The Flow Patterns and Wall Stresses in a Louvered‐Wall Moving Granular Filter Bed of Quartz Sand

The flow patterns and wall stresses in a two‐dimensional louvered moving granular filter bed of quartz sand were investigated. The flow pattern histories of granular solids in the filter bed were recorded using a digital camcorder and a pressure gauge for simultaneously measuring the normal stresses as well as shear stresses of the granular solids. The static wall stress distributions produced by the granular solids were measured, and agreed with a theoretical prediction formed using the differential slice and Runge‐Kutta (order four) methods. The variations in the dynamic wall stresses with time in a moving granular filter bed were obtained and the effect of the louver angle upon the flow patterns and wall stresses was also investigated. Employing the results obtained by stress measurements and image processing, the wall pressure pulsation phenomena in a moving granular filter bed may be further understood. The results reported here provide fundamental information for the design of moving granular filter beds to act as high‐temperature flue gas cleanup filters.     

莫尔偏折法及其在燃气射流冲击场中的应用

用傅里叶光学方法从理论上分析了带有滤波器的相干性莫尔偏折法的测量原理,把这种方法用于真实火箭燃气射流冲击场的实验研究.获得了真实火箭燃气射流冲击流场莫尔偏折图.解决了长期以来无法拍摄到高温、高速、强振动冲击、强火焰光的火箭射流流场图像问题.     

Simulation on soot deposition and combustion in diesel particulate filter

We have simulated the flow in a real cordierite DPF using the lattice Boltzmann method. Inner structure of the filter is analyzed by a 3D X-ray CT technique. Two processes of soot deposition for PM trap and soot combustion for filter regeneration process are considered. Especially, the effect of NO₂ on the soot oxidation is examined, which is recently proposed as on-board regeneration system. The reaction rate has been determined based on previous experimental data. The estimated values of Arrhenius factor and activation energy are A = 146 1/s, E = 79.5 kJ/mol with NO₂, and A = 1.20 1/s, E = 64.9 kJ/mol without NO₂. Results show that, the flow field and pressure change inside the filter are clearly visualized. The pressure distribution depends on the non-uniformity of pore structure. The flow is largely changed with soot deposition, with higher pressure drop across the filter (filter back-pressure). The obtained correlation between total accumulated soot and the filter back-pressure is well in accordance with reported experimental results. In combustion simulation, the effect of NO₂ addition to promote the soot oxidation is confirmed. These are useful information to develop the future regenerating DPF system.     

On the presence of spectral shortcut in the energy budget of an asymmetric jet–wake flow in a forward-curved centrifugal turbomachine as deduced from SPIV measurements

Viscous dissipation and its contribution to turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget are investigated in the asymmetric jet–wake flow of a forward-curved centrifugal turbomachine. Single-plane three-dimensional turbulent data are obtained using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV). Viscous dissipation is indirectly estimated from subgrid-scale (SGS) dissipation (SGS energy flux) by filtering velocity field using a top-hat filter. The filter scale should be within the inertial sub-range and this is ensured by spectral analysis of the measured field. Reduction of turbulent energy flux for smaller filter scales plus underestimation of viscous dissipation as compared with other TKE terms both suggest the presence of spectral shortcut. This bypass energy transfer (from intermediate scales towards dissipative scales) works in parallel with direct SGS energy transfer and affects the classical energy cascade. Analysis of TKE budget in the rotor exit region shows significant radial/circumferential variations in the contributing terms. These variations are mainly due to jet–wake–volute interactions, circumferential asymmetry of volute area and expansion of flow toward the fan outlet.     

Fluid simulation and X-ray CT images for soot deposition in a diesel filter

Recently, stricter diesel particulate emission standards have been set in many countries. As for the after-treatment of exhaust gas, a diesel filter has been developed to trap diesel particles inside small-scale porous structure. Since measurement of flow in the filter is impossible, the phenomena of particle deposition in the filter are not well understood. In this study, we conducted Lattice Boltzmann simulation on flow in the newly developed diesel filter. The soot deposition was included to consider the particle trap in the filter. The inner structure of the diesel filter as well as trapped soot region was scanned by an X-ray CT technique. Results show that the flow pattern is largely changed when the soot is attached to the filter surface. By comparing simulation results with CT images, soot accumulation region is well predicted. It is found that the amount of trapped soot is proportional to the filter back-pressure even when soot deposition probability is changed.     

分子过滤瑞利散射技术测量火焰温度和密度

 为了解决瑞利散射光易受米散射和背景杂散光干扰的问题,发展了结合窄线宽激光器、分子过滤器以及像增强器等技术的分子过滤瑞利散射技术。在图像诊断的基础上,依据测量的碘蒸气吸收光谱曲线,对CH₄/air预混火焰进行了诊断,获得了密度场和温度场分布。距炉面15 mm火焰中心区域处,分子过滤瑞利散射(FRS)技术测量的温度为1 827 K±84 K,密度为0.19 kg/m³,其测温结果与CARS法的测温结果基本吻合。最后分析了FRS技术测温不确定度。实验表明FRS技术具有较高的信噪比,可以定量测量温度和密度信息,有望应用于超音速燃烧流场、紊流场等复杂流场的诊断。     

A wavelet space based approach for Doppler ultrasound blood signals separation

In medical Doppler ultrasound systems, a high-pass filter which is usually employed to filter wall clutter components, will remove the information of the low velocity blood flow. To extract intact Doppler ultrasound blood signals, a novel approach is proposed based on the spatially selective noise filtration. The wall signals are firstly estimated by the spatially selective noise filtration from wavelet spatial correlation property. Then the wall clutters are exactly obtained by a wavelet threshold de-noising technique which eliminates the residual blood flow signals. Finally the intact blood flow signals are achieved by subtracting the wall signals from the mixed signals. This approach is applied to both computer simulated and in vivo carotid Doppler ultrasound signals. The experiment results show that the wavelet space based approach can exactly extract the blood flow signals, and achieve about 45% lower results in the mean absolute error than that of the high-pass filtering. This approach is expected to be an effective method to remove the wall clutters in Doppler ultrasound systems.     

A dynamic finite volume scheme for large-eddy simulation on unstructured grids

In recent years there has been considerable progress in the application of large-eddy simulation (LES) to increasingly complex flow configurations. Nevertheless a lot of fundamental problems still need to be solved in order to apply LES in a reliable way to real engineering problems, where typically finite-volume codes on unstructured meshes are used. A self-adaptive discretisation scheme, in the context of an unstructured finite-volume flow solver, is investigated in the case of isotropic turbulence at infinite Reynolds number. The Smagorinsky and dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale models are considered. A discrete interpolation filter is used for the dynamic model. It is one of the first applications of a filter based on the approach presented by Marsden et al. In this work, an original procedure to impose the filter shape through a specific selection process of the basic filters is also proposed. Satisfactory results are obtained using the self-adaptive scheme for implicit LES. When the scheme is coupled with the sub-grid scale models, the numerical dissipation is shown to be dominant over the sub-grid scale component. Nevertheless the effect of the sub-grid scale models appears to be important and beneficial, improving in particular the energy spectra. A test on fully developed channel flow at Re_τ = 395 is also performed, comparing the non-limited scheme with the self-adaptive scheme for implicit LES. Once again the introduction of the limiter proves to be beneficial.     

Plasma motion in a filtered cathodic vacuum arc

A model is proposed for the flow of a plasma originating from a cathodic vacuum arc into a curvilinear magnetic field. The model gives good agreement with measurements obtained from a filtered cathodic-arc thin film deposition system. The important parameters involved in the motion of a vacuum arc plasma beam through a magnetic filter are examined. The analysis is based on the use of the guiding center approximation to describe the motion of the charged particles produced in the plasma where the thermal energy is negligible compared to the mass flow energy. Electron-ion collision effects are included within the framework of the drift model. It is shown that under the limiting condition of a collision frequency which is much higher than the cyclotron frequency of the electron, the motion of the plasma ions around the bend becomes independent of the magnetic field, with the number of ions traversing the filter significantly reduced. However, in the collisionless plasma case (cyclotron frequency higher than the collision frequency), the model predicts a square-law relationship between ion-saturation current and magnetic field , I_p ∞B²     

体声波梯形滤波器的布局设计方法

为保证滤波器性能,缩小滤波器体积,提高晶圆上的芯片数量,提出一种体声波(BAW)梯形滤波器布局的设计方法。该方法包括11条设计准则和设计流程。11条设计准则限制体声波谐振器(BAWR)的形状、位置,BAWR之间的距离,BAWR与焊盘的距离和互连线。设计流程有7个步骤:(1)根据每个BAWR的有效面积,预设每个BAWR的形状;(2)根据BAW梯形滤波器电路结构,排列BAWR;(3)“压缩”布局;(4)对BAWR切趾、微调和旋转;(5)对BAWR和焊盘布线;(6)检测滤波器布局是否符合设计准则;(7)使用声-电磁联合仿真,验证滤波器布局结果。以10个BAWR串并联而成的5阶BAW梯形滤波器为案例,展示了该方法的设计准则和设计流程。优化后的滤波器布局面积利用率达到了44%。对比未优化的滤波器布局,利用该方法优化后的滤波器布局提高了BAW滤波器的带内插损和带外抑制。     

带抽头的微带交指滤波器初始设计流程

带抽头的微带交指滤波器初始设计方法繁多,但设计不够全面、简洁,同时精度不高,因此给出了一套详细、简洁的初始设计流程。设计步骤为:指标“规范化”,确定低通原型滤波器,求解滤波器阶数,求解归一化电导值,设计抽头的线长和线宽,设计谐振器的线宽,设计非输入输出谐振器的线长,设计相邻谐振器间距,设计输入输出谐振器的线长和抽头的位置,交指滤波器整体建模仿真。最后以Ka波段滤波器为案例进行初始设计,初始设计结果显示中心频率在30.19 GHz附近,通带比29.40~31.00 GHz略大,通带内最大插入损耗为4.22 dB,最小回波损耗为9.32 dB,27.00 GHz和33.40 GHz的带外抑制大于30.00 dB,已经基本满足设计指标,后续只需要稍加优化就能完全满足设计指标,验证了此套设计流程的可行性及其较高的精度。     

宽带飞秒脉冲双折射干涉滤波的研究

对宽带飞秒脉冲双折射干涉滤波进行了理论和实验研究。首先给出了一种新型的双折射干涉滤波器的原理和设计，得到了输出滤波光谱强度分布的解析表达式。然后进行了15fs宽带脉冲的干涉滤波的实验研究，实验得到了一组性能良好的透射和反射输出的干涉滤波谱图，实验测量与理论计算基本一致。同时还分析了群速失配以及色散对宽带飞秒脉冲双折射干涉滤波的影响。结果表明这种滤波器对宽带飞秒脉冲有很好的干涉滤波作用，能同时前向透射和侧向反射干涉滤波输出，且无插入功率损耗，可以用来获得波长稳定的多波长可调谐超短脉冲光源。对于飞秒脉冲干涉滤波器的设计和应用具有重要的参考价值。     

Imaging and diagnostics of turbulent methane-air premixed flames by acetone-OH simultaneous PLIF

A strategy of diagnostics of ultra-lean combustion based on acetone-OH simultaneous PLIF is presented. Acetone seeded in the fuel flow and combustion-generated OH work for a marker of \ldunburned\rd and \ldburnt\rd zones, respectively. Since acetone and OH does not coexist when the proper combustion takes place, the signal \ldvalley\rd (dark zone) between acetone and OH fluorescence can be detected, which corresponds to flame zone; representative of the combustion status. System required for current imaging technique is one-laser and one-detector combination with \ldturned\rd band-pass filter. Transmittance characteristics of the filter and acetone-seeding rate are key issues to attain clear imaging, and we found that there is proper combination of them for that purpose. Imaging demonstration for the turbulent premixed flames shows the usefulness and applicability of this scheme on complex flame diagnostics: unique flame broken flame structure (\ldunburned\rd or \ldburnt\rd islands exist separately) are clearly obtained by this approach.     

Character recognition: A new multiple filter

A multiple filter obtained with only one exposure is proposed for character recognition by means of correlation filtering. The filter is obtained by Fourier holography from a transparency in which the different characters are matched to a determined angle among them.     

Fundamental investigation of charge injection type of electrostatic oil filter (effect of filter element on filtration speed)

This paper deals with the effect of filter element on the filtration speed of a charge injection type of electrostatic oil filter proposed by Yanada and his coworkers. The effect of the filter elements that are inserted between the emitter and collector electrodes on the filtration speed is examined using several types of oil. In order to discuss the effect of the filter elements on the filtration speed, numerical simulations of electrostatic field are conducted and ion drag flow patterns are measured using two-dimensional filter models. An optimal filter configuration is proposed.     

热流场层析图的预处理实验研究

热流场的层析图是一些以条纹为主要特征的流场信息记录。条纹分析无论对干涉层析术还是对莫尔层析术都是较为关键的步骤。如何从各种噪声尤其是强烈的不均匀背景光噪声中提取清晰完整的条纹是热流场层析图预处理的主要问题。本文从热流场层析图的特征入手，修正灰度直方图重心，引入可提取概率作为区分噪声和信号的判据，将灰度图像依据由图像性质决定的投影函数投影到概率平面上，进行迭代以增强信号，衰减噪声。事实证明，本文所提     

Two models of stochastic processes in centrifugal feedback filters

An evolutionary model of a stochastic flow in a dynamic feedback filter and a model of aerosol coagulation in the filter are suggested. Conditions for various scenarios of evolution are found, and the feasibility of controlling the density of agglomerates arising during coagulation is demonstrated.     

Cerebral blood flow estimation from perfusion-weighted MRI using FT-based MMSE filtering method

INTRODUCTION: Perfusion-weighted MRI can be used for estimating blood flow parameters using bolus tracking technique based on dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. In order to extract flow parameters, several deconvolution techniques have been proposed, of which the singular value decomposition (SVD) and Fourier transform (FT)-based techniques are more popular and widely used. In this work, an FT-based method has been proposed that involves derivation of an optimal shaped filter (defined as a filter function) estimated using minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) technique in the frequency domain. The proposed technique has been compared with the well-established SVD technique using simulation experiments. SIMULATION METHODS: Simulation was performed in multiple steps. An arterial input function (AIF) was first defined based on a certain blood flow value. The T2* signal change was then derived from this AIF, and noise was added to the signal. Then, a unique and optimal shaped filter function Phi(f) was derived in order to obtain the best estimate of scaled residue function. One way is by minimizing the mean-squared error between the noiseless and noisy scaled residue function, i.e., using an MMSE method. The effect of low and moderate noise and distorted AIF on cerebral blood flow (CBF) estimates was obtained by using FT-based MMSE method. Results were compared with the SVD technique. In this work, SVD technique was assumed to be the standard reference deconvolution technique. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: For low-noise condition, the FT-based technique was more stable than the SVD technique, while for moderate noise, both techniques consistently underestimated CBF. SVD technique was found to be more stable in presence of AIF distortions. However, SVD technique was found to be unstable due to AIF delay compared to the FT-based MMSE method. The shaped filter function was found to be sensitive to effect of AIF distortions.     

Construction of low dissipative high-order well-balanced filter schemes for non-equilibrium flows

The goal of this paper is to generalize the well-balanced approach for non-equilibrium flow studied by Wang et al. (2009) [29] to a class of low dissipative high-order shock-capturing filter schemes and to explore more advantages of well-balanced schemes in reacting flows. More general 1D and 2D reacting flow models and new examples of shock turbulence interactions are provided to demonstrate the advantage of well-balanced schemes. The class of filter schemes developed by Yee et al. (1999) [33], Sjögreen and Yee (2004) [27] and Yee and Sjögreen (2007) [38] consist of two steps, a full time step of spatially high-order non-dissipative base scheme and an adaptive non-linear filter containing shock-capturing dissipation. A good property of the filter scheme is that the base scheme and the filter are stand-alone modules in designing. Therefore, the idea of designing a well-balanced filter scheme is straightforward, i.e. choosing a well-balanced base scheme with a well-balanced filter (both with high-order accuracy). A typical class of these schemes shown in this paper is the high-order central difference schemes/predictor–corrector (PC) schemes with a high-order well-balanced WENO filter. The new filter scheme with the well-balanced property will gather the features of both filter methods and well-balanced properties: it can preserve certain steady-state solutions exactly; it is able to capture small perturbations, e.g. turbulence fluctuations; and it adaptively controls numerical dissipation. Thus it shows high accuracy, efficiency and stability in shock/turbulence interactions. Numerical examples containing 1D and 2D smooth problems, 1D stationary contact discontinuity problem and 1D turbulence/shock interactions are included to verify the improved accuracy, in addition to the well-balanced behavior.     

基于科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器

太赫兹滤波器是太赫兹通信、太赫兹成像和太赫兹检测等太赫兹应用系统中不可或缺的功能器件。按照不同的分类方式,滤波器有不同的种类,常见的按照选频功能可分为高通滤波器、低通滤波器、带阻滤波器和带通滤波器。为了实现在太赫兹波段的滤波效果,世界各地的研究人员利用不同的结构、材料和控制方式实现了功能各异的太赫兹滤波器,但是考虑到设计的器件要应用到太赫兹系统中,成本低廉、结构简单、性能优越的太赫兹滤波器一直是研究人员的追求。分形概念自提出以来在很多研究领域都有了快速发展,但是在太赫兹波段的应用还不是很常见,特别是应用于太赫兹功能器件的设计。引入分形中科赫曲线的概念设计并制备了一种新型的太赫兹带通滤波器,该滤波器是在金属薄膜上刻蚀出科赫曲线分形结构,当太赫兹波垂直入射到该滤波器时候实现了在太赫兹波段的窄带滤波。在滤波器的设计过程中,追求理论与实验相结合,首先在电磁仿真软件中建立科赫曲线分形结构滤波器模型进行计算,探究分形结构应用于太赫兹波段进行滤波的可行性,在进行多次计算之后得到优化后的尺寸和结构,然后根据优化后的尺寸加工出科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹滤波器样品,并且将样品放在太赫兹时域光谱系统中进行实验测量,得到实验数据后与仿真结果进行比较。在仿真中利用了时域有限差分法模拟科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器的传输特性,优化后的仿真结果表明:滤波器的谐振频率为0.715 THz,透射系数能够达到0.92,-3 dB带宽为21.9 GHz,将仿真得到的散射参数进行S参数反演得到了太赫兹滤波器样品的电磁参数,这在理论上分析了太赫兹波在谐振点处产生透射增强的原因。利用飞秒激光微加工系统制备了尺寸优化后的科赫曲线分形结构太赫兹带通滤波器样品,然后使用太赫兹时域光谱系统对样品的传输特性进行测试,对实验得到的时域数据进行快速傅里叶变换之后得到频域数据,再把频域数据进行归一化处理后与之前的电磁仿真结果进行对比,发现实验测得的结果与电磁软件仿真得到的结果较为吻合。