Microwave pulse shortening in plasma relativistic high-current microwave electronics

We describe mechanisms of microwave pulse shortening in radiation sources with the power of about 10⁸ W based on interaction between relativistic electron beams of nanosecond duration and preformed plasma. The shortening is mainly due to the electron return flow through the plasma, which leads to a multiple decrease in the linear gain of the microwave by the relativistic electron beam and in the reflection coefficient of the plasma wave that provides the generator feedback. The ways to eliminate the effect of microwave pulse shortening are proposed.     

毛细管放电X光激光装置中的预脉冲电源

针对目前毛细管放电X 光激光装置产生的预脉冲电流幅值过大、持续时间较短的问题，提出了增加预脉冲开关抑制原有预脉冲，再外加由脉冲成形网络组成的预脉冲发生器，产生所需预脉冲的改造方案。可在主脉冲来临之前产生幅度10~50A，持续时间约17μs的方波预脉冲电流，来满足毛细管放电泵浦类氖氩X光激光实验的需要。     

强流电子束无箔二极管结构设计与特性研究

 主要叙述高功率二极管的理论模型和结构设计，采用基于引导磁场和相对论近似情况下的空间电荷限制流模型，对磁浸没无箔二极管产生的空心相对论电子束进行了动态数值模拟，研究了二极管几何结构及引导磁场对二极管束流特性的影响。     

强流短脉冲电子束束剖面测量技术

 束流剖面信息的获得对于加速器的研究有着重要的意义。对强流短脉冲电子加速器束剖面测量技术作了评述。目前，发展时间分辨的快响应的光学测量技术及实时在线测量为主要发展趋势。     

强流短脉冲电子束束剖面的时间分辨测量

介绍了一套基于切伦科夫辐射的、用于强流短脉冲电子束束剖面测量的装置。装置利用扫描相机记录背面打毛的石英玻璃薄片中产生的切伦科夫光信号。使用该装置,在中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所的2MeV注入器上进行了切伦科夫光的验证实验和时间分辨的束剖面测量实验。分析表明,测量系统的时间分辨率和空间分辨率分别为1.75ns和0.74mm。     

强流短脉冲电子束束剖面的时间分辨测量

 介绍了一套基于切伦科夫辐射的、用于强流短脉冲电子束束剖面测量的装置。装置利用扫描相机记录背面打毛的石英玻璃薄片中产生的切伦科夫光信号。使用该装置，在中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所的2MeV注入器上进行了切伦科夫光的验证实验和时间分辨的束剖面测量实验。分析表明，测量系统的时间分辨率和空间分辨率分别为1.75ns和0.74mm。     

Passage of a high-current relativistic electron beam through matter

A solution is presented for the problem of passage of a high-current relativistic electron beam through matter in the stationary case with one-dimensional geometry. The system of equations describing the passage of the beam consists of the kinetic equation for fast electrons, which considers the effect of the electric field on the magnitude and direction of particle momentum, the equations for the field produced by the space charge generated by thermalized electrons, and relations connecting the conductivity of the medium to the radiation field. Higher-order perturbation theory is used for the solution. The solutions reveal that the distribution of expended energy, thermalized electrons, and other properties of the flow are highly dependent on the density of the incident flux and the conductivity of the medium. It will be shown that linear transfer theory may be applied to calculation of the passage of high-current beams through matter over a wide range of currents and conductivities, if the barrier thickness does not exceed one-half the path length, but cannot be used for calculation of passage through large-thickness barriers, i.e., with thickness comparable to the electron free path length.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 67–74, September, 1979.The author thanks A. N. Didenko and A. M. Kol'chuzhkin for their evaluation of the study.     

Nonlinear stage of development of resistive hose instability of a high-current relativistic electron beam in a plasma

The nonlinear stage in the development of a resistive hose instability of a highcurrent relativistic electron beam in a finite-conductivity plasma has been studied in the rigid-beam model. The attenuation of the force of the interaction of the beam with the magnetic field of the total current for large beam displacements is shown to result in the stabilization of the instability. The stabilization time and the amplitudes of the oscillations in the saturation regime are determined as functions of the parameters of the beam in the plasma.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fiz., No. 10, pp. 78–81, October, 1987.     

Microplastic deformation of polycrystalline iron and molybdenum subjected to high-current electron-beam irradiation

A technique for determination of residual stresses at various distances from the irradiated surface is proposed. It is established for iron and molybdenum that compressive stresses are set up under irradiation by low-energy high-current electron beams and that their values decrease sharply with increasing distance from the surface. The residual stresses are much smaller in absolute magnitude than those operating during irradiation. It is shown that the change in resistance to microplastic deformation on irradiation with low-energy high-current electron beams is governed not only by formation of a gradient dislocation substructure in the surface layer, but also by the residual stresses and the appearance of the Bauschinger effect.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 126–132, March, 1996.     

Stability of high-current beams of relativistic electrons in cyclic systems

Stability conditions of high-current thin beams of relativistic electrons against excitation of long-wave oscillations in a stellatron and modified betatron have been investigated theoretically. The influence of self electric and magnetic fields obtained from electron beam delayed potentials has been taken into consideration. The correspondent dispersion relation has been found. The electron beam of the modified betatron has been shown to be always unstable against excitation of the oscillations considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the elec-tron beam confinement in a stellatron have been found.     

回流离子对强流相对论电子束传输的影响

介绍了采用双膜法测量神龙一号直线感应加速器靶区回流离子效应的实验工作,通过一片厚度数十μm的靶膜产生回流离子,并采用基于光学渡越辐射的电子束剖面测量系统记录时间分辨的束斑,首次证实了神龙一号加速器靶区存在回流离子。通过采用不同材料的靶膜,实验观测到了不同离子发射情况下回流离子对强流相对论电子束传输的影响,结果发现采用金属靶膜时,回流离子导致电子束部分汇聚、部分发散,而采用聚合物薄膜时,回流离子会导致电子束剖面出现剧烈的变化。     

Excitation of wake-field waves in plasma by a microtron beam

The experimental study of excitation of wake-field waves in plasma by a sequence of electron bunches of a microtron beam has been carried out. Results of measurement of the spectrum of electrons after their passage through plasma confirm the effect of adding of waves from a sequence of about 100 bunches which leads to the increase in the amplitude from 1 V/cm up to 100 V/cm.     

Dynamic fracture of copper under the action of a relativistic high-current electron beam

This paper presents the results of investigations of the dynamic spall fracture of bulk (2–6 mm) copper targets under the action of a relativistic high-current electron beam (1.3 MeV electron energy, 50 ns pulse duration, ∼10¹⁰ W/cm² power density) generated by the SINUS-7 accelerator. By numerical simulation with the use of the BETAIN1 software package it has been found that the amplitude of the stress wave formed is 6 GPa and the deformation rate is 5·10⁵ s⁻¹. As established experimentally, there is a practically linear relationship between the thickness of the target and the thickness of the spalled layer. Comparison of the experimental data and the simulation results has shown that the spall strength of copper under the given conditions is 1.3 GPa, which is in good agreement with the data available in the literature. Analysis performed with the use of fractographic teqniques has revealed that in the case of recrystallized copper the size of the spall pits formed inside the grains is four times greater than the size of the pits formed on the grain boundaries. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 69–74, July, 2006.     

Kinetic theory of the plasma-dynamical modes and the transport coefficients of a relativistic plasma

The kinetic equation of an inhomogeneous relativistic plasma, consisting of an electron gas and a radiation field, is studied with particular regard to its eigenvalues in the hydrodynamical limit. The treatment is classical for the particles and quantum-mechanical for the field oscillators.After a suitable regularization, the eigenvalues are obtained by a perturbation theory through second order in the strength of the gradients. It is shown that these eigenvalues are in exact correspondence with the macroscopic relativistic plasma-dynamical modes. The important role played by the Vlassov operator in building up the peculiar structure of these modes is underlined. From a comparison of the macroscopic and microscopic eigenvalues we obtain general expressions for the thermal conductivity, the shear viscosity and the bulk viscosity of a relativistic plasma. The contribution of the radiation field to these quantities is a noteworthy feature of these expressions.