocks and were then reduced under an appropriate voltage. It is important that the copper nanoparticles grew only on the surfaces of the conductive blocks. PVA which acted as the matrix of the composites played a role in stabilizing the resulting copper nanoparticles. Morphologies of these polymeric composite films were studied by various characterization methods. Moreover, the mechanism of migration of copper （II） ions, the formation of these polymeric composites, and the overall procedure were investigated in detail.     

Hyperelastic model for polyacrylamide-gelatin double network shape-memory hydrogels

A shape-memory double network hydrogel consists of two polymer networks: a chemically crosslinked primary network that is responsible for the permanent shape and a physically crosslinked secondary network that is used to fix the temporary shapes. The formation/melting transition of the secondary network serves as an effective mechanism for the double network hydrogel's shape-memory effect. When the crosslinks in the secondary network are dissociated by applying an external stimulus, only the primary network is left to support the load. When the secondary network is re-formed by removing the stimulus, both the primary and secondary networks support the load. In the past, models have been developed for the constitutive behaviors of double network hydrogels, but the model of shape-memory double network hydrogels is still lacking. This work aims to build a constitutive model for the polyacrylamide-gelatin double network shape-memory hydrogel developed in our previous work. The model is first calibrated by experimental data of the double network shape-memory hydrogel under uniaxial loading and then employed to predict the shape-fixing performance of the hydrogel. The model is also implemented into a three-dimension finite element code and utilized to simulate the shape-memory behavior of the double network hydrogel with inhomogeneous deformations related to applications.

Graphic abstract

A shape-memory double network hydrogel consists of a chemically crosslinked primary network and a physically crosslinked secondary network. The formation/melting transition of the secondary network serves as an effective mechanism for the shape-memory effect of the double network hydrogel. This work built a constitutive model for the polyacrylamide-and-gelatin double network shape-memory hydrogel. The model was first calibrated by experimental data and then employed to predict the shape-fixing performance of the hydrogel. The model was also implemented into a three-dimension finite element code and utilized to simulate the shape-memory behavior of double network hydrogel in complex geometries.

     

Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanorods

In the present study hydroxyapatite （HA） nano-hexagonal rods with 70-90 nm diameter and 400-500 nm length are synthesized using a simple sol-gel route with calcium nitrate and potassium dihydrogenphosphate as calcium and phosphorus precursors respectively. Deionized water was used as a diluting media for HA sol preparation and ammonia was used to adjust the pH = 9. After aging, the HA gel was dried at 60 ℃ and calcined at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 ℃. The dried and calcined powders were characterized for phase composition using X-ray diffractrometry, elemental dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Rietveld analysis showed the calcined HA powders of high purity with a hexagonal unit cell structure. Calcination yielded HA nanopowders of increased particle size and crystallinity with increase in temperature. The particle size and morphology was studied using transmission electron microscopy. The aspect ratio （length to diameter ratio） of HA nanorods was measured to be between 6 and 7.     

Viscoelastic analysis of single-component and composite PEG and alginate hydrogels简

Hydrogels, three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer networks, are appealing candidate materials for study- ing the cellular microenvironment as their substantial water content helps to better mimic soft tissue. However, hydrogels can lack mechanical stiffness, strength, and tough- ness. Composite hydrogel systems have been shown to improve upon mechanical properties compared to their single- component counterparts. Poly （ethylene glycol） dimethacrylate （PEGDMA） and alginate are polymers that have been used to form hydrogels for biological applications. Single- component and composite PEGDMA and alginate systems were fabricated with a range of total polymer concentrations. Bulk gels were mechanically characterized using spherical indentation testing and a viscoelastic analysis framework. An increase in shear modulus with increasing polymer con- centration was demonstrated for all systems. Alginate hydro- gels were shown to have a smaller viscoelastic ratio than the PEGDMA gels, indicating more extensive relaxation over time. Composite alginate and PEGDMA hydrogels exhib- ited a combination of the mechanical properties of the con- stituents, as well as a qualitative increase in toughness. Additionally, multiple hydrogel systems were produced that had similar shear moduli, but different viscoelastic behaviors. Accurate measurement of the mechanical properties of hydrogels is necessary in order to determine what parameters are key in modeling the cellular microenvironment.