On the thermomechanics of materials that have multiple natural configurations Part I: Viscoelasticity and classical plasticity

Many bodies, both solid and fluid, are capable of being stress-free in numerous configurations that are not related to each other through a rigid body motion. Moreover, it is possible that these bodies could have different material symmetries in these different stress-free natural configurations. In order to describe the response of such bodies, it is necessary to know the manner in which these natural configurations evolve as well as a class of response functions for the stress that are determined by kinematical quantities that are measured from these evolving natural configurations. In this review article, we provide a framework to describe the mechanics of such bodies whose natural configurations evolve during a thermodynamic process. The framework is capable of describing a variety of responses and has been used to describe traditional metal plasticity, twinning, traditional viscoelasticity of both solids and fluids, solid-to-solid phase transitions, polymer crystallization, response of multi-network polymers, and anisotropic liquids. The classical theories of elastic solids and viscous fluids are included as special cases of the framework. After a review of the salient features of the framework, we briefly discuss the status of viscoelasicity, traditional plasticity, twinning and solid to solid phase transitions within the context of the framework.     

On the thermomechanics of materials that have multiple natural configurations

Many bodies, both solid and fluid, are capable of being stress-free in numerous configurations that are not related to each other through a rigid body motion. Moreover, it is possible that these bodies could have different material symmetries in these different stress-free natural configurations. In order to describe the response of such bodies, it is necessary to know the manner in which these natural configurations evolve as well as a class of response functions for the stress that are determined by kinematical quantities that are measured from these evolving natural configurations. In this review article, we provide a framework to describe the mechanics of such bodies whose natural configurations evolve during a thermodynamic process. The framework is capable of describing a variety of responses and has been used to describe traditional metal plasticity, twinning, traditional viscoelasticity of both solids and fluids, solid-to-solid phase transitions, polymer crystallization, response of multi-network polymers, and anisotropic liquids. The classical theories of elastic solids and viscous fluids are included as special cases of the framework. After a review of the salient features of the framework, we briefly discuss the status of viscoelasticity, traditional plasticity, twinning and solid to solid phase transitions within the context of the framework.Received: February 17, 2004     

On the thermomechanics of materials that have multiple natural configurations Part II: Twinning and solid to solid phase transformation

Many bodies, both solid and fluid, are capable of being stress-free in numerous configurations that are not related to each other through a rigid body motion. Moreover, it is possible that these bodies could have different material symmetries in these different stress-free natural configurations. In order to describe the response of such bodies, it is necessary to know the manner in which these natural configurations evolve as well as a class of response functions for the stress that are determined by kinematical quantities that are measured from these evolving natural configurations. In this review article, we provide a framework to describe the mechanics of such bodies whose natural configurations evolve during a thermodynamic process. The framework is capable of describing a variety of responses and has been used to describe traditional metal plasticity, twinning, traditional viscoelasticity of both solids and fluids, solid-to-solid phase transitions, polymer crystallization, response of multi-network polymers, and anisotropic liquids. The classical theories of elastic solids and viscous fluids are included as special cases of the framework. After a review of the salient features of the framework, we briefly discuss the status of viscoelasticity, traditional plasticity, twinning and solid to solid phase transitions within the context of the framework.     

A new approach to the classical Stokes flow problem: Part I Methodology and first-order analytical results

The problem of determining the axisymmetric Stokes flow past an arbitrary body, the boundary shape of which can be represented by an analytic function, is examined by developing an exact method. An appropriate nonorthogonal coordinate system is introduced, and it is shown that the Hilbert space to which the stream function belongs is spanned by the set of Gegenbauer polynomials based on the physical argument that the drag on a body should be finite. The partial differential equation of the original problem is then reduced to two simultaneous vector differential equations. By the truncation of this infinite-dimensional system to the one-dimensional subspace, an explicit analytic solution to the Stokes equation valid for all bodies in question is obtained as a first approximation.     

On the existence of multiple steady-state solutions in the theory of electrodiffusion. Part I: the nonelectroneutral case. Part II: a constructive method for the electroneutral case

We give a constructive method for giving examples of doping functions and geometry of the device for which the nonelectroneutral voltage driven equations have multiple solutions. We show in particular, by performing a singular perturbation analysis of the current driven equations that if the electroneutral voltage driven equations have multiple solutions then the nonelectroneutral voltage driven equations have multiple solutions for sufficiently small normed Debye length. We then give a constructive method for giving examples of data for which the electroneutral voltage driven equations have multiple solutions.

     

On parallel solution of linear elasticity problems: Part I: theory

The discretized linear elasticity problem is solved by the preconditioned conjugate gradient (pcg) method. Mainly we consider the linear isotropic case but we also comment on the more general linear orthotropic problem. The preconditioner is based on the separate displacement component (sdc) part of the equations of elasticity. The preconditioning system consists of two or three subsystems (in two or three dimensions) also called inner systems, each of which is solved by the incomplete factorization pcg-method, i.e., we perform inner iterations. A finite element discretization and node numbering giving a high degree of partial parallelism with equal processor load for the solution of these systems by the MIC(0) pcg method is presented. In general, the incomplete factorization requires an M-matrix. This property is studied for the elasticity problem. The rate of convergence of the pcg-method is analysed for different preconditionings based on the sdc-part of the elasticity equations. In the following two parts of this trilogy we will focus more on parallelism and implementation aspects. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the qualitative behaviour of symplectic integrators Part I: Perturbed linear systems

Summary. We consider a dissipative perturbation of non–resonant harmonic oscillators. Under the perturbation the system admits a weakly attractive invariant torus. We apply a Runge-Kutta method to the system. If the integration method is symplectic then it also admits an attractive invariant torus, the step-size being independent of the perturbation parameter. For non–symplectic methods the discrete system only admits an attractive invariant torus if the step-size is so small such that the discretisation error is smaller than the perturbation. Received May 17, 1996     

Dynamical states of bubbling in vertically vibrated granular materials. Part I: Collective processes

Granular materials deform plastically like a solid under weak shear and they flow like a fluid under high shear. These materials exhibit other unusual kinds of behavior, including pattern formation in shaking of granular materials for which the onset characteristics of the various patterns are not well understood. Vertically shaken granular materials undergo a transition to a convective motion which can result in the formation of bubbles. In Part I, a detailed overview is presented of collective processes in gas-particle flows useful for developing a simplified model for molecular dynamic type simulations of dense gas-particle flows. The large eddy simulation method (LES) has been employed for simulating fluid flows through irregular array of particles. The results obtained may lead to scale-dependent closures for quantities such as the drag, stresses and effective dispersion. These are of use for developing a continuum approach for describing the deformation and flow of dense gas-particle mixtures described in Part II.     

On the Cauchy problem for a capillary drop. Part I: irrotational motion

The Cauchy problem for the motion of a liquid drop under surface tension is solved locally in time on the basis of a general abstract existence theorem for Hamiltonian systems which seems to be of interest also in other areas. © 1998 B. G. Teubner Stuttgart—John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Cardiovascular Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Part I. Longitudinal Effects: Hydrodynamic Analysis

For a given direction of whole-body vibration and a given piece of blood vessel, the local vibration has in general both a longitudinal (parallel) component and a lateral (perpendicular) component. The longitudinal and lateral effects are treated in Part I and Part II, respectively. In Part I, detailed hydrodynamic analysis shows that the maximal shear stress at the wall of the vessel is considerably increased by the longitudinal component of vibration for big vessels. For example, for high frequency range 40–50 Hz, the maximal shear stress at the wall of coronary artery could increase by 35–49% even if the local longitudinal amplitude is as small as 50 μm. Potential benefits and risks associated with this effect are discussed. In Part II, statistical analysis is carried out based on the results of specially designed experiments, where accelerations at different body locations and some cardiovascular parameters were measured simultaneously. Some changes of body mode were arranged during the vibration experiments in a way that the transmissibility of vibration increased considerably during each change of body mode. Statistical analysis of the results suggests with high level of confidence (>97%) that arterioles were dilated during such changes of body mode. Potential benefits associated with this effect are discussed.     

On the asymptotic behaviour of Lévy processes,Part I: Subexponential and exponential processes

We study tail probabilities of the suprema of Lévy processes with subexponential or exponential marginal distributions over compact intervals. Several of the processes for which the asymptotics are studied here for the first time have recently become important to model financial time series. Hence our results should be important, for example, in the assessment of financial risk.     

Dynamics of droplets in an agitated dispersion with multiple breakage. Part I: formulation of the model and physical consistency

In (Proc. Symp. Lectures Appl. Math. 2000; 123–141) a new model for the evolution of a system of droplets dispersed in an agitated liquid was presented, with the inclusion of the so‐called volume scattering effect (a combination of coalescence and breakage). In that paper droplets breakage was considered to be binary, in order to simplify exposition. Here we remove that limitation, investigating the effect of each breakage mode and of scattering with multiple exits. We also allow the breakage kernel, at each mode, to become singular when droplets approach their finite maximum admissible size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.