Prestressing effect of twisted fiber yarn in composites

By utilizing the behavior of twisted fiber yarn, prestressing composites can be made. In unloading, the matrix of the prestressing composite is applied in compression. If tensile load acts on the composite, the value of the tensile stress acting on the materials may decrease greatly. By twisted fiber yarn, therefore, the tensile strength of the composites can be improved. An analysis for extension of continuous fiber yarns is made here and residual stress after curing is taken into account. The prestressing intensity in the composite depends on the twist of fiber yarn. The photoelastic test and the analysis of electron micrograph are performed, and the theoretical method for calculating prestressing effect is presented in this paper.     

锡青铜纤维基自润滑复合材料的机械和摩擦磨损性能研究

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了以锡青铜纤维为基体,以ＰＴＦＥ和ＭｏＳ２固体润滑剂为复合润滑相应的自润滑材料,考察了其机械性能和摩擦磨损性能,并与以锡青铜粉为基体的同种自润滑材料进行了性能对比。结果表明：纤维基材料的抗拉强度和冲击韧性分别为粉末基材料的２￣６倍和２￣８倍,且具有良好的渗透性,因纤维体通孔多和具有蜂窝结构,有利于润滑剂的渗透和贮存,因而相应的复合材料的自润滑性能良好。     

The effect of brittle interfacial compounds on deformation and fracture of molybdenum-aluminum fiber composites

The effect of brittle intermetallic compounds at the fiber-matrix interface on the deformation characteristics of molybdenum-aluminum fiber composites was investigated. If the filament is ductile and notch-insensitive, then composite strength degradation is relatively minor and composite strength can be predicted by a modified mixture-rule which neglects the strength contribution of the brittle compound. For the case of notch-sensitive filaments, severe filament degradation occurs upon compound formation. The degradation was shown to result from cracks formed during deformation at the roots of compound nodules. The presence of 10 per cent compound by volume results in a 50 per cent decrease in tensile strength, but larger amounts of compound cause little additional strength reduction. At filament volume fractions of 25 and 34 per cent and compound volume fractions less than 10 per cent, composite fracture occurs by the statistical accumulation of fiber necks or fractures depending on the notch sensitivity of the fiber. At high fiber or compound volume fractions, composite failure occurs upon the first or the second filament fracture.     

短切碳纤维C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态劈裂拉伸实验

为了探究C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态断裂力学行为和破坏形态,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置对3种不同短切碳纤维体积分数的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行了动态劈裂实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜扫描了C/SiC复合材料试件的破坏界面,分析了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的失效特征和增韧机理。实验结果表明:C/SiC复合材料在冲击劈裂实验过程中,同一短切碳纤维体积分数下试件的动态抗拉强度随着冲击气压的增大而增大; 短切碳纤维体积分数为16.0%时, 材料的抗拉强度最低; 冲击后,试件的整体破坏情况与冲击气压、短切碳纤维体积分数有关。     

3D打印多孔热固性聚酰亚胺含油复合材料

以氯化钠(NaCl)作为致孔剂与流变性能调节剂,碳纤维(CF)作为增强填料与流变性能调节剂,苯乙炔基封端聚酰胺酸溶液(PAA)作为基体树脂,配制适用于直书写3D打印的复合墨水,室温下打印成形后经热固化处理和NaCl刻蚀去除后制备了多孔热固性聚酰亚胺/碳纤维(TSPI/CF)复合材料. 研究表明:NaCl与CF对复合墨水的流变学性能具有好的调节作用;打印制备的TSPI/CF复合材料具有低的各向同性尺寸收缩和优异的耐热性能,且耐热性能随着CF含量的增加而提高;CF含量升高,TSPI/CF复合材料的孔隙率提高,平均孔径降低,力学性能增强;多孔TSPI/CF复合材料表现出优异的储油、出油性能以及浸油摩擦学性能.      

Microstructure and mechanical properties of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites

Three-dimensional (3D) five-directional braided composites are significant structural materials in the fields of astronauts and aeronautics. On the basis of the 3D five-directional braiding process, three types of microstructural unit cell models are established with respect to the interior, surface and corner regions. The mathematical relationships among the structural parameters, such as fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction, the yarn packing factor, are derived. By using these three unit cell models, a micromechanical prediction procedure is described to simulate the stiffness and strength properties of 3D five-directional braided composites. Only the in situ constituent fiber and matrix properties of the composites and the fiber volume proportion are required in the simulation. The stress states generated in the constituent fiber and matrix materials are explicitly correlated with the overall applied load on the composites. The predictive stiffness and strength are in good agreement with available experimental data, which demonstrates the applicability of the present analytical model.     

基于扩展有限单元法的短纤维/橡胶复合材料裂纹扩展分析

为了研究短纤维/橡胶复合材料裂纹在拉伸载荷作用下的扩展演化规律,应用扩展有限元法对预制裂纹的短纤维/橡胶复合材料的裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟.采用随机顺序吸附算法在ABAQUS软件中生成短纤维分布模型,分析了失效准则参数(最大许用主应力和裂纹表面能)、短纤维细观参数(体积含量、长度和取向角)对裂纹扩展行为的影响规律,探究了...     

Onset of failure in finitely strained layered composites subjected to combined normal and shear loading

A limiting factor in the design of fiber-reinforced composites is their failure under axial compression along the fiber direction. These critical axial stresses are significantly reduced in the presence of shear stresses. This investigation is motivated by the desire to study the onset of failure in fiber-reinforced composites under arbitrary multi-axial loading and in the absence of the experimentally inevitable imperfections and finite boundaries.By using a finite strain continuum mechanics formulation for the bifurcation (buckling) problem of a rate-independent, perfectly periodic (layered) solid of infinite extent, we are able to study the influence of load orientation, material properties and fiber volume fraction on the onset of instability in fiber-reinforced composites. Two applications of the general theory are presented in detail, one for a finitely strained elastic rubber composite and another for a graphite-epoxy composite, whose constitutive properties have been determined experimentally. For the latter case, extensive comparisons are made between the predictions of our general theory and the available experimental results as well as to the existing approximate structural theories. It is found that the load orientation, material properties and fiber volume fraction have substantial effects on the onset of failure stresses as well as on the type of the corresponding mode (local or global).     

橡胶基复合靶抗贯穿特性的近似分析方法

采用体积含量加权的方法确定了复合靶等效状态方程参数,采用纤维含量平方外推的方法确定了复合靶的等效强度。然后利用球腔膨胀和柱腔贯穿相结合的方法提出了一种分析计算钢球贯穿橡胶基复合靶的近似分析模型。计算方法简明、高效,而且对剩余速度和临界穿透速度等的计算结果与已有实验有良好的符合。     

SMA短纤维复合材料的热胀系数和相变应变系数

基于Eshelby的等效夹杂模型、Mori和Tanaka的场平均法,考虑到形状记忆合金（SMA）的强物理非线性,发展了增量型的等效夹杂模型（Incremental Equivalent Inclusion Model)。讨论了SMA短纤维增强的铝基复合材料的热胀系数和相变应变系数。特别研究了SMA短纤维复合材料纤维几何尺寸和体积分数等参数对SMA复合材料的热胀系数和相变应变系数的影响。这些工作对于指导材料设计和了解SMA复合材料热机械特性是非常有意义的。     

氧化铝纤维含量对Al2O3f＋Cf／ZL109混杂复合材料耐磨性能的影响

利用挤压铸造法制备了Al2O3f Cf/ZL09短纤维混杂金属基复合材料，并探讨了炭纤维体积分数为4％时，Al2O3纤维含量变化对该复合材料耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：随着Al2O3体积分数增加，复合材料的摩擦系数逐渐增大，复合材料从轻微磨损到急剧磨损的临界转变载荷大幅度提高，并随Al2O3含量的增加而逐渐增大；在临界载荷以下，影响复合材料磨损率的Al2O3含量临界值为12％，当Al2O3含量低于临界值时复合材料磨损表面无明显剥落，而当Al2O3含量超过临界值后，复合材料磨损表面存在大量的剥落坑，磨损率增大。     

Micromechanical design of hierarchical composites using global load sharing theory

Hierarchical composites, embodied by natural materials ranging from bone to bamboo, may offer combinations of material properties inaccessible to conventional composites. Using global load sharing (GLS) theory, a well-established micromechanics model for composites, we develop accurate numerical and analytical predictions for the strength and toughness of hierarchical composites with arbitrary fiber geometries, fiber strengths, interface properties, and number of hierarchical levels, N. The model demonstrates that two key material properties at each hierarchical level—a characteristic strength and a characteristic fiber length—control the scalings of composite properties. One crucial finding is that short- and long-fiber composites behave radically differently. Long-fiber composites are significantly stronger than short-fiber composites, by a factor of 2^N or more; they are also significantly tougher because their fiber breaks are bridged by smaller-scale fibers that dissipate additional energy. Indeed, an “infinite” fiber length appears to be optimal in hierarchical composites. However, at the highest level of the composite, long fibers localize on planes of pre-existing damage, and thus short fibers must be employed instead to achieve notch sensitivity and damage tolerance. We conclude by providing simple guidelines for microstructural design of hierarchical composites, including the selection of N, the fiber lengths, the ratio of length scales at successive hierarchical levels, the fiber volume fractions, and the desired properties of the smallest-scale reinforcement. Our model enables superior hierarchical composites to be designed in a rational way, without resorting either to numerical simulation or trial-and-error-based experimentation.     

基于显微CT图像的近场动力学建模与复合材料微结构破坏模拟

随着纤维增强复合材料应用领域的不断扩展且用量激增,亟需理清复合材料微观结构损伤对宏观力学性能影响的内在机制。因此,发展针对纤维增强复合材料微结构破坏过程的建模与高效模拟方法就显得十分重要。本文借助显微CT(Micro-computed Tomography)扫描技术,提出了一种基于显微CT图像中像素点离散的近场动力学建模与模拟方法。一方面,近场动力学作为一种由积分方程建模的非局部理论,便于采用基于空间点离散的数值计算方法,相比传统的连续介质力学能够更有效地模拟材料从连续变形到裂纹萌生与扩展(非连续变形)的全过程。另一方面,对显微CT图像使用像素点灰度阈值分割处理技术,能够快速建立含有复合材料原位微结构信息的空间点离散模型。该离散模型可以直接用于微结构破坏过程的近场动力学模拟,从而避免了传统的数值模拟技术需要依据像素点先建立光滑的几何模型、再划分成有限单元网格的复杂前处理过程,并且极大地保留了复合材料的原位组分分布信息。数值模拟结果表明,基于显微CT图像的近场动力学建模方法能够精确捕捉到复合材料微结构信息,并能准确模拟纤维增强复合材料的微结构破坏过程。     

A thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory materials. Part II. The SMA composite material

The phenomenological SMA equations developed in Part I are used in this second paper to derive the free energy and dissipation of a SMA composite material. The derivation consists of solving a boundary value problem formulated over a mesoscale representative volume element, followed by an averaging procedure to obtain the macroscopic composite constitutive equations. Explicit equations are derived for the transformation tensors that relate the composite transformation strain rate to the phase transformation rate in the fiber and matrix. Some key findings for the two-way SME in a SMA fiber/elastomer matrix composite are that processing-induced residual stresses alter the composite austenite start and martensite start temperatures, as well as the amount of composite strain recovered during a complete cycle of temperature and fiber martensite volume fraction. Relative to the two-way SME response of stiff-matrix composites, it was found that compliant-matrix composites: (1) complete the phase transformation over a narrower temperature range; (2) exhibit greater transformation strain during the reverse transformation; and (3) undergo an incomplete strain cycle during a complete cycle of temperature and fiber martensite volume fraction. Due to the interaction of the fiber and matrix during transformation, macroscopic proportional stressing of the composite results in non-proportional fiber stressing, which in turn causes a small amount of martensitic reorientation to occur simultaneously with the transformation.     

Residual Strains using Integrated Continuous Fiber Optic Sensing in Thermoplastic Composites and Structural Health Monitoring

The evolution of spatially resolved internal strain/stress during the manufacturing of thermoplastic composites and subsequent relaxation from water intake are evaluated using an in-situ fiber optic sensor corresponding to a coated optical glass fiber with a nominal diameter of 160 μm. Unidirectional carbon fiber-polyamide 6 composites are produced using compression molding with an embedded fiber optic for strain measurement. The distributed fiber optic based strain sensor is placed in an arrangement to capture 0, 45, and 90° strains in the composite to resolve in-plane strain tensor. Strains are monitored in the direction of fiber optic sensor along its length at high resolution during the various stages of compression molding process. Results indicate considerable internal strains leading to residual stress at the end of processing step along the off-axis (45°) and transverse (90°) directions, and small strains in the carbon fiber pre-preg (0°) direction. At the end of compression molding process, an average of 7000 and 10,000 compressive micro-strains are obtained for residual state of strain in the off-axis and transverse direction. Since water/moisture infusion affects the mechanical properties of polyamide-6 matrix resin, these composite panels with embedded sensors targeted for marine applications are monitored in a water bath at 40 °C simulating accelerated testing conditions. Using the same fiber optic sensor based technique, the strain relaxation was observed during water uptake demonstrating in-situ strain monitoring during both manufacturing and subsequent composite implementation/application environment. The technique presented in this paper shows the potential of optimizing time-temperature-pressure protocols typically utilized in thermoplastic manufacturing, and continuous life-cycle monitoring of composite materials using a small diameter and inexpensive distributed fiber optic sensing.     

三维机织复合材料力学性能研究进展

对近年来关于三维机织复合材料力学性能的研究作了综述和归纳。研究表明,三维机织复合材料的力学性能不仅取决于纤维和基体的性能,而且与三维增强结构形式密切相关。通过对三维机织增强结 构的研究,获得了机织复合材料的细观结构和主要力学特征的关系,强调了增强纤维束轴向几何特征和截面形状对材料细观结构的重要影响。试验研究集中于观测机织复合材料的破坏模式,以分析三维机织结构对阻止损伤微裂纹扩展的贡献。理论分析方面较为成熟的研究是三维机织复合材料线弹性力学性能,其研究基础是层板理论模型、取向平均模型和有限元分析模型。而对强度及损伤方面的研究还有待于进一步的工作。本文对当前研究工作中的关键问题进行分析,并就今后的研究工作发表一些看法。      

Uncertainties of unidirectional composite strength under tensile loading and variation of environmental condition

A probabilistic strength model is developed for unidirectional composites with fibers in hexagonal arrays. The model assumes that, a central core of broken fibers surrounded by unbroken fibers which are subjected to unidirectional tensile loading. The proposed approach consists in using a modified shear lag model to calculate the ineffective lengths and stress concentrations around fiber breaks. The main feature in the model lies in incorporating the variation of composite properties due to temperature and moisture, in order to predict degradation of fibers and matrix characteristics. The strength degradation is often seen as a result of changes in ineffective lengths at fiber breaks, leading to stress concentrations in intact neighboring fibers. As fiber breaks are intrinsically random, the variability of input data allows us to describe the probabilistic model by using the Monte-Carlo method. The sensitivities of the mechanical response are evaluated regarding the uncertainties in design variables such as Young’s modulus of fibers and matrix, fiber reference strength, shear yield stress, fiber volume fraction and shear parameter defining the shear stress in the inelastic region.     

石墨对三氧化二铝/铜金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Al2O3／Cu石墨复合材料；采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨对Al2O3／Cu基金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能和硬度的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的摩擦系数随石墨含量的增加而降低，当石墨含量大于1.0％后，摩擦系数降低明显；当石墨含量低于3％时，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的磨损体积损失随石墨含量的增加而降低；当石墨含量低于2．0％时，石墨对Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度无明显影响；当石墨含量超过3．0％后，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度随石墨含量的增加迅速降低；此外，石墨使得Al2O3／Cu基复合材料磨损表面的微裂纹减少、裂纹长度缩短；当石墨含量达到2．5％时，复合材料磨损表面微裂纹消失．这是由于石墨在磨损表面形成固体润滑膜，从而降低摩擦力并减少裂纹源所致．     

Laser-generated rayleigh waves in graphite/epoxy composites

This study explores the potential for application of laser-induced surface or Rayleigh waves on graphite/epoxy composites. Rayleigh waves were generated by a Q-switched ruby laser in the ablation regime and detected by a pinducer which permitted accurate phase-velocity measurements. The Rayleigh wave velocity was measured in various directions relative to the fiber direction. Experimental results agreed closely with numerical predictions in the thick plate, but showed some increase of phase velocity in the thin plate. Laser-generated Rayleigh waves, particularly along the fiber direction, showed good potential for applications in NDT.