The role of anhydrous zinc nitrate in the thermal decomposition of the zinc hydroxy nitrates Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O and ZnOHNO3·H2O

The steps associated with the thermal decomposition of Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)₂·2H₂O and ZnOHNO₃·H₂O are re-examined. Previous reports have suggested that Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)₂·2H₂O decomposes to ZnO via two intermediates, Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)₂ and Zn₃(OH)₄(NO₃)₂ whereas ZnOHNO₃·H₂O has been reported to decompose to ZnO via a Zn₃(OH)₄(NO₃)₂ intermediate. In this study, we demonstrate using TG, mass spectral analysis of evolved gases and in situ variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction analysis that, in fact, in the decomposition of Zn₅(OH)₈(NO₃)₂·2H₂O an anhydrous zinc nitrate intermediate is also involved. We, additionally, show that the decomposition of ZnOHNO₃·H₂O to ZnO also involves the formation of an anhydrous zinc nitrate intermediate. The anhydrous zinc nitrate formed in both cases is poorly crystallised and this observation may explain why this phase could not be observed by PXRD analysis in the previous studies.     

Mg(BO2)2在MgCl2水溶液中的相平衡与化学平衡

借助拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)检测手段,对Mg(BO_2)_2在MgCl_2水溶液中水解的固液相平衡与物种化学平衡规律进行了研究。结果表明,MgCl_2对Mg(BO_2)_2的溶解转化、多硼氧配阴离子的物种分布有很大影响:(1)随着MgCl_2浓度从0达到饱和,Mg(BO_2)_2的表观饱和浓度从0.79%增加到1.96%,pH值从9.96降到6.27;(2)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg(OH)_2,在MgCl_2溶液中形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg_3Cl_2(OH)_4·4H_2O;(3)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解,硼的物种主要为B_4O_5(OH)_4~(2-)和B_3O_3(OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的49.81%和19.54%。在MgCl_2饱和溶液中,主要为B_3O_3(OH)_4~-和B_5O_6OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的44.57%和40.00%。     

Thermal analysis of β-Co2(OH)3Cl and Zn5(OH)5Cl2 · H2O

Samples of β-Co₂(OH)₃Cl and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂ · H₂O have been prepared and their thermal decomposition studied in air and N₂ by DTA and TG up to 1000°C. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the thermal treatment products in air at various temperatures from 100 to 100°C was also carried out. The results obtained made it possible to establish the steps through which the pyrolysis of both compounds proceeds.     

Untersuchung des einflusses der analysenbedingungen auf die zersetzung von 4MgCO3 ·Mg(OH)2 · 4H2O und die bildung von magnesit MgCO3

The processes, which influence the decomposition of 4MgCO₃ ·-Mg(OH)₂ · 4H₂O, could be determined by systematical variation of the analytical parameters. The original crystal structure exists in a wide temperature range during the decomposition. The formation of magnesite is a secondary reaction of the gaseous phase with the reaction product.H₂O and CO₂, are released simultaneously in different proportions during the decomposition to 500°C. Stoichiometric intermediates were not found. The original crystal structure collapsed, when the last H₂O escapes. The ratio of MgCO₃: MgO can be influenced by partial pressure of CO₂ in a wide range.     

Ni_xCu_(1-x)Fe_2O_4的H_2/CO_2氧化还原反应性能

完全还原的NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)可用来分解CO2。采用共沉淀法制备了NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)系列铁酸盐的纳米微粒,利用H2-TG数据分析NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)中Cu2+的还原反应动力学数据,得出表观活化能Ea并不是单纯随着Ni2+或Cu2+含量的变化而变化,当x=0.25时反应活化能具有最大值。通过CO2-TG比较不同样品经H2完全还原后分解CO2的活性,得出Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4具有最低的起始反应温度和最大的分解活性,并采用XRDRietveld拟合方法对Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4的完全还原产物和分解CO2产物进行物相分析。     

Some transesterification reactions of [Ir(CO2Me)(CO)2(PPh3)2]

The iridium(I) complex [Ir(CO₂Me)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] undergoes a transesterification reaction with the alcohols CH₂C(R)CH₂OH (R = H, Me), MeCCCH₂CH₂OH, and HOCH₂CH₂OH to afford the complexes

[Ir(CO₂CH₂CH₂CMe)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] and [Ir(CO₂CH₂CH₂OH)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂], respectively. In contrast the acetylenic alcohol HCCCH₂CH₂OH gives [Ir(CCCH₂CH₂OH)(CO)PPh₃)₂]. Some reactions of the new complexes are described.     

Thermal decomposition mechanisms of MgCl2·6H2O and MgCl2·H2O

The thermal decomposition mechanisms and the intermediate morphology of MgCl₂·6H₂O and MgCl₂·H₂O were studied using integrated thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and chemical analysis. The results showed that there were six steps in the thermal decomposition of MgCl₂·6H₂O: producing MgCl₂·4H₂O at 69 °C, MgCl₂·2H₂O at 129 °C, MgCl₂·nH₂O (1 ≤ n ≤ 2) and MgOHCl at 167 °C, the conversion of MgCl₂·nH₂O (1 ≤ n ≤ 2) to Mg(OH)Cl·0.3H₂O by simultaneous dehydration and hydrolysis at 203 °C, the dehydration of Mg(OH)Cl·0.3H₂O to MgOHCl at 235 °C, and finally the direct conversion of MgOHCl to the cylindrical particles of MgO at 415 °C. To restrain the sample hydrolysis and to obtain MgCl₂·H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O was first calcined in HCl atmosphere until 203 °C when MgCl₂·H₂O was obtained; HCl gas was then turned off and the calcination process continued, producing Mg₃Cl₂(OH)₄·2H₂O calcined at 203 °C, Mg₃(OH)₄Cl₂ at 220 °C and MgO at 360 °C. The temperature of producing MgO from calcination of MgCl₂·H₂O was lower (360 °C) than that from MgCl₂·6H₂O (415 °C) because of its more reactive intermediate products: the irregular shape and tiny needle-like Mg₃Cl₂(OH)₄·2H₂O particles and the uneven surface porous Mg₃(OH)₄Cl₂ particles. The MgO particles obtained at 360 °C had a flake structure.     

Activation of CH4, CO2 and their reactions over Co catalyst studied using a pulsed-flow micro-reactor

Pulse reaction showed that Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst was active for the high-temperature decomposition of CH₄ and CO₂. CH₄ mainly was completely decomposed to give surface carbon, which could be inactivated quickly in the absence of enough O_(ad) (arising from dissociation of CO₂). CO₂ was dissociatively adsorbed on Co⁽⁰⁾ sites to give CO_(ad) and O_(ad), which was a slow step. Further decomposition of CO_(ad) happened in the case of CO₂ decomposition.     

The crystal structure of Na7Mg4.5(P2O7)4

The crystal structure of Na₇Mg_4.5(P₂O₇)₄ has been solved by direct methods from the three-dimensional X-ray data. The space group is $\text{P}\text{1}$. The crystal structure consists of Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and P₂O^4?₇ ions. One magnesium atom at symmetry center (0,0,0) and two sodium atoms at ±(?0.0421, ?0.0596, 0.2230) display occupation factors 0.5 each. A short interatomic distance between these Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions (1.80 ± 0.01 Å) excludes the occupation of both sites in the same unit cell. The crystal structure of Na₇Mg_4.5(P₂O₇)₄ consists of unit cells containing Na₈Mg₄(P₂O₇)₄ or Na₆Mg₅(P₂O₇)₄ with a statistical occurrence 1:1.Each Mg²⁺ ion is octahedrally coordinated by six O^2? ions at distances 1.979 – 2.270 Å. The coordination polyhedra around the Na⁺ ions are ill-defined. The bond angles POP in the P₂O^4?₇ groups are 126.6 and 133.6° (±0.3°). The final reliability factor R is 7.1%.     

Reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with but-2-yn-1,4-diol in CH3OH/KOH solution. Crystal structure of (μ-Cl)Ru3(CO)9[μ3-η-H2CCC(H)CH2]

The reaction of Ru₃(CO)₁₂ with but-2-yn-1,4-diol (HOCH₂CCCH₂OH, BUD) in CH₃OH/KOH followed by acidification with HCl leads to four products, one of which has been identified as the title complex (μ-Cl)Ru₃(CO)₉[μ₃-η⁴-H₂CCC(H)CH₂]. This is an open cluster containing a bridging Cl atom on the open side and a C₄H₅ moiety bound to all the metals. The structure of the complex has been determined by X-ray analysis.The thermal reaction of Ru₃(CO)₁₂ with BUD has been revisited for a comparison with the results in alkaline solution. The main product is the allylic derivative HRu₃(CO)₉[HCCHCCHO].     

Interconverting WW Triple Bonds and W4 Clusters: Structures of W4(OPrn)16 and [Li2W2(OPrn)8(DME)]2*

Alcoholysis of W₂(NMe₂)₆ with excess n-propanol in hexane yields the tetranuclear cluster, W₄(OPrⁿ, I. Reduction of I with two equivalents of Li₂COT in THF gives a small yield of Li₂W₂(OPrⁿ)₈. Single crystals were isolated by cooling the product mixture in DME and were shown to be [Li₂W₂(OPrⁿ)₈(DME)]₂, II, which consists of a unique “dimer of dimers” structure. In this reaction sequence, W₄¹⁶⁺ cluster formation is followed by four electron reduction to reform the (W≡W)⁶⁺ unit. Better yields of the lithium salt can be obtained by the addition of LiOPrⁿ/HOPrⁿ solutions to W₂(OBu^t)₆ in which case Li₂W₂(OPrⁿ)₈ has been obtained as a 1:1 adduct with LiOPr. This identity of this salt was confirmed by solution NMR spectroscopy. In the alternative reaction, the (W≡W)⁶⁺ center remains intact from reactant to product. No attempt has been made to separate the product from excess LiOPr. DFT (ADF 2004.01) molecular orbital calculations on the model cluster W₄(OH)₁₆ are used to help elucidate the disruption of the W₄ cluster upon four electron reduction. The molecular structures of compounds I and II are reported.*Dedicated to Professor F. A Cotton on the occasion of his 75th birthday.     

In[NC5H3(CO2)2](OH2)F: A new layered indium-organic framework material (NC5H3(CO2)2=2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)

A new layered indium-organic framework material, In[NC₅H₃(CO₂)₂](OH₂)F has been synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction using In₂O₃, NH₄F, 2,6-NC₅H₃(CO₂H)₂ (2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid), HF, and water at 200 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of the reported material. In[NC₅H₃(CO₂)₂](OH₂)F has a novel layered structure consisting of InO₅NF polyhedra and the pyridinedicarboxylate organic linker. Detailed structural analyses with full characterization including infrared spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, exchange reactions for the coordinated water molecule, and gas adsorption experiments are reported.     

微波辐射对浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体晶相转变的影响

在微波辐射条件下,对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的沉淀母液进行老化,通过XRD、TG、H2-TPR,FTIR、HR-TEM和XPS对前驱体及催化剂微观结构的进行表征,探讨了CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前驱体晶相转变过程中微波辐射的作用。结果表明,微波辐射有利于Cu2+取代Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6中Zn2+的同晶取代反应。微波辐射的老化过程中,首先发生Cu2+取代Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6中Zn2+生成(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6的同晶取代反应,并于1.0 h内基本完成;随着老化时间继续延长,主要进行Zn2+取代Cu2(CO3)(OH)2中Cu2+生成(Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2的同晶取代反应,同时(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6进一步结晶。与常规老化1 h制备的前驱体相比,微波辐射老化1.0 h制备的前驱体含有较多的(Cu,Zn)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相,有助于增强焙烧后CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂中CuO-ZnO协同作用,提高表面铜含量,进而提高CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂在浆态床合成甲醇的催化活性和稳定性,在400 h浆态床合成甲醇评价期间,甲醇时空收率最大达318.9 g.kg-1.h-1,失活率仅为0.11%.d-1。     

Thermal decomposition of the layered double hydroxides of formula Cu6Al2(OH)16CO3 and Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3

Zn-Al hydrotalcites and Cu-Al hydrotalcites were synthesised by coprecipitation method and analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy. These methods provide a measure of the thermal stability of the hydrotalcite. The XRD patterns demonstrate similar patterns to that of the reference patterns but present impurities attributed to Zn(OH)₂ and Cu(OH)₂. The analysis shows that the d003 peak for the Zn-Al hydrotalcite gives a spacing in the interlayer of 7.59 ? and the estimation of the particle size by using the Debye-Scherrer equation and the width of the d003 peak is 590 ?. In the case of the Cu-Al hydrotalcite, the d003 spacing is 7.57 ? and the size of the diffracting particles was determined to be 225 ?. The thermal decomposition steps can be broken down into 4 sections for both of these hydrotalcites. The first step decomposition below 100°C is caused by the dehydration of some water absorbed. The second stage shows two major steps attributed to the dehydroxylation of the hydrotalcite. In the next stage, the gas CO₂ is liberated over a temperature range of 150°C. The last reactions occur over 400°C and involved CO₂ evolution in the decomposition of the compounds produced during the dehydroxylation of the hydrotalcite.     

The phase equilibria study in the system Na4P2O7Mg2P2O7

The phase equilibria in the system Na₄P₂O₇Mg₂P₂O₇ were studied by means of DTA, hot stage microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. There is one intermediate compound in the system which melts congruently at 832°C of chemical composition Na₇Mg_4.5(P₂O₇)₄. It crystallizes in the triclinic system with unit cell constants: a = 10.882(1), b = 9.734(1), c = 6.372(1) Å; α = 112.49(1), β = 99.63(1), γ = 107.40(1)°.     

Thermal decomposition of hydrotalcites with variable cationic ratios

Thermal analysis complimented with evolved gas mass spectrometry has been applied to hydrotalcites containing carbonate prepared by coprecipitation and with varying divalent/trivalent cation ratios. The resulting materials were characterised by XRD, and TG/DTG to determine the stability of the hydrotalcites synthesised. Hydrotalcites of formula Mg₄(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₁₂(CO₃)·4H₂O, Mg₆(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₁₆(CO₃)·5H₂O, and Mg₈(Fe,Al)₂(OH)₂₀(CO₃)·8H₂O were formed by intercalation with the carbonate anion as a function of the divalent/trivalent cationic ratio. XRD showed slight variations in the d-spacing between the hydrotalcites. The thermal decomposition of carbonate hydrotalcites consists of two decomposition steps between 300 and 400°C, attributed to the simultaneous dehydroxylation and decarbonation of the hydrotalcite lattice. Water loss ascribed to dehydroxylation occurs in two decomposition steps, where the first step is due to the partial dehydroxylation of the lattice, while the second step is due to the loss of water interacting with the interlayer anions. Dehydroxylation results in the collapse of the hydrotalcite structure to that of its corresponding metal oxides and spinels, including MgO, MgAl₂O₄, and MgFeAlO₄.     

Metastable anions of CO2

Long-lived metastable negative ions of CO₂ have been observed in the gas phase as direct products of electron and cesium collisions with organic molecules which contain “bent” CO₂ as a basic unit. The long autodetachment life-times are attributed to two related factors - first, the potential energy curve of CO⁻₂(²A₁) lies below that of CO₂(¹A₁) at 134°, and, second, an unfavorable Franck-Condon overlap exists between the bent ion (134°) and the linear neutral parent.     

Syntheses and crystal structures of two new hydrated borates, Zn8[(BO3)3O2(OH)3] and Pb[B5O8(OH)]·1.5H2O

Two new hydrated borates, Zn₈[(BO₃)₃O₂(OH)₃] and Pb[B₅O₈(OH)]·1.5H₂O, have been prepared by hydrothermal reactions at 170 °C. Single-crystal X-ray structural analyses showed that Zn₈[(BO₃)₃O₂(OH)₃] crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group R32 with a=8.006(2) Å, c=17.751(2) Å, Z=3 and Pb[B₅O₈(OH)]·1.5H₂O in a triclinic space group P1¯ with a=6.656(2) Å, b=6.714(2) Å, c=10.701(2) Å, α=99.07(2)°, β=93.67(2)°, γ=118.87(1)°, Z=2. Zn₈[(BO₃)₃O₂(OH)₃] represents a new structure type in which Zn-centered tetrahedra are connected via common vertices leading to helical ribbons _∞¹[Zn₈O₁₅(OH)₃]¹⁷⁻ that pack side by side and are further condensed through sharing oxygen atoms to form a three-dimensional _∞³[Zn₈O₁₁(OH)₃]⁹⁻ framework. The boron atoms are incorporated into the channels in the framework to complete the final structure. Pb[B₅O₈(OH)]·1.5H₂O is a layered compound containing double ring [B₅O₈(OH)]²⁻ building units that share exocyclic oxygen atoms to form a two-dimensional layer. Symmetry-center-related layers are stacked along the c-axis and held together by interlayer Pb²⁺ ions and water molecules via electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. The IR spectra further confirmed the existence of both triangular BO₃ and OH groups in Zn₈[(BO₃)₃O₂(OH)₃], and BO₃, BO₄, OH groups as well as guest water molecules in Pb[B₅O₈(OH)]·1.5H₂O.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of the first 1-D indiumphosphate chain In2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2F2·C4N2H12, a precursor for high dimensional structures

The first one-dimensional (1-D) indiumphosphate chain, In₂(HPO₄)₂(H₂PO₄)₂F₂·C₄N₂H₁₂ (1), has been hydrothermally prepared using piperazine (PIP) as a template. The structure consists of infinite chains of trans,trans-corners-sharing InO₄F₂ octahedra with the adjacent octahedra being bridged by tetrahedral PO₃(OH) and PO₂(OH)₂ units, which are H-bonded with amine groups of the organic cations. Interestingly, this macroanionic chain InP₂O₈H₃F⁻ is similar to that found in the mineral tancoite-like chains and has potential to further set up higher-dimensional networks. On heating 1 in the presence of additional phosphoric acid at 180 °C under hydrothermal condition, compound 2, In₂(OH)(H₂O)(PO₄)₂·H₃O·H₂O, possessed a 3-D structure building from the repetition of a secondary building unit is obtained. When 1 is heated with additional PIP, an unknown phase, compound 3 is formed. Finally, on treatment with another amine, such as diethylenetriamine or 1,4-diaminobutane, at 180 °C, 1, as a precursor, can convert into a previously known 3-D framework structure with 16-membered ring compound 4. Compounds 1 and 2 are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, 1 is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis.     

Thermal decomposition of [Co(NH3)6]2(C2O4)3·4H2O: II. Identification of the gaseous products

The main goal of the presented work was to verify the previously assumed decomposition stages of [Co(NH₃)₆]₂(C₂O₄)₃·4H₂O (HACOT) [Thermochim. Acta 354 (2000) 45] under different atmospheres (inert, oxidising and reducing). The gaseous products of the decomposition were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was confirmed that the gaseous products of HACOT decomposition under studied atmospheres there were H₂O (stage I) and NH₃, CO₂ (stage II). The main gaseous products in the third stage in argon and hydrogen (20 vol.% H₂/Ar) were CO and CO₂, whereas in air (20 vol.% O₂/Ar) only CO₂ was identified. Under the oxidising as well as reducing atmospheres the influence of secondary reactions on the composition of both, solid and gaseous products was found particularly strong during the third stage of the process. The studies of the multistage decomposition of HACOT, additionally complicated by many secondary reactions, required application of the hyphenated TA-MS or TA-FT-IR techniques combined with the pulse thermal analysis PTA^® allowing quantification of the spectroscopic signals and investigation of gas-solid and gas-gas reactions in situ.