STRUCTURE-MODIFIED INFLUENCE ON THE INTERIOR SOUND FIELD AND ACOUSTIC SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

The covering-domain method is adopted to calculate first the interior sound field of a complex-shaped cavity stiffened with stringers, then the influence of an appended mass on the complex cavity wall is further analyzed based on the covering-domain method. Besides, the method is applied to analyze acoustic shape sensitivity of complex-shaped cavity. Combining a specific cavity, we calculate the corresponding acoustic shape sensitivity when every dimension of the cavity varies respectively. This will provide theoretical instruction for dynamic structural modification of the complex-shaped cavity.     

凹腔非定常特性的数值模拟

采用基于Menter SST两方程湍流模型的DES方法,数值模拟开式凹腔在跨声速条件下的非定常流动特性.计算凹腔底部和后壁面上的点的声压级频谱以及总声压级,证明在第二噪声模态上的声压级最大.     

The application of source methods in estimation of an interior sound field

In earlier studies, one has successfully developed three different source methods (SSM, similar source method; IPSM, internal parallel source method; ISM, internal source method) to estimate radiation and scattering sound fields. All these methods are estimations of exterior sound fields. In the present study, the similar source method is modified to estimate an interior sound field. The modification is to move the imaginary sources outside the boundary surface. In addition, general boundary conditions in terms of acoustic admittance or impedance are considered by introducing the suitable least square error functions. Finally, a two-dimensional interior sound field with alternative boundary conditions is evaluated to simulate sound fields inside a car. The results are in agreement with those of boundary integral method.     

Equivalent source method for identification of panel acoustic contribution in irregular enclosed sound field

For the interior sound field formed by the complex vibrating structure,an identification approach of panel acoustic contribution based on equivalent source method(ESM)was presented.The normal velocity on the surface of vibrating structure was first reconstructed by using interior nearfield acoustic holography based on ESM and the prediction of whole interior enclosed sound field was realized.Then the sound pressure produced by each panel at the interested field point was respectively replaced by the radiated pressure of the enclosed interior sound field which is formed by the equivalent virtual sources located near the surface of the cavity.Combining with the reconstructed normal surface velocity,the acoustic contribution of each panel to any position in the cavity was obtained by transforming the complex enclosed non-free field into the simple interior free field.Numerical simulations and experiments are conducted,and the influences of the number of the equivalent sources and the distance between them and the reconstructed surface have been investigated.The results show that the proposed method is easier to be implemented with the same accuracy than the traditional analysis method.     

复杂封闭声场面板声学贡献度识别的等效源法

针对由复杂结构振动形成的封闭空间声场,提出了一种基于等效源法的面板声学贡献度分析方法。该方法首先利用基于等效源法的内部声全息技术,重构出振动结构表面的法向振速并实现对整个内部封闭声场的预测。再将振动结构的每个面板在腔体内部场点产生的声压分别用位于空腔表面附近的等效源在该点产生的辐射声压代替,将复杂的封闭非自由声场问题转化为简单的内部自由场问题,结合重建出的结构表面法向振速进而识别出封闭振动结构各面板对腔体内任意位置的声学贡献度。通过对复杂结构内声场的数值仿真和验证实验,分析了等效源的数量及与重建面距离等参数对重建精度的影响,结果表明所提方法不仅能够达到传统数值分析方法的计算精度,而且具有更简单的求解过程。      

采用Helmholtz共鸣器与悬臂梁压电换能器的声能采集器研究

针对环境中广泛存在的声能,提出了一种采用Helmholtz共鸣器和悬臂梁压电换能器的声能采集器。Helmholtz共鸣器对入射声压进行放大,放大后的声压引起共鸣器弹性薄壁振动,薄壁的振动传递到压电换能器产生电能输出。建立了带弹性壁的立方形共鸣器的等效集中参数理论模型,并与压电换能器的机电特性结合,分析了声能采集器的声-机-电转换原理,研究了声压、声波频率和负载阻抗对输出功率的影响,研究结果为此类声能采集器的优化设计及工程应用提供了一种可行的方法。实验中,声源通过声波导管输出声能,当共鸣器管口处的声压级为94 dB时,系统实测最大输出功率达240μW。该采集器不仅可作为声能自供能采集器,还可在较远距离为低能耗电子装置进行有源声供能。      

Vibro-acoustic analysis of a rectangular-like cavity with a tilted wall

In this paper, a fully coupled vibro-acoustic model is developed to characterize the structural and acoustic coupling of a flexible panel backed by a rectangular-like cavity with a slight geometrical distortion, which is introduced through a tilted wall. The combined integro-modal approach is used to handle the acoustic pressure inside the irregular-shaped cavity. Based on the model proposed, the distortion effect on the vibro-acoustic behavior of the coupled system is investigated using the averaged sound pressure level inside the enclosure and the averaged quadratic velocity of the vibrating plate. Simulations are conducted to examine the distortion effect on acoustic natural frequencies, acoustic pressures and structural responses. Effects of the wall inclination on coupling coefficients are also assessed, and an index is proposed to quantify the degree of variation of coupling strength.     

Inversion for acoustic impedance of a wall by using artificial neural network

A new approach for measuring acoustic impedance is developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Instead of using impedance tube, a rectangular room or a box is simulated with known boundary conditions at some boundaries and an unknown acoustic impedance at one side of the wall. A training data basis for the ANN algorithm is evaluated by similar source method which was developed earlier by Too and Su [Too G-PJ, Su T-K. Estimation of scattering sound field via nearfield measurement by source methods. Appl Acoust. 1999;58:261-81 (SCI) (EI)] for the estimation of interior and exterior sound field. The training data basis is constructed by evaluating of acoustic pressure at a field point with various acoustic impedance conditions at one side of the wall. Then, the inversion for unknown acoustic impedance of a wall is performed by measuring several field data and substituting these data into ANN algorithm. The simulation result indicates that the prediction of acoustic impedance is very accurate with error percentage under 1%. In addition, one field point measurement in the present approach for acoustic impedance provides more straightforward and easier evaluation than that in the two point measurement of impedance tube.     

利用混合FE-SEA方法的前围隔声性能优化设计*

为了提升某重型商用车前围的隔声性能,建立了用于分析前围传递损失的有限元-统计能量分析(FE-SEA)模型。针对前围结构复杂的特点,依据FE-SEA模型建模原则,提出了通过在表面创建声腔来确保能量在模型中的正确传递路径。将仿真结果与测试值对比,二者误差小于1.6 dB(A),验证了FE-SEA方法的准确性。用吸声材料与隔声材料复合设计前围声学包,采用正交试验法对前围声学包进行优化设计并对各个试验方案进行仿真计算。对仿真结果进行极差分析与方差分析,选出了在传递损失、重量和厚度三方面达到最佳平衡的声学包:毛毡(10 mm)+EPDM隔声垫(2 mm)。结果表明,优化后的前围传递损失在测试频率315 Hz～2000 Hz范围内最小提升了3.8 dB(A),最大提升了7 dB(A),前围的隔声性能得到较大的提升。     

基于近场声全息的圆柱壳体内部声场重构效果的影响因素

在Neumann边界条件下基于近场声全息原理(NAH)重构了两端封闭的有限长圆柱壳体内部声场,计算出的结果与基于模态叠加法构建的内部声场进行比较,证明了重构方法的正确性,然后分别讨论了激励频率和全息面选择对NAH重构声场精度的影响以及重构面上不同位置的重构效果。     

Distinguishing between the interior pressures induced from two independent sources within a room using the probabilistic approach

In this paper, a probabilistic approach is introduced and used to distinguish between the interior pressures that are induced from two independent sound sources within a rectangular room. One source is a vibrating wall of the room and the other is an interior point source. The model is set up using the modal analysis method. In the probabilistic method, the probability densities of the uncertain acoustic model parameters are computed. The values of highest probability density are identified and assigned to the uncertain parameters in the acoustic model. The contributions of the sound sources to the total pressure are then obtained from the acoustic model input with the identified parameters. The effects of the modal truncations, the modeling errors, and the measurement locations on the accuracies of the identification process are studied.     

基于声强测量的圆柱内部全息柱面复声压相位重构

本文把基于声强测量的全息相位重构原理应用到圆柱内部声场中,阐述了圆柱面相位重构原理,推导了相应的有限空间离散算法并计算了圆柱声腔内主要声模态。结果表明,重构相位和理论值有较好的吻合。最后,分析了重构频率、全息孔径及全息柱面与壳体的间距等重构参数对相位重构精度的影响。     

空腔流动的大涡模拟及气动噪声控制

大涡模拟(LES)和三维的Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings声学比拟方法相结合,研究空腔过流的一种噪声控制措施.空腔的底板/后墙使用多孔壁板,因此流体可以穿透空腔壁面,多孔效果使用Darcy压力-速度关系模拟.声源流场由LES计算,声辐射和远声场由声学比拟获得.结果表明,这种措施有效地减弱了空腔内的压力脉动和远场声辐射,低频脉动Rossiter模数对应的波动幅值被有效抑制,声源中偶极子占优项大幅度减小,从而抑制了声辐射.     

Vibro-acoustic behaviors of an elastically restrained double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity of arbitrary boundary impedance

An analytical study on the vibro-acoustic behaviors of a double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity is presented. Unlike the existing studies, a structural–acoustic coupling model of an elastically restrained double-panel structure with an acoustic cavity having arbitrary impedance on sidewalls around the cavity is developed in which the two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) modified Fourier series are used to represent the displacement of the panels and the sound pressure inside the cavity, respectively. The unknown expansions coefficients are treated as the generalized coordinates and the Rayleigh–Ritz method is employed to determine displacement and sound pressure solutions based on the energy expressions for the coupled structural–acoustic system. The effectiveness and accuracy of the present model is validated by numerical example and comparison with finite element method (FEM) and existing analytical method, with good agreement achieved. The influence of key parameters on the vibro-acoustic behaviors and sound transmission of the double-panel structure is investigated, including: cavity thickness, boundary conditions, sidewall impedance, and the acoustic medium in the cavity.     

Measured wavenumber: frequency spectrum associated with acoustic and aerodynamic wall pressure fluctuations

Direct measurements of the wavenumber-frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations beneath a turbulent plane channel flow have been performed in an anechoic wind tunnel. A rotative array has been designed that allows the measurement of a complete map, 63×63 measuring points, of cross-power spectral densities over a large area. An original post-processing has been developed to separate the acoustic and the aerodynamic exciting loadings by transforming space-frequency data into wavenumber-frequency spectra. The acoustic part has also been estimated from a simple Corcos-like model including the contribution of a diffuse sound field. The measured acoustic contribution to the surface pressure fluctuations is 5% of the measured aerodynamic surface pressure fluctuations for a velocity and boundary layer thickness relevant for automotive interior noise applications. This shows that for aerodynamically induced car interior noise, both contributions to the surface pressure fluctuations on car windows have to be taken into account.     

A wave field synthesis approach to reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields

This article discusses an open-loop wave field synthesis (WFS) approach for the reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields. The main application concerns laboratory reproduction of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure on aircraft fuselages and measurement of their sound transmission loss. The problem configuration involves reconstruction of random sound pressure distributions on a planar reproduction surface using a planar array of reproduction monopoles parallel to the reproduction plane. In this paper, the WFS formulation is extended to sound fields with imposed time and spatial correlation properties (or equivalently imposed cross-spectral density in the frequency and wave number domains). Numerical examples are presented for the reproduction of a propagating plane wave, diffuse acoustic field and wall pressure in subsonic or supersonic turbulent boundary layers. The reproduction accuracy is examined in terms of the size of the source plane and reproduction plane, their separation, and the number of reproduction sources required per acoustic wavelength. While the reproduction approach cannot reconstruct sub-wavelength correlation scales of subsonic turbulent boundary layers, it effectively reconstructs correlation scales larger than the acoustic wavelength, making it appropriate for diffuse acoustic field and supersonic turbulent layers.     

矩形腔体流场模拟及噪声研究

用大涡模拟方法对低速湍流引起的矩形腔体内流动进行了模拟,并应用FW-H声学类比方程分析了由流动诱发的气动噪声.数值模拟观察到了涡结构的脱体及腔体内部的自激振荡过程,通过分析得出了由流动诱发噪声的声压-频率曲线.研究发现在流速30 m/s时,流动噪声声压级在60 dB以下,348.48 Hz及其高次谐波是噪声的主要来源,流场与声场表现出耦合关系,辐射声场具有明显的方向性.腔体噪声的风洞实验研究得到了与数值模拟吻合的结果.     

空间声场全息重建的波叠加方法研究

提出了基于波叠加法的近场声场全息技术，并将其用于任意形状物体的声辐射分析.在声辐射计算问题中，边界元法是通过离散边界面上的声学和位置变量来实现，而波叠加方法则通过叠加辐射体内部若干个简单源产生的声场来完成.因而，基于波叠加法的声全息就不存在边界面上的参数插值和奇异积分等问题，而这些问题是基于边界元法的声全息所固有的.与基于边界元法的声全息相比较，基于波叠加法的声全息在原理上更易于理解，在计算机上更容易实现.实验结果表明：该种全息技术在重建声场时，具有令人满意的重建精度. 关键词： 声全息 逆问题 波叠加方法 正则化方法     

Analytical evaluation of the acoustic insulation provided by double infinite walls

The acoustic insulation provided by infinite double panel walls, when subjected to spatially sinusoidal line pressure loads, is computed analytically. The methodology used extends earlier work by the authors on the definition of the acoustic insulation conferred by a single panel wall. It does not entail any simplification other than the assumption that the panels are of infinite extent. The full interaction between the fluid (air) and the solid layers is thus taken into account and the calculation does not involve limiting the thickness of any layer, as the Kirchhoff or Mindlin theories require. The problem is first formulated in the frequency domain. Time domain solutions are then obtained by means of inverse Fourier transforms using complex frequencies.The model is first used to compute the sound reduction provided by a double homogeneous brick wall, with identical panels, when illuminated by plane sound waves. The results are then compared with those provided by the simplified method proposed by London, which was later extended by Beranek (London-Beranek method). The limitations of the simplified London-Beranek model, namely, its applicability only to double walls with identical mass, subjected to plane waves, and its failure to account for the coincidence effect, are overcome by the method proposed.Time signatures are produced to illustrate the different sound transmission mechanisms. Several types of body and guided waves are originated, giving rise to a complex dynamic system with multiple reflections within the solid and fluid layers and the global resonance of the system. The effect of the cavity absorption is considered by attributing a complex density to the air filling the space between the two wall panels. Absorption attenuates the dips of insulation controlled by the cavity resonances. Several simulations are then performed for different combinations of wall and air layer thickness to assess the influence of this variable on the final acoustic insulation. The influence of the air cavity on sound reduction was found to be dependent on the frequency. At low frequencies a better performance was achieved for thicker air layers, while at higher frequencies a thinner air layer is preferable. The use of wall panels with different mass resulted in the wall performing better, particularly for high frequencies.     

Noise transmission from a curved panel into a cylindrical enclosure: analysis of structural acoustic coupling

Much of the research on sound transmission through the aircraft fuselage into the interior of aircraft has considered coupling of the entire cylinder to the acoustic modes of the enclosure. Yet, much of the work on structural acoustic control of sound radiation has focused on reducing sound radiation from individual panels into an acoustic space. Research by the authors seeks to bridge this gap by considering the transmission of sound from individual panels on the fuselage to the interior of the aircraft. As part of this research, an analytical model of a curved panel, with attached piezoelectric actuators, subjected to a static pressure load was previously developed. In the present work, the analytical model is extended to consider the coupling of a curved panel to the interior acoustics of a rigid-walled cylinder. Insight gained from an accurate analytical model of the dynamics of the noise transmission from the curved panels of the fuselage into the cylindrical enclosure of an aircraft is essential to the development of feedback control systems for the control of stochastic inputs, such as turbulent boundary layer excitation. The criteria for maximal structural acoustic coupling between the modes of the curved panel and the modes of the cylindrical enclosure are studied. For panels with aspect ratios typical of those found in aircraft, results indicate that predominately axial structural modes couple most efficiently to the acoustic modes of the enclosure. The effects of the position of the curved panel on the cylinder are also studied. Structural acoustic coupling is found to not be significantly affected by varying panel position. The impact of the findings of this study on structural acoustic control design is discussed.