The integration of advanced active and passive structural noise control methods

This paper reports on an investigation into the feasibility of using active and passive means of vibration control in aerospace structures. In particular, attention is focused on controlling vibration transmission through light weight satellite structures at medium frequencies. The initial structure under test here is a 4.5-meter long satellite boom consisting of 10 identical bays with equilateral triangular cross sections. This structure is typical of those that might be used in space telescopes, space stations or synthetic aperture radar systems. Such a structure is typically used to support sensitive instruments in precise alignments spaced tens of metres apart. While a great deal of work has been done on this problem at low frequencies, relatively little has been achieved to date at medium frequencies (here taken to be between 150 Hz and 250 Hz). Nonetheless, this is of importance to new space missions. Using the techniques described here, an overall reduction in vibration transmission of 31.0 dB is achieved in an essentially undamped structure using passive means alone. The amounts of attenuation achievable for active control with one, two and three actuators are found to be 15.1 dB, 26.1 dB and 33.5 dB, respectively. With the combined passive control (using 10% geometric deviations) and active control (using three actuators) an overall reduction of 49.5 dB is achievable in practice.     

The semi-analytical modeling and vibration reduction analysis of the cylindrical shell with piezoelectric shunt damping patches

By considering electromechanical coupling, a unified dynamic model of the cylindrical shell with the piezoelectric shunt damping patch(PSDP) is created. The model is universal and can simulate the vibration characteristic of the shell under different states including the states in which PSDP cannot be connected, partially connected, and completely connected to the shunt circuit. The equivalent loss factor and elastic modulus with frequency dependence are proposed to consider the electrical dampi...     

Dynamic modelling and active vibration control of a submerged rectangular plate equipped with piezoelectric sensors and actuators

The active vibration control of a rectangular plate either partially or fully submerged in a fluid was investigated. Piezoelectric sensors and actuators were bonded to the plate, and the assumed mode method was used to derive a dynamic model for the submerged plate. The properties of the piezoelectric actuators and sensors, as well as their coupling to the structure, were used to derive the corresponding equations of their behaviour. The fluid effect was modelled according to the added virtual mass obtained by solving the Laplace equation. The natural vibration characteristics of the plate both in air and in water were obtained theoretically and were found to be consistent with the experimental results, and the changes in the natural frequencies resulting from submersion in fluid can be accurately predicted. A multi-input, multi-output positive position feedback controller was designed by taking the natural vibration characteristics into account and was then implemented by using a digital controller. The experimental results show that piezoelectric sensors and actuators along with the control algorithm can effectively suppress the vibration of a rectangular plate both in air and submerged in a fluid.     

Recent advancement of flow-induced piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting techniques: principles,structures, and nonlinear designs

Energy harvesting induced from flowing fluids (e.g., air and water flows) is a well-known process, which can be regarded as a sustainable and renewable energy source. In addition to traditional high-efficiency devices (e.g., turbines and watermills), the micro-power extracting technologies based on the flow-induced vibration (FIV) effect have sparked great concerns by virtue of their prospective applications as a self-power source for the microelectronic devices in recent years. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive review for the FIV working principle and their potential applications for energy harvesting. First, various classifications of the FIV effect for energy harvesting are briefly introduced, such as vortex-induced vibration (VIV), galloping, flutter, and wake-induced vibration (WIV). Next, the development of FIV energy harvesting techniques is reviewed to discuss the research works in the past three years. The application of hybrid FIV energy harvesting techniques that can enhance the harvesting performance is also presented. Furthermore, the nonlinear designs of FIV-based energy harvesters are reported in this study, e.g., multi-stability and limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) phenomena. Moreover, advanced FIV-based energy harvesting studies for fluid engineering applications are briefly mentioned. Finally, conclusions and future outlook are summarized.

     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of piezoelectric bending actuators: Theoretical and experimental studies

Piezoelectric bimorph actuators are used in a variety of applications, including micro positioning, vibration control, and micro robotics. The nature of the aforementioned applications calls for the dynamic characteristics identification of actuator at the embodiment design stage. For decades, many linear models have been presented to describe the dynamic behavior of this type of actuators; however, in many situations, such as resonant actuation, the piezoelectric actuators exhibit a softening nonlinear behavior; hence, an accurate dynamic model is demanded to properly predict the nonlinearity. In this study, first, the nonlinear stress–strain relationship of a piezoelectric material at high frequencies is modified. Then, based on the obtained constitutive equations and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, a continuous nonlinear dynamic model for a piezoelectric bending actuator is presented. Next, the method of multiple scales is used to solve the discretized nonlinear differential equations. Finally, the results are compared with the ones obtained experimentally and nonlinear parameters are identified considering frequency response and phase response simultaneously. Also, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, it is tested out of the identification range as well.     

Shape memory elastic foundation and supports for passive vibration control of composite plates

The paper presents an approach to passive vibration control of shear deformable and thin plates. The first of two methods of vibration control employs prestressed shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded in sleeves attached to the surface of the plate. The spacing between the wires can be arbitrary and variable enabling the development of a SMA support system for maximum control with minimum additional weight. The other method considered in the paper utilizes SMA wires supporting the plate at strategically selected points. The mechanism of passive control includes two components: (1) SMA wires prestressed as a result of constrained phase transformation act as an elastic foundation with a variable stiffness and (2) energy dissipation occurs as a result of hysteresis in superelastic wires vibrating together with the structure. As follows from examples, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction of the vibration amplitude over a broad spectrum of driving frequencies using any of two methods considered in the paper.     

Modeling and analysis of piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections for vibration energy harvesting

A bimorph piezoelectric beam with periodically variable cross-sections is used for the vibration energy harvesting. The effects of two geometrical parameters on the first band gap of this periodic beam are investigated by the generalized differential quadrature rule (GDQR) method. The GDQR method is also used to calculate the forced vibration response of the beam and voltage of each piezoelectric layer when the beam is subject to a sinusoidal base excitation. Results obtained from the analytical method are compared with those obtained from the finite element simulation with ANSYS, and good agreement is found. The voltage output of this periodic beam over its first band gap is calculated and compared with the voltage output of the uniform piezoelectric beam. It is concluded that this periodic beam has three advantages over the uniform piezoelectric beam, i.e., generating more voltage outputs over a wide frequency range, absorbing vibration, and being less weight.     

User defined finite element for modeling and analysis of active piezoelectric shell structures

This paper presents the user defined nine-node piezoelectric shell element and its implementation within a user element subroutine for modeling and analysis of thin-walled active composite structures. The element has been implemented within commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Application of the element covers modeling of arbitrary thin-walled structures also with complex geometries, whereby the automated mesh generation has been accomplished by developing a Python based interface for meshing procedure. In order to be able to perform the post-processing, a special adaptation of the user element had to be performed for visualization purposes. The implemented element regards the piezoelectric thin layers polarized in the thickness direction and it is based on the \(e_{31}\) piezoelectric effect. It has been also shown that this biquadratic nine-node element based on degenerated shell approach is less prone to locking effects and more suitable for implementation with curved structures. Through several examples the accuracy of the implemented user defined shell element as well as of the Python-based mesh extension has been demonstrated, along with the possibilities for post-processing. Meshing the structures with the nine-node user element is not third party software dependent.     

Development, modeling and deflection analysis of hybrid micro actuator with integrated thermal and piezoelectric actuation

Micro actuators are irreplaceable part of motion control in minimized systems. The current study presents an analytical model for a new Hybrid Thermo Piezoelectric micro actuator based on the combination of piezoelectric and thermal actuation mechanisms. The micro actuator structure is a double PZT cantilever beam consisting of two arms with different lengths. The presented micro actuator uses the structure of electrothermal micro actuator in which polysilicon material is replaced by PZT. Also the voltage and poling directions are considered in the lengthwise of PZT beams. As a result, the piezoelectric actuation mechanism is based on d ₃₃ strain coefficient. The tip deflection of micro actuator is obtained using Timoshenko beam theory. Analytical results are compared with FEM results along with other reported results in the literature. The effects of geometrical parameters and PZT material constants on actuator tip deflection are studied to provide an efficient optimization of HTP micro actuator.     

Numerical and experimental evaluation of the magnetic interaction for frequency up-conversion in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters

Meccanica - The purpose of this work is to improve the modelling process for the application of permanent magnets in a frequency up-conversion (FuC) mechanism for piezoelectric energy harvesters....     

Design and dynamic analysis of integrated architecture for vibration energy harvesting including piezoelectric frame and mechanical amplifier

Vibration energy harvesters(VEHs) can transform ambient vibration energy to electricity and have been widely investigated as promising self-powered devices for wireless sensor networks, wearable sensors, and applications of a micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS). However, the ambient vibration is always too weak to hinder the high energy conversion efficiency. In this paper, the integrated frame composed of piezoelectric beams and mechanical amplifiers is proposed to improve the energy conversion efficiency of a VEH. First, the initial structures of a piezoelectric frame(PF) and an amplification frame(AF) are designed. The dynamic model is then established to analyze the influence of key structural parameters on the mechanical amplification factor. Finite element simulation is conducted to study the energy harvesting performance, where the stiffness characteristics and power output in the cases of series and parallel load resistance are discussed in detail. Furthermore, piezoelectric beams with variable cross-sections are introduced to optimize and improve the energy harvesting efficiency. Advantages of the PF with the AF are illustrated by comparison with conventional piezoelectric cantilever beams. The results show that the proposed integrated VEH has a good mechanical amplification capability and is more suitable for low-frequency vibration conditions.     

Response of the streaks, the active and passive eddies in an unsteady channel flow

Spanwise space–time correlations of the wall shear stress and the longitudinal velocity fluctuations in the low buffer layer of an unsteady channel flow are reported. The imposed amplitude is 20% of the centerline velocity and the imposed frequency covers a large range going from the quasi-steady limit to the bursting frequency of the corresponding steady flow. The unsteady spanwise correlation coefficient is investigated both through its own modulation characteristics (amplitude and phase shifts) and those of the resulting streak spacing. A good correspondence is found between the modulation of the streak spacing and that of the ejection period. The data is further analyzed by temporal filtering of the wall shear stress and streamwise velocity fluctuations. It is shown that the large outer-layer structures play a “passive” role in the unsteady response of the near wall turbulence. The inner wall eddies, in return, are amply responsible for the unsteady reaction of both the turbulent wall shear stress and the streamwise velocity intensities in the buffer layer.     

内含弹性介质功能梯度压电球壳的径向振动调控

针对内含弹性介质的功能梯度压电球壳的径向振动问题,利用变量替换技术,求得了解析解。该解适用于材料参数沿厚度按幂律变化且密度的梯度指标可与其它物理量的梯度指标不同的功能梯度压电球壳,克服了以往分析中所有材料参数梯度指标均假设为相等的局限。数值结果表明,功能梯度压电球壳的径向振动特性可利用材料参数梯度指标和内部弹性介质的刚度进行有效调控。     

Dynamic study of a bounded cantilevered nonlinear spring for vibration reduction applications: a comparative study

Nonlinear Dynamics - The objective of this study is to develop, simulate and verify experimentally a model of a nonlinear spring, based on the principle of a cantilevered beam with a mass on its...     

智能结构有限元动力模型的建立及主动振动控制和抑制

采用一种新的压电板单元，建立了含有分布压电传感元件和执行元件结构（智能结构）的有限元动力模型。利用两种反馈控制律，研究了智能结构振动控制与抑制的问题，并提出了智能结构主动振动控制和抑制的一种方法。最后，提供了数值示例，说明本文提出方法的应用。     

Assessment of pressure drop in conical spouted beds of biomass by artificial neural networks and comparison with empirical correlations

Pressure drop is an essential parameter in the operation of conical spouted beds (CSB) and depends on its geometric factors and materials used. Irregular materials, like biomass, are complex to treat and, unlike other gas–solid contact methods, CSB turn out to be a suitable technology for their treatment. Artificial neural networks were used in this study for the prediction of operating and peak pressure drops, and their performance has been compared with that of empirical correlations reported in the literature. Accordingly, a multi-layer perceptron network with backward propagation was used due to its ability to model non-linear multivariate systems. The fitting of the experimental data of both operating and peak pressure drop was significantly better than those reported in the literature, specifically in the case of the peak pressure drop, with R² being 0.92. Therefore, artificial neural networks have been proven suitable for the prediction of pressure drop in CSB.     

Optimal patching locations and orientations for maximum energy harvesting efficiency of ultrathin flexible piezoelectric devices mounted on heart surface

Flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) have gained lots of attention in recent years, because of their potential biomechanical applications, such as powering implantable devices. Several in vivo animal experiments have demonstrated that the output power of a flexible PEH varies remarkably with patching orientations and locations, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear yet. Herein, an electromechanical model for a flexible PEH installed on a beating heart is proposed, and a concise relationship between the output power of the device and myocardium strain is established. The results demonstrate that the patching orientations have a significant impact on the output power of the PEH, and the optimal patching orientations for all patching locations are approximately 15–20 degree for PEHs mounted on the left ventricle. The simple theoretical method provided here would be universally effective for choosing the optimal patching locations and orientations of flexible PEHs installed on a nonhomogeneous deformed surface.     

局部约束阻尼开口柱壳的减振分析及优化

为了缩减开口柱壳结构的振动,本文基于Lagrange方程以及Sanders薄壳理论建立了局部约束阻尼开口柱壳的动力学模型,分析了粘弹性单元分段数和厚度、阻尼单元占空比以及约束层敷设角和厚度对结构前三阶模态损耗因子和固有频率的影响,得到了各参数对结构振动特性的影响规律.并以前三阶损耗因子为目标,应用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法对...     

Generalized layerwise mechanics for the static and modal response of delaminated composite beams with active piezoelectric sensors

A coupled linear layerwise laminate theory and a beam FE are formulated for analyzing delaminated composite beams with piezoactuators and sensors. The model assumes zig-zag fields for the axial displacements and the electric potential and it treats the discontinuities in the displacement fields due to the delaminations as additional degrees of freedom. The formulation naturally includes the excitation of piezoelectric actuators, their interactions with the composite laminate, and the effect of delamination on the predicted sensory voltage. The quasistatic and modal response of laminated composite Gr/Epoxy beams with active or sensory layers having various delamination sizes is predicted. The numerical results illustrate the strong effect of delamination on the sensor voltage, on through the thickness displacement and on the stress fields. Finally, the effect of delamination on modal frequencies and shapes are predicted and compared with previously obtained experimental results.