Characteristics of the releasing of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide and combustion by adding the calcium based organic compound to lignite

在管式炉上研究了醋酸调制白云石产物、醋酸钙、丙酸钙等有机钙作用下龙口褐煤燃烧时SO2、NO的析出特性,并在热分析系统上考察了相应的燃烧特性.合适的工况条件下有机钙能有效抑制SO2、NO的析出.在973～1273K下,有机钙均能有效抑制SO2的析出,而当温度继续升高,除醋酸钙外,其他有机钙抑制效果下降.在973～1173K时,有机钙促进了NO的析出,而当温度高于1173K时,醋酸钙和丙酸钙的抑制效果明显.随着钙硫比的增加,有机钙对SO2、NO抑制效果普遍增强,而醋酸调制白云石产物在钙硫比为2.0～2.5时却促进NO的析出.当钙硫比为2.0时,褐煤着火性能明显提高,着火点降低10～33K,但其燃尽时间稍有延长.     

木醋调质石灰石用于O2/CO2燃煤同时脱硫脱硝性能

采用管式炉和沉降炉分别研究了O₂/CO₂气氛下燃煤预混和烟气喷入木醋调质石灰石的同时脱硫脱硝性能。结果表明,在温度1 173~1 323 K、钙硫比为2.0的条件下,木醋调质石灰石混煤燃烧脱硫效率91.0%~94.9%、脱硝效率23.5%~30.8%。随着钙硫比的增加,木醋调质石灰石混煤燃烧脱硫脱硝效率增大,适宜的钙硫比为1.5~2.0。相同的燃烧温度和钙硫比,含硫量高的煤预混木醋调质石灰石燃烧获得较高的脱硫、脱硝效率。木醋调质石灰石用于O₂/CO₂燃煤脱硫脱硝性能优于醋酸钙。O₂/CO₂燃煤烟气中喷入木醋调质石灰石、钙硫比为2.0、停留时间为0.8 s、在1 223和1 323 K时获得最大脱硫效率和最大脱硝效率为75.8%和86.6%。在上述条件下将氨气喷入反应区,氨氮比为0.75、温度为1 223和1 323 K时,脱硫效率分别为73.2%和63.9%,脱硝效率分别为93.2%和94.8%。     

蒸汽活化生物质焦吸附模拟烟气中SO2和NO的研究

以麦秆和稻壳生物质为研究对象,在不同的热解温度、热解速率以及蒸汽活化温度条件下制备了生物质焦,采用比表面积与孔隙度分析仪测定生物质焦的比表面积和孔隙结构参数。利用固定床吸附装置,研究了热解温度、热解速率、活化温度和模拟烟气中SO₂和NO浓度等因素对生物质焦吸附SO₂和NO性能的影响。结果表明,蒸汽活化可以显著提高生物质焦的BET比表面积、D-R比表面积、D-R微孔容积和总孔容,降低其平均孔径,并显著增加蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂与NO吸附的起始穿透时间和吸附量。快速热解下制得的蒸汽活化焦对SO₂和NO的吸附效果优于慢速热解,热解温度为873 K的蒸汽活化焦的吸附性能明显好于热解温度为673与1 073 K的蒸汽活化焦。在973~1 173 K下,随着蒸汽活化温度的提高,蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂和NO的吸附量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。随着模拟烟气中SO₂与NO浓度的降低,蒸汽活化生物质焦对SO₂与NO吸附的起始穿透时间延长,但相应的SO₂和NO吸附量下降。在873 K、快速热解和1 073 K条件下制得的蒸汽活化麦秆焦对SO₂和NO吸附量最大,其值分别为109.02和21.77 mg/g。     

O2/CO2气氛下木醋调质石灰石再燃/先进再燃脱硝性能研究

在O₂/CO₂气氛下利用沉降炉脱硝实验台,对木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃/先进再燃脱硝特性以及氨气的选择性非催化还原脱硝特性进行了研究。结果表明,木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃脱硝效率随温度的升高先提高后降低,1 323 K时获得最高脱硝效率分别为82.70%和78.52%;再燃脱硝氧浓度不宜过高,合适的再燃比为14%~17%,停留时间为0.8 s。氨气选择性非催化还原脱硝在1 173 K时获得最高脱硝效率为95.41%,温度窗口为1 142~1 335 K;随着氧浓度的增大,脱硝效率不断降低,反应适宜的氨氮比为1.5,停留时间为1.2 s。按氨氮比0.75向再燃区喷入氨气可显著提高木醋调质石灰石和醋酸钙的再燃脱硝效率,同时脱硝反应适宜的温度区间也得到显著拓宽,1 323 K时两者获得的先进再燃脱硝效率分别为93.49%和92.79%。     

臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋对玻璃窑炉烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

采用臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋对模拟玻璃窑炉烟气开展了同时脱硫脱硝实验研究.采用不同溶液(NaOH、Na₂S)进行了喷淋实验.结果表明,保证溶液pH值在10以上,NaOH浓度对NO_x脱除效率无影响,SO₂的存在促进了NO_x吸收.当O₃/NO物质的量比为1.6、溶液NaOH浓度为0.5%时,NO_x脱除效率可达70%,SO₂脱除效率在99%以上.往喷淋液中添加Na₂S,NO_x脱除效率随Na₂S浓度增加而提高,SO₂的存在对NO_x脱除效率无影响.当O₃/NO物质的量比为1.2、溶液中NaOH浓度为0.5%、添加剂Na₂S浓度为0.6%时,NO_x脱除效率可达70%,SO₂脱除效率在95%以上.60 min长时间运行实验证明,模拟烟气中的NO_x经碱液和添加剂吸收后主要以NO^-₂的形式存在于喷淋液中,且NO_x脱除效率不随溶液pH值的变化而变化.     

煤炭解耦燃烧过程N迁移与转化Ⅱ:单组分气相化学反应实验

在理想平推流反应器中进行了模拟热解气对模拟烟气中NO、N₂O的还原实验研究,考察了反应温度、过剩空气系数λ、热解气中CH₄、CO、H₂、NH₃浓度、烟气中NO、N₂O浓度变化对NO、N₂O出口浓度的影响。实验结果表明,当模拟热解气仅含其中一种气体时,在反应温度973~1 223 K时热解气中CH₄、CO、H₂基本不与NO发生反应,当λ小于或等于1.0时可降低N₂O浓度0%~30%;热解气中NH₃可降低NO 10%~60%,但NH₃不与N₂O发生反应。     

O2/CO2气氛下木醋调质石灰石直接硫化反应动力学研究

采用热分析法研究了O₂/CO₂气氛下石灰石及木醋调质石灰石的直接硫化反应过程。结果表明,在实验温度1 023~1 173 K,经木醋废液调质的石灰石直接硫化钙转化率显著提高。在1 173 K时,木醋调质石灰石直接硫化反应50 min后钙转化率可达89.55%。木醋调质石灰石的主要成分为水合醋酸钙,调质使石灰石的结构更为疏松,有利于硫化反应的进行。采用缩核模型对反应过程进行了表征,得到石灰石及木醋调质石灰石直接硫化反应速率常数k_s和扩散系数D_eff的Arrhenius表达式。动力学计算结果表明,相比于石灰石,扩散对木醋调质石灰石直接硫化反应过程的影响较小,说明木醋调质石灰石直接硫化反应性能显著提升的原因为硫化反应扩散阻力的减小。     

Mg/Al物质的量比对Ce-La/MgAl2O4-x催化剂催化CO还原NO性能的影响

采用初始浸渍法制备了不同Mg/Al物质的量比的Ce-La/MgAl₂O₄-x催化剂,并通过低温N₂-吸附脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR和CO-TPR等手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,在Mg/Al物质的量比为0.5时,催化剂催化CO还原NO的性能最好。这主要是因为适量Mg的添加促进了CeO₂的分散和Ce-O-La固溶体的形成,从而使得表面Ce³⁺和氧空穴增加。两者的协同作用使得Ce-La/MgAl₂O₄-0.5表现出最佳的催化性能。另外,适量Mg的引入可以抑制Ce（SO₄）₂和Ce₂（SO₄）₃的形成,从而提高了Ce-La/MgAl₂O₄-0.5催化剂抗硫中毒能力。     

SO2对Co/MOR催化剂上CH4选择催化还原NO反应性能的影响

考察了富氧条件下SO₂存在对丝光沸石负载的钴催化剂（Co/MOR）上甲烷选择催化还原NO的反应性能的影响,并采用NO程序升温脱附(NO-TPD)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)等技术对反应前后催化剂的NO吸附性能和结构特征进行了表征。结果表明,受SO₂气氛的影响,Co/MOR催化剂上NO转化率在低于550℃时下降较大,但在高于600℃时SO₂的影响不明显,而且这种影响是可逆的。SO₂的存在抑制了NO在催化剂活性位上的吸附,同时在反应过程中促进了CoO物种的生成,导致催化剂活性中心数减少、催化剂活性下降。     

SO2和NO浓度对TiO2-硅酸铝纤维脱除元素汞的影响

使用溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO₂-硅酸铝纤维纳米复合材料。使用此复合材料在波长为253.7 nm的紫外光照射下脱除模拟烟气中的元素汞,实验研究了SO₂和NO浓度对光催化脱汞的影响以及温度对脱汞率的影响。结果表明,常温时烟气中SO₂浓度对光催化脱汞表现出促进作用,当SO₂浓度为1 200 μg/m³时脱汞率最高可达93%。NO浓度对光催化脱汞表现出抑制作用,随着NO浓度的增加脱汞率逐渐降低。高温时SO₂和NO浓度对光催化脱汞的作用规律与常温时相似。随着模拟烟气温度的升高,脱汞率逐渐减低,升高温度对光催化脱汞表现出抑制作用。     

Oxygen binding to sulfur in nitrosylated iron--thiolate complexes: relevance to the Fe-containing nitrile hydratases

Iron-nitrosyl complex containing S-bonded monosulfinate [PPN][(NO)Fe(S,SO2-C6H4)(S,S-C6H4)] (3) has been isolated from sulfur oxygenation of complex [PPN][(NO)Fe(S,S-C6H4)2] (2) which is obtained from addition of NO molecule to [PPN][(C4H8O)Fe(S,S-C6H4)2] (1) in organic solvents. This result reveals that binding of NO to the iron center promotes sulfur oxygenation of iron dithiolates by dioxygen and stabilizes the S-bonded sulfinate iron species. Analysis of the bond angles for complexes 2 and 3 reveals that iron is best described as existing in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment surrounded by one NO, three thiolates, and one sulfinate in complex 3, whereas the distorted square pyramidal geometry is adopted in complex 2. Complex 3 further reacts in organic solvents with molecular oxygen in the presence of [PPN][NO2] to produce the dinuclear bis(sulfinate) complex [PPN]2[(NO)Fe(SO2,SO2-C6H4)(S,S-C6H4)]2 (4). Complex 3 showed reaction with PPh3 in THF/CH2Cl2 to yield complex 2 and Ph3PO. Upon photolysis of CH2Cl2 solution of complex 3 under N2 purge at ambient temperature, the UV-vis and IR spectra consistent with the formation of complex 2 demonstrate that complex 2 and 3 are photochemically interconvertible. Obviously, complex 3 is thermally quite stable but is photochemically active toward [O] release. Also described are the X-ray crystal structures of 3 and 4.     

燃煤固硫及催化燃烧一体化添加剂的催化作用机理研究

用热重法研究了燃煤固硫及催化燃烧一体化添加剂对峰峰烟煤的催化燃烧和催化固硫作用，采用非等温燃烧反应模型和粒子模型，计算了加入一体化添加剂前后煤的燃烧反应动力学和固硫反应动力学参数，对一体化添加剂的催化作用机理进行了分析。结果表明，一体化添加剂中金属催化组分Fe2O3对煤的燃烧和固硫组分CaO的固硫均起到了较好的催化促进作用。一体化添加剂的加入可提高煤的燃烧反应速率，外加金属离子通过电荷迁移使碳表面的棱、角、缺陷等活性部位增加，加快了氧气的吸附速度，使反应活化能和频率因子降低。在燃烧固硫反应，一体化添加剂中金属助剂Fe2O3催化了SO2转变为SO3的过程，使固硫组分CaO的硫酸盐化反应表面化学反应速度常数k和有效扩散系数D增大，在固硫反应的产物层扩散控制阶段，Fe2O3的存在使得CaO晶粒团之间相互接触黏连的几率减小，减轻了固硫产物CaSO4的团聚，弱化了扩散作用的影响，减轻了CaO固硫反应的孔窒息效应。     

煤液化残渣与生物质混合燃烧过程中硫污染物动态排放特性研究

生物质在全球总能源消耗中占有相当大的比例，世界各国对生物质能利用新技术的研究日益重视。用生物质燃料替代传统的化石燃料，不仅可以缓解日益严重的能源问题，也可以减少环境污染和降低CO2的排放心。但生物质的热值比较低，单独利用效率较低，因此一些欧美发达国家采取了将部分生物质与煤混和燃烧发电或气化的新技术。     

氧化性气氛下流化床中煤的热解脱硫及硫的分布

兖州（YZ）原煤，在氧气体积分数为3.0%、5.6%、8.7%，热解温度400℃～800℃, 热解停留30min，在流化床反应器中进行了热解脱硫实验。结果表明，兖州煤在3.0%O2，600℃时的脱硫效果最佳，可达70%；此时的黄铁矿硫全部脱除，而有机硫也可脱除60%以上。而相同温度惰性气氛下的总硫和有机硫的脱除率则分别为25%和15%。在氧化性气氛下，脱除的硫主要分布在焦油中；随着氧气体积分数的提高，半焦收率下降的很快，下降幅度要比脱硫率的增加幅度大。因此，氧气体积分数过高，在选择性断裂C—S键的同时，也使C—C键发生了断裂。     

Adsorption and thermal evolution of SO2 on Ru(0001)

Using high resolution S 2p and O 1s x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, the adsorption of SO2 and its surface bound reaction products on Ru(0001) have been investigated simultaneously while dosing SO2 and while heating the adsorbed species. SO2 is found to adsorb on Ru(0001) at 100 K molecularly in two variants as well as dissociatively and to react to SO3, SO4, SO, and S with increasing coverage. After the monolayer has been saturated, SO2 adsorbs molecularly in multilayers. When heating adsorbed SO2 from 100 K, SO, SO2, and SO4 decompose in a wide temperature range up to 305 K. In contrast SO3 is found to be stable bound to Ru(0001) up to 300 K and to disappear from the surface to below 325 K. At 550 K the surface remains with a saturated atomic sulfur and oxygen layer and some sulfur species in a second layer. Our quantitative analysis of the sulfur amount bound to the surface supports a simple desorption process only for SO4. All other species mainly or partly decompose on the surface.     

Synergistic effect between NO2 and SO2 in their adsorption and reaction on gamma-alumina

Field measurements showed that there exists a correlation between nitrate and sulfate on mineral dust. In this work, the synergistic mechanism of adsorption and reaction between SO2 and NO2 on gamma-alumina was studied using in situ diffusion reflectance infrared Fourier spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The results revealed that the reaction pathway of NO2 adsorbed on alumina was altered in the presence of SO2. In the absence of SO2, nitrite was found to be an intermediate in the oxidation of NO2 to surface nitrate species. However, in the presence of SO2, the formation of nitrite was inhibited and a new intermediate, dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), was observed. On the other hand, surface tetravalent sulfur species S(IV), including bisulfite and sulfite, were oxidized to sulfate in air condition when NO2 was present. The atmospheric implication of this synergistic effect was also discussed.     

Evaluate the flammability of a PU foam with double-scale analysis

Two-scale tests, microscale and bench scale, are conducted to analyze the flammability of a flexible polyurethane foam. Microscale tests include simultaneous thermal analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). Evolved gas components, heat release rate per unit mass, total heat release, derived heat release capacity, and minimum ignition temperature are obtained. Bench scale tests are performed on cone calorimeter. Peak heat release rate per unit area, effective heat of combustion, minimum incident heat flux for ignition, and total heat release per unit area of different incident heat fluxes are obtained. FO-category of the PU foam is estimated by multiple discriminant function analysis based on the results of cone calorimeter test. The relationship between the two-scale tests is analyzed. The minimum ignition temperatures derived from multi heating rate MCC tests are used to predict the time to ignition and compared with the results from cone calorimeter tests. This PU foam is evaluated as a high fire hazard polymer having low heat release capacity, low ignition temperature, and short ignition time.