Phase retrieval from double axially displaced holograms for dual-wavelength in-line holography

A phase retrieval method for dual-wavelength in-line digital holography is presented with double axially displaced holograms.A synthetic wavelength is used during iterative propagations to retrieve wrap-free phase distributions with a much extended measurement range.The simulation and experimental results demonstrate a better elimination of the twin image,a faster rate of convergence of the iterative routine and less number of wavelengths are compared with previously reported multiple-wavelength in-line holography.     

One-shot in-line digital holography based Hilbert phase-shifting

A novel one-shot in-line digital holography based on Hilbert phase-shifting is proposed. By weakening the ratio of object wave to reference wave and applying natural logarithmized operation on the in-line digital hologram, the real part of object wave can be well extracted. Then utilizing Hilbert transform to digitally realize 7r/2-phase shift, which would make it possible to reconstruct the object wavefront from a single-exposure in-line digital hologram. Preliminary experimental results are presented to confirm the proposed method. This technique can be used for real time imaging or monitoring moving objects.     

Study on digital holography with single phase-shifting operation

The digital holography with single phase-shifting operation has been studied. Experimental results and computer-simulated work are presented. The phase-shifting error makes the intensity of primary image decrease and the conjugate image appear in reconstruction. The explicit equation for explaining these effects is given. The calculation of the normalized intercorrelation peak between the input and the reconstruction for different algorithms shows that, when the phase-shifting operation is the main error source, the quality of the image reconstructed from the digital holography with single phase-shifting operation is favorable.     

Phase correction and resolution improvement of digital holographic image in numerical reconstruction with angular multiplexing

A phase correction method is presented to remove the phase slope of the sub-holograms caused by the multi-direction illumination on object in digital holography. To improve the resolution of the reconstructed holographic images, two sub-holograms are recorded by using angular multiplexing and their phase slope parameter is obtained by theoretical analysis. Introducing a phase correction parameter to this phase slope, the ideal complex reconstructed image can be obtained by superposing the reconstructed object wave fields of the two sub-holograms. Experimental results demonstrate that the resolution of the reconstructed image can be effectively enhanced.     

Twin-image problem in digital holography—a survey(Invited Paper)

Zero-order and twin images are a serious obstacle in achieving a high-quality output in in-line digital holography （DH）. They decrease the useful bandwidth of the off-axis DH. Over the years the twin image removal problem was approached both by instrumental and numerical means. The paper provides an extended survey of the proposed solutions with their pros and cons as a guide for further advance in this field. Processing of a single spatial carrier fringe pattern involves spatial filtering in the frequency domain, spatial phase-shifting （PS） or wavelet transform. A point source digital holographic microscopy （DHM）, introduction of calibration measurements or various modifications of PS technique are instrumental solutions to the twin image problem for in-line DH. Numerical solutions to the same problem include iterative and non-iterative approaches, diffraction-based and inverse problem solutions, reconstruction of purely real or phase objects and of complex objects, reconstruction of plane and volume objects. Elimination only of the zero-order image relies on non-linear filtering or additional calibration measurements.     

The reconstruction of diffractive object digital hologramat a short distance

By using a spherical wave as the reference wave, we recorded the in-line phase-shifting digital hologram of the 25th element of Chinese standard No. 3 resolution test pattern, and gave the corresponding numerical reconstructed results. Some problems concerning with the digital hologram recording and reconstruction of the diffractive object at a short distance are discussed. The experimental result shows that the resolution of the reconstructed image is better than 10μm, which is the limit by using this experimental arrangement.     

Study of a millimeter-wave squint indirect holographic algorithm suitable for imaging with large field-of-view

In this paper a millimeter-wave （MMW） squint indirect holographic method is presented, which is suitable for imaging with a large field-of-view. The proposed system employs the squint operation mode to remove the background and twin- image interferences, which achieves a similar effect to off-axis holography but leaves out the large-aperture quasi-optical component. The translational scanning manner enables a large field of view and ensures the image uniformity, which is difficult to realize in off-axis holography. In addition, a corresponding imaging algorithm for the presented scheme is developed to reconstruct the image from the recorded hologram. Some imaging results on typical objects, obtained with electromagnetic simulation, demonstrate good performance of the imaging scheme and validate the effectiveness of the image reconstruction algorithm.     

Speckle noise reduction in digital holography with spatial light modulator and nonlocal means algorithm

An integrated method based on optical and digital image processing is presented to suppress speckle in digital holography. A spatial light modulator is adopted to introduce random phases to the illuminating beam. Multiple holograms are reconstructed and superimposed, and the intensity is averaged to smooth the noise. The adaptive algorithm based on the nonlocal means is designed to further suppress the speckle. The presented method is compared with other methods reduction is improved, and the proposed method is effective The experimental results show that speckle and feasible.     

Resolution enhancement in digital holographic microscopy with structured illumination

We present a digital holographic microscope wherein the sample is illuminated by structured light to enable the capture of additional object spatial frequencies. Reconstructed images with increased spatial resolution are obtained by separating and synthesizing bandwidths of different frequency regions in the Fourier domain. The theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented.     

Four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital holography for recording of cosine transform coefficients

A new one-step four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital holography is presented for recording of cosine transform coefficients, because cosine transform is a real-even symmetric Fourier transform. This approach implements four quadrant spatial phase shifting at a time using a special phase mask, which is located in the reference arm, and the phase distributions of its four-quadrants are 0, π/2, π,and 3π/2 respectively. The theoretical analysis and computer simulation results show that cosine transform coefficients of real-valued image can be calculated by capturing single four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital hologram.     

Four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital holography for recording of cosine transform coefficients

A new one-step four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital holography is presented for recording of cosine transform coefficients, because cosine transform is a real-even symmetric Fourier transform. This approach implements four quadrant spatial phase shifting at a time using a special phase mask, which is located in the reference arm, and the phase distributions of its four-quadrants are 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2 respectively. The theoretical analysis and computer simulation results show that cosine transform coefficients of real-valued image can be calculated by capturing single four-quadrant spatial phase-shifting Fourier transform digital hologram.     

3D display with uniform resolution and low crosstalk based on two parallax interleaved barriers

The resolution of the parallax image is inversely proportional to the view number in the horizontal direction for the traditional autostereoscopic display based on a parallax barrier. To balance the resolution in the vertical and horizontal directions, two parallax interleaved barriers are designed. The liquid crystal display panel provides the synthetic image with square pixel units, and the pixels in a unit are distributed to different horizontal views. Two parallax interleaved barriers work together to modulate pixels in vertical and horizontal directions. 3D display with uniform resolution and low crosstalk is demonstrated.     

Correlation recognition for range image of laser radar

The target recognition of laser radar becomes hot research in recent years, because laser radar can produce high space resolution and collect rich target information, such as range image, intensity image and Doppler image. In the vertical detection of laser radar, the problem of in-plane target rotation invariance is firstly solved. In the paper, a new support vector machine (SVM) correlation filter is presented, which simultaneously has the attractive attributes of SVM and common correlation filter. Exploiting the idea of margin of separation maximization, the design criterion is produced. The filter is synthetic by the multiple training images which are generated by rotating one image. The real range images of laser radar are used to finish the correlation experiments. The results show that the filter is not sensitive to the noise, the correlation peak is changed slightly for the different testing images, and the precision of location is high. This design way can be used in other recognition fields.     

Hiding an image in cascaded Fresnel digital holograms

A system of two separated computer-generated holograms termed cascaded Fresnel digital holography (CFDH) is proposed and its application to hiding information is demonstrated by a computer simulation experiment. The technique is that the reconstructed image is the result of the wave Fresnel diffraction of two sub-holograms located at different distances from the imaging plane along the illuminating beam. The two sub-holograms are generated by an iterative algorithm based on the projection onto convex sets. In the application to the hiding of optical information, the information to be hidden is encoded into the sub-hologram which is multiplied by the host image in the input plane, the other sub-hologram in the filter plane is used for the deciphering key, the hidden image can be reconstructed in the imaging plane of the CFDH setup.     

Hiding an image in cascaded Fresnel digital holograms

A system of two separated computer-generated holograms termed cascaded Fresnel digital holography (CFDH) is proposed and its application to hiding information is demonstrated by a computer simulation experiment. The technique is that the reconstructed image is the result of the wave Fresnel diffractionof two sub-holograms located at different distances from the imaging plane along the illuminating beam. The two sub-holograms are generated by an iterative algorithm based on the projection onto convex sets. In the application to the hiding of optical information, the information to be hidden is encoded into thesub-hologram which is multiplied by the host image in the input plane, the other sub-hologram in the filterplane is used for the deciphering key, the hidden image can be reconstructed in the imaging plane of the CFDH setup.     

In-line phase contrast for weakly absorbing materials with a microfocus x-ray source

For weakly absorbing materials, image contrast can be enhanced by phase contrast in formation. The effectiveness of the in-line phase contrast technique relies on its ability to record intensity data which contain information on the x-ray's phase shift. Four kinds of approaches to the relationship between intensity distribution and phase shift are reviewed and discussed. A micro-focal x-ray source with high geometrical magnification is used to acquire phase contrast images. A great improvement on image quality is shown and geometrical parameters are modified for comparison between different imaging positions.     

Testing color difference evaluation methods for color digital images

A psychophysical experiment is carried out to evaluate the color difference between pairs of color digital images and their modulated versions, which are displayed on a professional liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, using the category judgment method. The modulated images for six original images are generated with variations in five attributes, namely, lightness, chroma, hue, resolution, and sharpness, considering both their chromatic and spatial characteristics. Several color difference evaluation methods, namely, CIELAB, CIEDE2 000, CAM02-UCS, S-CIELAB, and iCAM, are compared based on the experimental data. The results demonstrate that the performance of iCAM is the best for predicting image color difference.     

A new method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography

This paper proposes a new method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography based on the principle of holography. In the new method aperture synthetizing is achieved by reconstructing each sub-hologram respectively, firstly, moving each reconstructed wave field referred to the benchmark reconstructed wave field according to the relationship between spacial motion and frequency shift, and finally splicing them by using superposition. Two different recording ways, using plane wave to record and using spherical wave to record, are analyzed, and their moving formula is deduced, too. Simulation and experiment are done. The results show that in comparison with the traditional method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography, the new method can decrease calculation and save reconstructed time obviously which has better applicability.     

Complex-wave retrieval based on blind signal separation

In the process of the reconstruction of digital holography, the traditional methods of diffraction and filtration are commonly adopted to recover the original complex-wave signal. Influenced by twin-image and zero-order terms, the above-mentioned methods, however, either limit the field of vision or result in the loss of the amplitude and phase. A new method for complex-wave retrieval is presented, which is based on blind signal separation. Three frames of holograms are captured by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera to form an observation signal. The term containing only amplitude and phase of complex-wave is separated, by means of independent component analysis, from the observation signal, which effectively eliminates the zero-order term. Finally, the complex-wave retrieval of pure phase wavefront is achieved. Experimental results show that this method can better recover the amplitude and phase of the original complex-wave even when there is a frequency spectrum mixture in the hologram.     

Stability and performance analysis of a jump linear control system subject to digital upsets

This paper focuses on the methodology analysis for the stability and the corresponding tracking performance of a closed-loop digital jump linear control system with a stochastic switching signal. The method is applied to a flight control system. A distributed recoverable platform is implemented on the flight control system and subject to independent digital upsets. The upset processes are used to stimulate electromagnetic environments. Specifically, the paper presents the scenarios that the upset process is directly injected into the distributed flight control system, which is modeled by independent Markov upset processes and independent and identically distributed(IID) processes. A theoretical performance analysis and simulation modelling are both presented in detail for a more complete independent digital upset injection. The specific examples are proposed to verify the methodology of tracking performance analysis. The general analyses for different configurations are also proposed. Comparisons among different configurations are conducted to demonstrate the availability and the characteristics of the design.