Surface complexation of carbonate on goethite: IR spectroscopy, structure and charge distribution

The adsorption of carbonate on goethite has been evaluated, focussing on the relation between the structure of the surface complex and corresponding adsorption characteristics, like pH dependency and proton co-adsorption. The surface structure of adsorbed CO3(-2) has been assessed with (1) a reinterpretation of IR spectroscopy data, (2) determination of the charge distribution within the carbonate complex using surface complexation modeling, and (3) evaluation of the proton co-adsorption of various oxyanions, including carbonate, in relation with structural differences. Carbonate adsorption leads to a degeneration of the nu3 IR vibration. Currently, the magnitude of the Deltanu3 band splitting is used as a criterion for metal coordination. However, the interpretation is not unambiguous, since the magnitude of Deltanu3 is influenced by polarization and additional field effects, due to, e.g., H bonding. Our evaluation shows that for goethite the magnitude of band splitting Deltanu3 falls within the range of values that is representative for bidentate complex formation, despite contrarily assignments made in literature. Determination of the charge distribution (CD), derived by modeling available carbonate adsorption data, shows that a very large part (2/3) of the carbonate charge resides in the surface. Interpretation of this result with a bond valence and a ligand charge analysis strongly favors the bidentate surface complexation option for adsorbed carbonate. This option is also supported by the proton co-adsorption of carbonate. The H co-adsorption is very high, which corresponds closely to an oxyanion surface complex in which 2/3 of the ligands are common with the surface. The high H co-adsorption is in conflict with the monodentate option for adsorbed CO3(-2). The study shows that the H co-adsorption of CO3(-2) is almost equal to the experimental H co-adsorption obtained for SeO3(-2) adsorption, which can be rationalized supposing for both XO3(-2) complexes the same ligand distribution in the interface, i.e., bidentate complex formation.     

Geometry, charge distribution, and surface speciation of phosphate on goethite

The surface speciation of phosphate has been evaluated with surface complexation modeling using an interfacial charge distribution (CD) approach based on ion adsorption and ordering of interfacial water. In the CD model, the charge of adsorbed ions is distributed over two electrostatic potentials in the double-layer profile. The CD is related to the structure of the surface complex. A new approach is followed in which the CD values of the various surface complexes have been calculated theoretically from the geometries of the surface complexes. Molecular orbital calculations based on density functional theory (MO/DFT) have been used to optimize the structure of a series of hydrated surface complexes of phosphate. These theoretical CD values are corrected for dipole orientation effects. Data analysis of the PO4 adsorption, applying the independently derived CD coefficients, resolves the presence of two dominant surface species. A nonprotonated bidentate (B) complex is dominant over a broad range of pH values at low loading (< or =1.5 micromol/m(2)). For low pH and high loading, a strong contribution of a singly protonated monodentate (MH or MH-Na) complex is found, which differs from earlier interpretations. For the conditions studied, the doubly protonated bidentate (BH2) and monodentate (MH2) surface complexes and the nonprotonated monodentate (M) complex are not significant contributors. These findings are discussed qualitatively and quantitatively in relation to published experimental in-situ CIR-FTIR data and theoretical MO/DFT-IR information. The relative variation in the peak intensities as a function of pH and loading approximately agrees with the surface speciation calculated with the CD model. The model correctly predicts the proton co-adsorption of phosphate binding on goethite and the shift of the IEP at low phosphate loading (< or =1.5 micromol/m(2)). At higher loading, it deviates.     

Charge-transfer processes in the assembly of Si(n)O(m) neutral clusters

The chemical bond formation in oxygen-rich Si(n)O(m) clusters was investigated by sampling the potential energy surface of the model systems SiO + SiO(2) → Si(2)O(3) and (SiO)(2) + SiO(2) → Si(3)O(4) along a two-dimensional reaction coordinate, by density functional theory calculations. Evidence for crossing between the weakly bound neutral-neutral (SiO)(n) + SiO(2) and the highly attractive ion-pair (SiO)(n)(+) + SiO(2)(-) surfaces was found. Analysis of frontier molecular orbitals and charge distribution showed that surface crossing involves transfer of valence electron charge from (SiO)(2) to SiO(2). The sum of the natural atomic charges over the (SiO)(n) and (SiO(2)) groups of the Si(n)O(m) cluster products, gave a net positive charge on the (SiO)(n) "core" and a net negative charge on the (SiO(2)) groups. This is interpreted as the "ion-pair memory" left on the Si(n)O(m) products by the charge-transfer mechanism and may provide a way to assess the role of charge-transfer processes in the assembly of larger Si(n)O(m) neutral clusters.     

Adsorption of humic acid on goethite: isotherms, charge adjustments, and potential profiles

The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on mineral (hydr)oxide plays an important role in the evaluation of the speciation of toxic metal ions in the environment. Because both NOM and mineral oxide have variable charges that adjust upon adsorption, a good understanding of proton binding is required before the binding of metal ions can be understood. In this study, the adsorption of purified Aldrich humic acid (PAHA) on goethite was examined as a function of the environmental conditions (pH, salt concentration, and free concentration of PAHA) together with the proton adsorption to PAHA, goethite, and their mixtures. The induced charges on both components were separated on the basis of the difference between the charge/pH curves of the mixture and those of the single components. The electrostatic potential profile across the adsorbed layer was obtained as a numerical solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation using the charge density of the adsorbed PAHA and the goethite surface. From the quantitative evaluation of the induced charge on both components, it is revealed that the degree of the charge adjustment is related to the electrostatic affinity between the PAHA segments and the goethite surface, the electrostatic repulsion between the PAHA segments, and the electrostatic shielding by salt ions. Considering the charge distribution of the adsorbed PAHA at the goethite surface, it is concluded that the change of the charge adjustment is sensitive to that of the conformation of the adsorbed PAHA. From the detailed inspection of the assumptions made and the comparison with the reported theoretical calculations, the obtained potential profiles are considered to broadly reflect the true potential profiles. Because a charge adjustment is not frequently considered in detail in relation to the NOM adsorption on metal (hydr)oxides, the obtained results can form the basis for the further development of modeling of the adsorption of NOM on (hydr)oxide surfaces.     

Ionic strength effects on silicic acid (H4SiO4) sorption and oligomerization on an iron oxide surface: an interesting interplay between electrostatic and chemical forces

The effect of ionic strength on reactions at aqueous interfaces can provide insights into the nature of the chemistry involved. The adsorption of H(4)SiO(4) on iron oxides at low surface silicate concentration (Γ(Si)) forms monomeric silicate complexes with Fe-O-Si linkages, but as Γ(Si) increases silicate oligomers with Si-O-Si linkages become increasingly prevalent. In this paper, the effect of ionic strength (I) on both Γ(Si) and the extent of silicate oligomerization on the ferrihydrite surface is determined at pH 4, 7, and 10, where the surface is, respectively, positive, nearly neutral, and negatively charged. At pH 4, an increase in ionic strength causes Γ(Si) to decrease at a given H(4)SiO(4) solution concentration, while the proportion of oligomers on the surface at a given Γ(Si) increases. At pH 10, the opposite is observed; Γ(Si) increases as I increases, while the proportion of surface oligomers at a given Γ(Si) decreases. Ionic strength has only a small effect on the surface chemistry of H(4)SiO(4) at pH 7, but at low Γ(Si) this effect is in the direction observed at pH 4 while at high Γ(Si) the effect is in the direction observed at pH 10. The pH where the surface has zero charge decreases from ≈8 to 6 as Γ(Si) increases so that the surface potential (Ψ) is positive at pH 4 for all Γ(Si) and at pH 7 with low Γ(Si). Likewise, Ψ < 0 at pH 10 for all Γ(Si) and at pH 7 with high Γ(Si). The diffuse layer model is used to unravel the complex and subtle interactions between surface potential (Ψ) and chemical parameters that influence interfacial silicate chemistry. This analysis reveals that the decrease in the absolute value of Ψ as I increases causes Γ(Si) to decrease or increase where Ψ is, respectively, positive or negative. Therefore, at a given Γ(Si), the solution H(4)SiO(4) concentration changes with I, and because oligomerization has a higher H(4)SiO(4) stoichiometry coefficient than monomer adsorption, this results in the observed dependence of the extent of silicate oligomerization on I.     

Proton-arsenic adsorption ratios and zeta potential measurements: implications for protonation of hydroxyls on the goethite surface

Successfully modeling the surface charge of goethite and anion adsorption on goethite using a surface complexation model (SCM) alone cannot verify the assumptions of this model. In this study, the assumptions of 2-pK triple layer model (TLM) and two-site 1-pK basic stern model (BSM) were assessed with respect to their ability to interpret both the proton-anion adsorption ratios of dimethylarsinate (DMA), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and arsenate and their effect on the zeta-potential. The proton-DMA adsorption ratio is around 0.9 at pH 4.25 and 1.1 at pH 6.75 at DMA surface coverage ranging from 0 to 2 micromol m(-2), and the zeta-potential is independent of DMA adsorption at these two pH values. The proton-MMA adsorption ratio increases to 1.5 at pH 4 and 2.1 at pH 6.75 as the MMA surface coverage decreases to 0.5 micromol m(-2). The zeta-potential is less dependent on MMA adsorption at a surface coverage range of 0 to 1.8 micromol m(-2), and it then decreases with a further increase in the MMA surface coverage at pH 4 and 6.75. The proton-arsenate adsorption ratio decreases to 2 as the arsenate surface coverage approaches zero, and the zeta-potential decreases linearly with the increasing arsenate surface coverage at pH 4 and 6.75. Neither the 2-pK TLM nor the 1-pK BSM give a consistent interpretation of both the proton-arsenic adsorption ratio and the effect of arsenic on the zeta-potential. The results suggest that the 1-pK MUSIC model in which each type of surface hydroxyls has its own intrinsic proton-affinity constant and only one type of surface hydroxyls is involved in DMA, MMA, and arsenate adsorption is preferably pursued. The protonation degree of reactive hydroxyls estimated from proton-arsenic adsorption ratios is 0.2 at pH 4 and 0 at pH 6.75 in 0.001 M NaNO(3).     

Fluoride Adsorption on Goethite in Relation to Different Types of Surface Sites

Metal (hydr)oxides have different types of surface groups. Fluoride ions have been used as a probe to assess the number of surface sites. We have studied the F(-) adsorption on goethite by measuring the F(-) and H(+) interaction and F(-) adsorption isotherms. Fluoride ions exchange against singly coordinated surface hydroxyls at low F(-) concentrations. At higher concentrations also the doubly coordinated OH groups are involved. The replacement of a surface OH(-) by F(-) suggests that all F charge (-1) is located at the surface in contrast to oxyanions which have a charge distribution in the interface due to the binding structure in which the anion only partially coordinates with the surface. Analysis of our F(-) data with the CD-MUSIC approach shows that the formation of the fluoride surface complex is accompanied by a redistribution of charge. This is supposed to be due to a net switch in the H bonding as a result of the change of the type of surface complex from donating (FeOH, FeOH(2)) to proton accepting (FeF). The modeled redistribution of charge is approximately equivalent with the change of a donating H bond into an accepting H bond. At high F(-) concentrations precipitation of F(-), as for instance FeF(3)(s), may occur. The rate of formation is catalyzed by the presence of high electrolyte concentrations. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Analysis of interpenetrating polymer networks via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to assess the physical properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) through swelling experiments in ambient humidity and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The IPNs, based on acrylamide (AAm) and poly(ethylene glycol) (pEG), swell from thin, rigid films when dry (16.7 +/- 5.2 nm on Si/SiO(2)) to expanded, viscoelastic films when hydrated (107 +/- 24.2 nm on Si/SiO2). The dry IPNs could be analyzed using the Sauerbrey relationship, but for the hydrated films it was necessary to interpret QCM-D data with a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. A complex modulus |G| of 116 +/- 38.1 kPa for the swollen IPN surface on Si/SiO2 was defined by the model. The QCM-D was also employed to quantify the adsorption of human fibrinogen, a protein important in thrombus formation, onto the IPNs. Fibrinogen adsorption studies demonstrated the sensitivity of the QCM-D, as well as confirmed the nonfouling nature of the IPN surface, where less than 5 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen was adsorbed.     

Carbonate adsorption on goethite in competition with phosphate

Competitive interaction of carbonate and phosphate on goethite has been studied quantitatively. Both anions are omnipresent in soils, sediments, and other natural systems. The PO4-CO3 interaction has been studied in binary goethite systems containing 0-0.5 M (bi)carbonate, showing the change in the phosphate concentration as a function of pH, goethite concentration, and carbonate loading. In addition, single ion systems have been used to study carbonate adsorption as a function of pH and initial (H)CO3 concentration. The experimental data have been described with the charge distribution (CD) model. The charge distributions of the inner-sphere surface complexes of phosphate and carbonate have been calculated separately using the equilibrium geometries of the surface complexes, which have been optimized with molecular orbital calculations applying density functional theory (MO/DFT). In the CD modeling, we rely for phosphate on recent parameters from the literature. For carbonate, the surface speciation and affinity constants have been found by modeling the competitive effect of CO3 on the phosphate concentration in CO3-PO4 systems. The CO3 constants obtained can also predict the carbonate adsorption in the absence of phosphate very well. A combination of inner- and outer-sphere CO3 complexation is found. The carbonate adsorption is dominated by a bidentate inner-sphere complex, (FeO)2CO. This binuclear bidentate complex can be present in two different geometries that may have a different IR behavior. At a high PO(4) and CO3 loading and a high Na+ concentration, the inner-sphere carbonate complex interacts with a Na+ ion, probably in an outer-sphere fashion. The Na+ binding constant obtained is representative of Na-carbonate complexation in solution. Outer-sphere complex formation is found to be unimportant. The binding constant is comparable with the outer-sphere complexation constants of, e.g., SO(2-)4 and SeO(2-)4.     

Proton interaction in phosphate adsorption onto goethite

The adsorption of phosphate on goethite is generally modeled by assuming a simple ligand exchange reaction with surface hydroxyl groups. This study investigates the binding forms of phosphate on goethite by evaluating the proton interaction and surface charge change during phosphate adsorption. It is found that OH(-) release stoichiometry increases with phosphate coverage, which suggests that different mechanisms predominate at different phosphate loadings. It demonstrates that surface binding changes from monodentate complexation to bidentate complexation with increasing surface phosphate coverage. The net OH(-) release accompanying this transformation is best interpreted with a 2pK(a) multisite model.     

Inner- and outer-sphere complexation of ions at the goethite-solution interface

Formation of inner- and outer-sphere complexes of environmentally important divalent ions on the goethite surface was examined by applying the charge distribution CD model for inner- and outer-sphere complexation. The model assumes spatial charge distribution between the surface (0-plane) and the next electrostatic plane (1-plane) for innersphere complexation and between the 1-plane and the head end of the diffuse double layer (2-plane) for the outersphere complexation. The latter approach has been used because the distance of closest approach to a charged surface may differ for different ions. The surface structural approach implies the use of a Three-Plane model for the compact part (Stern layer) of solid-solution interface, which is divided into two layers. The thickness of each layer depends on the capacitance and the local dielectric constant. The new approach has been applied to describe the adsorption of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and sulfate ions. It is shown that the concept can successfully describe the development of surface charge in the presence of Ca(+2), Mg(+2), Sr(+2), and SO4(-2) as a function of loading, pH, and salt level, and also the shift in the isoelectric point (IEP) of goethite. The CD modeling revealed that, for the conditions studied, magnesium is mainly adsorbed as a bidentate innersphere complex, calcium can be a combination of bidentate innersphere and a monodentate inner- or outer-sphere complexes, and strontium is probably adsorbed as an outersphere complex. Sulfate is present as a mixture of inner- and outer-sphere monodentate complexes. Outersphere complexation is less pH dependent than innersphere complexation. The CD model predicts that the outersphere complexation of divalent cations and anions is relatively favorable at respectively low and high pH. Increase of ion loading favors the formation of innersphere complexes.     

Surface complexes of monomethyl phosphate stabilized by hydrogen bonding on goethite (α-FeOOH) nanoparticles

Typically, a significant fraction of phosphorus in soils is composed of organic phosphates, and this fraction thus plays an important role in the global phosphorus cycle. Here we have studied adsorption of monomethyl phosphate (MMP) to goethite (α-FeOOH) as a model system in order to better understand the mechanisms behind adsorption of organic phosphates to soil minerals, and how adsorption affects the stability of these molecules. The adsorption reactions and stability of MMP on goethite were studied at room temperature as a function of pH, time and total concentration of MMP by means of quantitative batch experiments, potentiometry and infrared spectroscopy. MMP was found to be stable at the water-goethite interface within the pH region 3-9 and over extended periods of time, as well as in solution. The infrared spectra indicated that MMP formed three predominating pH-dependent surface complexes on goethite, and that these interacted monodentately with surface Fe. The complexes differed in hydrogen bonding interactions via the auxiliary oxygens of the phosphate group. The presented surface complexation model was based on the collective spectroscopic and macroscopic results, using the Basic Stern approach to describe the interfacial region. The model consisted of three monodentate inner sphere surface complexes where the MMP complexes were stabilized by hydrogen bonding to a neighboring surface site. The three complexes, which had equal proton content and thus could be defined as surface isomers, were distinguished by the distribution of charge over the 0-plane and β-plane. In the high pH-range, MMP acted as a hydrogen bond acceptor whereas it was a hydrogen bond donor at low pH.     

Surface speciation of As(III) and As(V) in relation to charge distribution

The adsorption of As(III) and As(V) on goethite has been studied as a function of pH and loading. The data can be successfully described with the charge distribution (CD) model (extended Stern layer option) using realistic species observed by EXAFS. The CD values have been derived theoretically. Therefore, the Brown bond valence approach has been applied to MO/DFT optimized geometries of a series of hydrated complexes of As(III) and As(V) with Fe(III) (hydr)oxide. The calculated ionic CD values have been corrected for the effect of dipole orientation of interfacial water, resulting in overall interfacial CD coefficients that can be used to describe the surface speciation as a function of pH and loading. For As(III), the main surface species is a bidentate complex and a minor contribution of a monodentate species is found, which is in agreement with EXAFS. The CD values have also been fitted. Such an analysis of the adsorption data resulted in the same surface species. The fitted CD values for the bidentate complex points to the presence of strong AsO bonds with the surface and a weaker AsOH bond with the free OH ligand. This agrees quantitatively with the MO/DFT optimized geometry. Interpretation of free fitted CD values for As(V) binding suggests that the main surface species is a non-protonated bidentate complex (B) with a contribution of a singly protonated surface complex (MH) at sub-neutral pH and high loading. In addition, a protonated bidentate surface complex (BH) may be present. The same species are found if the theoretical CD values are used in the data analysis. The pH dependency of surface speciation is strongly influenced by the charge attribution of adsorbed species to the electrostatic surface plane while the effect of loading is primarily controlled by the amount of charge attributed to the 1-plane, illustrating the different action of the CD value. The MO/DFT geometry optimizations furthermore suggest that for As(V) the B, MH and BH surface complexes may have very similar AsFe distances which may complicate the interpretation of EXAFS data.     

Quantitative adsorption and local structures of gallium(III) at the water-alpha-FeOOH interface

The adsorption of Ga(III) at the water-alpha-FeOOH (goethite) interface has been investigated by means of quantitative adsorption experiments, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and surface complexation modeling. Under the conditions studied, pH range 3-11 and surface coverages of 0.9-3.2 micromol/m2, Ga(III) was found to adsorb strongly to alpha-FeOOH, and the surface species were more resistant toward hydrolysis and formation of soluble Ga(OH)4- than either solid gallium hydroxides or soluble polynuclear complexes. The EXAFS measurements revealed the presence of octahedral Ga(III) complexes at the water-alpha-FeOOH interface, with practically no structural variations as a function of pH or total gallium concentration. Analysis of the first coordination shell required an anharmonic model indicating a distorted geometry of the GaO6 octahedra, with mean Ga-O distances at 1.96-1.98 angstroms. A method based on the continuous Cauchy wavelet transforms (CCWT) was used to identify backscattering atoms in the higher coordination shells. This analysis indicated predominately Fe backscattering, and the quantitative data fitting resulted in three Ga-Fe paths at 3.05, 3.2, and 3.55 angstroms, which correspond to two edge-sharing and one corner-sharing linkage, respectively. The collective results from EXAFS spectroscopy showed that Ga(III) adsorbs to Fe equivalent sites at the surface alpha-FeOOH as an extension of the rows of Fe octahedra in the bulk structure. This interpretation was further corroborated by a Ga-Fe-Fe multiple scattering path at 6.13 angstroms. The quantitative adsorption and proton data were modeled using a surface complexation formalism based on a 1 pK(a) constant capacitance model. In agreement with the EXAFS results, the model obtained included one predominating surface complex with the stoichiometry [triple bond]FeOGa(OH)2(-0.5) and the stability constant log beta(intr.) = -2.55 +/- 0.04 ([triple bond]FeOH(-0.5) + Ga3+ + 2H2O <--> [triple bond]FeOGa(OH)2(-0.5) + 3H+).     

The influence of temperature on the adsorption of mellitic acid onto goethite

The adsorption of mellitic acid (benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid) onto goethite was investigated at five temperatures between 10 and 70 degrees C. Mellitic acid adsorption increased with increasing temperature below pH 7.5, but at higher pH the effect of increasing temperature was to reduce the amount adsorbed. Potentiometric titrations were conducted and adsorption isotherms were measured over the same temperature range, and the data obtained were used in conjunction with adsorption edge data to develop an Extended Constant Capacitance Surface Complexation Model of mellitic acid adsorption. A single set of reactions was used to model the adsorption for the three different experiment types at the five temperatures studied. The adsorption reactions proposed for mellitate ion (L(6-)) adsorption at the goethite surface (SOH) involved the formation of two outer-sphere complexes: SOH + L(6-) + 3H+ <==> [(SOH2)+ (LH2)(4-)]3-, 2SOH + L(6-) + 2H+ <==> [(SOH2)2(2+) (L)(6-)]4-. This mechanism is consistent with recent ATR-FTIR spectroscopic measurements of the mellitate-goethite system. Thermodynamic parameters calculated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants for these reactions indicate that the adsorption of mellitic acid onto goethite is accompanied by a large entropy increase.     

New preparation method of gold nanoparticles on SiO2

It is shown that adsorption of the [Au(en)(2)](3+) cationic complex can be successfully employed for the deposition of gold nanoparticles (1.5 to 3 nm) onto SiO(2) with high metal loading, good dispersion, and small Au particle size. When the solution pH increases (from 3.8 to 10.5), the Au loading in the Au/SiO(2) samples increases proportionally (from 0.2 to 5.5 wt %), and the average gold particle size also increases (from 1.5 to 2.4 nm). These effects are explained by the increase in the amount of negatively charged sites present on the SiO(2) surface, namely, when the solution pH increases, a higher number of [Au(en)(2)](3+) species can be adsorbed. Extending the adsorption time from 2 to 16 h gives rise to an increase in the gold loading from 3.3 to 4.0 wt % and in the average particle size from 1.8 to 2.9 nm. Different morphologies of gold nanoparticles are present as a function of the particle size. Particles with a size of 3-5 nm show defective structure, some of them having a multiple twinning particle (MTP) structure. At the same time, nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 2 nm exhibit defect-free structure with well-distinguishable {111} family planes. TEM and HAADF observations revealed that Au particles do not agglomerate on the SiO(2) support: gold is present on the surface of SiO(2) only as small particles. Density functional theory calculations were employed to study the mechanisms of [Au(en)(2)](3+) adsorption, where neutral and negatively charged silica surfaces were simulated by neutral cluster Si(4)O(10)H(4) and negatively charged cluster Si(4)O(10)H(3), respectively. The calculation results are totally consistent with the suggestion that the deposition of gold takes place according to a cationic adsorption mechanism.     

Electrolyte Anion Affinity and Its Effect on Oxyanion Adsorption on Goethite

The influence of various types of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO(3), and NaClO(4)) on the proton adsorption and on the adsorption of sulfate and phosphate on goethite have been studied. Below the PZC the proton adsorption on goethite decreases in the order Cl>NO(3)>ClO(4). The decreasing proton adsorption affects the adsorption of oxyanions on goethite. Anion adsorption of strongly binding polyvalent anions is lower in the studied electrolytes in the order Cl相似文献   

Molecular understanding of the formation of surface zirconium hydrides upon thermal treatment under hydrogen of [([triple bond]SiO)Zr(CH2tBu)3] by using advanced solid-state NMR techniques

The reaction of [([triple bond]SiO)Zr(CH(2)tBu)(3)] with H(2) at 150 degrees C leads to the hydrogenolysis of the zirconium-carbon bonds to form a very reactive hydride intermediate(s), which further reacts with the surrounding siloxane ligands present at the surface of this support to form mainly two different zirconium hydrides: [([triple bond]SiO)(3)Zr-H] (1a, 70-80%) and [([triple bond]SiO)(2)ZrH(2)] (1b, 20-30%) along with silicon hydrides, [([triple bond]SiO)(3)SiH] and [([triple bond]SiO)(2)SiH(2)]. Their structural identities were identified by (1)H DQ solid-state NMR spectroscopy as well as reactivity studies. These two species react with CO(2) and N(2)O to give, respectively, the corresponding formate [([triple bond]SiO)(4-x)Zr(O-C(=O)H)(x)] (2) and hydroxide complexes [([triple bond]SiO)(4-x)Zr(OH)(x)] (x = 1 or 2 for 3a and 3b, respectively) as major surface complexes.     

Well-defined surface imido amido tantalum(v) species from ammonia and silica-supported tantalum hydrides

The MCM-41 supported hydrides [([triple bond]SiO)(2)TaH(3)], 1a, and [([triple bond]SiO)(2)TaH(3)], 1b, cleave N-H bonds of ammonia at room temperature to yield the well-defined imido amido surface complexes [([triple bond]SiO)(2)Ta(NH)(NH(2))], 2, and 2xNH(3). Additionally, the surface silanes [[triple bond]Si-H] that exist in close proximity to 1a and 1b also react with ammonia at room temperature to give the surface silylamido [Si-NH(2)]. Such reaction is tantalum assisted: surface silanes were synthesized independently and in absence of tantalum by reaction of highly strained silica, SiO(2-1000), with SiH(4) and no reaction with ammonia was observed. Surface-supported complexes 2, 2xNH(3), and [[triple bond]Si-NH(2)] have been characterized by, inter alia, solid-state NMR, IR, and EXAFS and independent synthesis of [[triple bond]Si-NH(2)]. The NMR studies on the fully 15N-labeled samples have led to unambiguous discrimination between imido, amido, and amino resonances of 2*, 2*x(15)NH(3), and [[triple bond]Si-15NH(2)] through the combination of solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS), heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR), 2D proton double-quantum (DQ) single-quantum (SQ) correlation, and 2D proton triple-quantum (TQ) single-quantum (SQ) correlation spectra. The in situ IR monitoring of the reaction of 1a and 1b with regular NH(3) and 15NH(3), and after H/D exchange has yielded the determination of all the NH(x) vibration and deformation modes, with their respective H/D and 14N/15N isotopic shifts. EXAFS study yielded the bond distances in 2 of 1.79(2) Angstrom for Ta=N, 1.89(1) Angstrom for Ta-O, and 1.98(2) Angstrom for Ta-N.