Novel glassy nematic and chiral nematic oligomers derived from 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic and (1R,3S)-( )-camphoric acids

Novel nematic and chiral nematic liquid crystals capable of vitrification have been synthesized using 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic and (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acids as the base structures to which cyanotolan, cyanobiphenyl, methoxybiphenylbenzoate nematogenic groups, (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine and (S)-(+)-1,3-butanediol chiral moieties are attached. Once the glassy state is induced by quenching or controlled cooling from the isotropic state, these liquid crystals showed no detectable tendency towards crystallization upon heating through the glass transition temperature. In all cases, the ΔC_p and ΔH_c values resulting from the DSC heating scans are comparable to those previously reported for polymer analogues and other low molar mass glassy liquid crystals. In the nematic series with varying spacer lengths, both T_g and T_c are consistently lower than the linear polymer counterparts, in contrast to the siloxane-based systems. It was also demonstrated that cholesteric mesomorphism can be induced following one of the three approaches: chiral nematic mixture, chiral nematic cyclic cooligomer, and pendant nematogenic groups attached to a chiral ring.     

Miscibility and crystallinity of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) blends

With the objective of developing new biodegradable materials, the miscibility and the crystallinity of blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB-co-3HV), have been studied. P(3HB) (300 kg mol⁻¹)/P(3HB-co-3HV)–10% 3HV (340 kg mol⁻¹) blends were prepared by casting in a wide range of proportions, and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The experimental values for the glass transition temperatures (T_g) are in good agreement with the values provided by the Fox equation, showing that the blends are miscible. It was observed that the T_g and the melting temperature (T_m) decreases with the increase in the P(3HB-co-3HV)–10% 3HV content, while the crystallization temperature (T_c) increases. FT-IR analyses confirmed the decrease on the crystallinity of P(3HB)/P(3HB-co-3HV)–10% 3HV blends with higher copolymer contents. Bands related to the crystallinity were changed, due to the copolymer content that produced miscible and less crystalline blends.     

基于三苯胺/二苯砜的热激活延迟荧光材料

通过Suzuki反应合成了三种基于三苯胺/二苯砜的热激活延迟荧光(TADF)材料(1-3),采用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、时间分辨荧光发射光谱、循环伏安(CV)测试、理论计算、热重分析和差示扫描量热法,系统地研究了三种材料的光物理、电化学、延迟荧光性能和热稳定性.材料1-3均为基于分子内电荷转移(ICT)的双极性分子.三种材料在薄膜中的单线态-三线态能级差分别为0.46、0.39和0.29 eV.荧光量子效率和荧光寿命的测试结果表明,三种材料均能发射延迟荧光,其中材料3具有最佳的延迟荧光性能.材料1-3的最高占有分子轨道(HOMO)能级分别为-4.91、-4.89和-4.89 eV.结合UV-Vis吸收光谱中得到的能隙(E_g)值,我们得到材料1-3的最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)能级,分别为-1.74、-1.89和-1.94 eV.热分析的结果表明,材料1-3具有其较高的热分解温度(T_d,失重5%时的温度),分别为436、387和310 ℃.     

Optical and dielectric properties of polyvinylchloride/polymethylmethacrylate blends

The optical and dielectric properties of prepared polyvinychloride/atactic polymethylmethacrylate (PVA/-PMMA) blends are studied as a function of applied field frequency and PMMA content. The observed optical energy gaps and the energy gap tails were determined from the measured absorption spectra. It was found that the applied frequency and the -PMMA concentration have some effects on the physical parameters such as the optical energy gap, the glass transition temperature (T_g), the dielectric constant, and the refractive index. Correlation between the determined optical energy gaps and the measured T_g is presented. The observed changes in these physical parameters are due to structural changes in the amorphous domains, impurities and space charge within the interfaces in the mixed phases.     

柔性OLED用高耐热聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能

聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜作为柔性有机发光显示(OLED)基板材料应用时, 需要满足玻璃化转变温度(T_g)大于450 ℃和热膨胀系数(CTE)在0~5×10^-6 K^-1之间. 为了提高PI薄膜的热性能, 本文合成了2,7-占吨酮二胺 (2,7-DAX), 并将其与均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基苯并噁唑(BOA)共聚制备了一系列新型PI薄膜. 研究了PI薄膜的聚集态结构、 耐热性能、 尺寸稳定性和力学性能. 结果表明, 占吨酮结构和苯并噁唑结构提高了PI分子链的刚性与线性, 使分子链在平面内紧密堆积与取向, 制备的PI薄膜综合性能优异, 玻璃化转变温度高于408 ℃, CTE在-5.0×10^-6~8.1×10^-6 K^-1之间, 拉伸强度大于140 MPa, 拉伸模量大于4.2 GPa, 断裂伸长率为7.1%~20%, 5%热失重分解温度(T_5%)在601~624 ℃之间. 其中, PI-50和PI-60薄膜具有超高玻璃化转变温度和超低热膨胀系数, T_g高于450 ℃, CTE分别为2.1×10^-6 K^-1和1.6×10^-6 K^-1. 制备的系列PI薄膜作为柔性OLED基板材料有潜在应用前景.     

Liquid-crystalline side chain polymethacrylates II. Variation of spacer and central linkage in nitro-terminated polymers

The thermal behaviour and the mesogenic properties of liquid-crystalline side chain polymers with the structure are described with n = 3, 6, 8 or 11 and Z = -COO-, -CONH- or -N=N-. The polymers were made by radical chain polymerization. Most of them exhibit smectic phases, nematic phases were not observed. The amide linkage which has not yet been described as a structural element in such polymers gives rise to polymers of high polarity and high glass transition temperatures (T_g). In all cases the amide polymers produced the highest T_g values, the ester polymers showing the lowest. The azo polymers exhibited the largest mesophase ranges and the highest clearing temperatures (T_c1) of all the materials investigated. Whereas the T_c1 values for the azopolymers are nearly independent of the length of the spacer those of the amide and ester polymers show rising clearing points with increasing spacer length.     

Chemically Amplified Resist Based on Dendritic Molecular Glass for Electron Beam Lithography

A novel dendritic molecular glass(MG) containing adamantane core(AD-15) was synthesized and characterized. It exhibits good solubility in common organic solvents and a stable amorphous state at room temperature, which contributes to forming films with different thicknesses by spin-coating. The thermal analysis of AD-15 indicates that no apparent glass transition temperature(T_g) is observed before the thermal decomposition temperature(T_d=160 ℃). The good thermal resistance suggests that it can satisfy the lithographic process and is a candidate for photoresist materials. The patterning properties of AD-15 resist were evaluated by electron beam lithography(EBL). By optimizing the lithographic process parameters, AD-15 resist can achieve 40 nm half-pitch patterns with a line-edge roughness of 4.0 nm. The contrast and sensitivity of AD-15 resist were 1.9 and 67 μC/cm², respectively. Compared with the commercial PMMA(950k) electron beam resist, the sensitivity of AD-15 resist increases by 6 times. This study provides a new example of molecular glass resist with high resolution and sensitivity for EBL.     

Melting and glass transitions in paraffinic and naphthenic oils

Naphthenic and paraffinic oils were analyzed by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The results showed several improvements in the analysis of thermal properties when compared with standard DSC. The glass transition temperature (T_g), the enthalpy relaxation at T_g, and the melting endotherms could be deconvoluted, and reversible melting could be identified. This allowed for an easier interpretation of the thermal properties of the oils. With MDSC, the T_gs in mineral oils were found to coincide with endothermic enthalpy relaxation, which is generally regarded as a melting endotherm with standard DSC. A decrease in heat capacity after T_g was attributed to the existence of rigid amorphous material. From Δc_p at T_g and the oil molecular weight, the number of repeat units in the oil chains was estimated at less than 20. The T_g of a hypothetical pure aromatic oil was found to be similar to that for petroleum asphaltenes, and that for a naphthenic oil of infinite molecular weight to be similar to that of petroleum resins.     

Gas permeability in rubbery polyphosphazene membranes

The synthesis, characterization, and gas permeability of 10 new polyphosphazenes has been studied. Additionally, the first gas permeation data has been collected on hydrolytically unstable poly[bis-(chloro)phosphazene]. Gases used in this study include CO₂, CH₄, O₂, N₂, H₂, and Ar. CO₂ was the most permeable gas through any of the phosphazenes and a direct correlation between the T_g of the polymer and CO₂ transport was noted with permeability increasing with decreasing polymer T_g. To a lesser degree, permeability of all the other gases studied also yielded increases with decreasing polymer T_g. The trend observed for these new polymers was further supported by published data for other phosphazenes. Furthermore, permeability data for all gases were found to correlate to the gas condensability and the gas critical pressures, except for hydrogen, suggesting that the nature of the gas is also a significant factor for permeation through rubbery phosphazene membranes. Ideal separation factors () for the CO₂/H₂ and CO₂/CH₄ gas pairs were calculated. For CO₂/CH₄, no increase in was observed with decreasing T_g, however increases in were noted for the CO₂/H₂ pair.     

(2,6-Diphenyl) phenyl methacrylate—2. Radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate. The Tgs of its copolymers with an addendum on the polymerization of (2,6-diphenyl) phenyl acrylate

The radical copolymerization of (2,6-diphenyl) phenyl methacrylate (1) with methyl methacrylate in DMF with AIBN at 70°C has the reactivity ratios r₁ = 0.071 and r₂ = 1.42, from which Q₁ = 1.45 and e₁ = 1.20. The copolymers had M_ns in the range of 10,000–40,000 and T_gs ranging from 406 to 480 K from which the hypothetical T_g for poly-1 was deduced as 500 K (227°C). Unlike 1, (2,6-diphenyl) phenyl acrylate could be polymerized to oligomers with M_n of the order of 2500.     

含三苯基氧磷结构聚芳醚醚酮酮的合成与表征

以苯酚、对二溴苯及苯基磷酰二氯为原料合成出二(4-苯氧基苯基)苯基氧磷(BPOPPO)。 三氯化铝(AlCl₃)为催化剂,通过缩聚反应,BPOPPO与对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)反应制备出一种含有三苯基氧磷结构的聚醚醚酮酮(P-PEEKK)树脂。 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重分析仪(TGA)和广角X射线衍射(WAXD)等技术手段对P-PEEKK树脂的结构和性能进行表征。 结果表明,P-PEEKK树脂属于非晶聚合物,玻璃化转变温度(T_g)较高,为190.5 ℃;热分解温度(T_5%)为515 ℃,耐热性能较好;极限氧指数(LOI)为42,阻燃性能好,为难燃材料;易溶解于氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺等有机溶剂中,溶解性能较好,便于涂膜加工;拉伸强度为62 MPa,力学性能较好。     

Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of chiral liquid crystals derived from (S)-2-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid with a methyleneoxy linking group

Three homologous series of chiral materials derived from (S)-2-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthly)propionic acid with a methyleneoxy linking group were synthesized for the investigation of mesomorphic properties. All the materials displayed enantiotropic SmA* and SmC* phases. The spontaneous polarization (P _s) and optical tilt angles in the SmC* phase of the chiral materials were measured. The maximum spontaneous polarizations are in the range 12.3-19.1 nC cm^-2. No significant difference could be found in the P _s values with respect to the various alkyl chiral chain lengths, n. The maximum optical tilt angles are in the range 25-30°. The optical tilt angles decrease with the increase in alkyl chain length, n.     

Ferroelectric liquid crystal materials synthesized from 2(S)-[2(S)-methylbutyloxy]propanol

A new chiral alcohol, 2(S)-[2(S)-methylbutyloxy]propanol (3), containing two chiral centres has been synthesized from ethyl lactate and (S)-1-iodo-2-methylbutane. It was used as a chiral building block for the preparation of ferroelectric liquid crystal materials. Several of the new materials exhibit an enantiotropic S*_c phase with a wide temperature range. The results indicate that the molecular structure of 3 is useful for synthesizing ferroelectric liquid crystal materials.     

Synthesis and characterization of new ferroelectric liquid crystals containing a (2S)-2-[6-(4-hydroxybiphenyl-4'-carbonyloxy)-2'- naphthyl] propionate mesogenic group and oligo(oxyethylene) spacers

Three series of ferroelectric liquid crystals containing a (2S)-2-(6-(4-hydroxybiphenyl-4'-carbonyloxy)-2'-naphthyl)propionate mesogenic group and oligo(oxyethylene) spacers were synthesized. These obtained liquid crystal compounds were characterized by NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical polarized microscopy (POM), and X-ray powder diffraction measurements. Some of these materials containing four phenyl rings of ester cores (i.e. -Ph-Ph-COO-naph-) and chiral heptyl tail exhibited a rich mesomorphic behaviour, a blue phase (BP), a cholesteric phase (Ch), a smectic A (S_A), a twist grain boundary A (TGB_A), and a chiral smectic C (S_C*) phase. Another series containing four phenyl rings of ester cores and chiral butyl and pentyl chain tails revealed only a S_A phase and a S_C* phase. Moreover, a crystal E phase was observed in the short spacer chain (n = 0 or 1) homologues of three series of compounds. Also, the mesomorphism properties were discussed as a function of spacer units, numbers of aromatic rings of core, and different terminal asymmetric moieties.     

含能增塑剂2,2-偕二硝基丙基三氟丙酸酯的合成及性能

以硝基乙烷为原料, 经缩合、 氧化及酯化反应, 设计合成了含能增塑剂2,2-偕二硝基丙基三氟丙酸酯(DNPTFP); 利用核磁共振波谱、 红外光谱和元素分析对其结构进行了表征. 优化了DNPTFP的合成工艺, 确定酯化反应的较佳反应条件： 以甲苯为反应溶剂, n(2,2-偕二硝基丙醇)∶n(三氟丙酸)=1∶1.10, 催化剂浓硫酸的质量分数为5.0%, 反应温度110 ℃, 反应时间10 h. 在此条件下, DNPTFP的收率和纯度分别为75.2%和99.0%. 热分析测试结果表明, DNPTFP的玻璃化转变温度为-80.5 ℃, 热分解温度为267.59 ℃; 机械感度测试结果表明, DNPTFP的撞击感度为H₅₀=125.9 cm, 摩擦感度为0, 说明DNPTFP具有良好的低温性能、 热稳定性及较低的机械感度. 此外, 相溶性试验、 黏度及玻璃化转变温度测试结果表明, DNPTFP与聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)相溶性良好, DNPTFP可显著调控GAP的黏度和玻璃化转变温度, 并且随其含量增加黏流活化能逐步降低, 增塑效率逐步升高. 因此, DNPTFP对GAP展现出优良的增塑效果, 在GAP基火炸药配方中有良好的应用前景.     

Determination of the glass transition temperature of latex films: Comparison of various methods

The glass transition temperature (T_g) for two latices with different styrene/butadiene compositions was determined by the thermal SPM probe resonance frequency method. The results were compared with the T_g values obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), process rheometer (PR) and thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA) measurements. The T_g values detected by the thermal SPM method agreed well with the T_g values obtained by DSC and calculated by the Fox–Flory equation. DMA, on the other hand, showed a significantly higher T_g value for both latices than those obtained from theoretical calculations, the thermal SPM method and DSC. The T_g obtained from the PR curve was slightly higher for the latex with a low styrene content, whereas good agreement was obtained with the thermal SPM data for the latex with a high styrene content. The glass transition temperature determined by TMA agreed fairly well with the thermal SPM data for the latex with the low styrene content, whilst the value of T_g for the second latex was much less than those obtained by the other methods. The thermal SPM method detects changes in thermal behavior (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity) during heating of the latex films rather than changes in the mechanical properties. Information about the sample history could be seen in the thermal SPM curves, which was further associated with the degree of latex film formation, especially when the roughness of the films was taken into consideration.     

用DSC研究聚砜预聚物的转变

本工作用示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了双酚A型和酚酞型两种聚砜预聚物的转变。发现两种预聚物经适当的热处理可以在玻璃化转变温度以下和以上分别产生两个转变。这两个转变可分别归之于局部分子间短程有序和长程有序的破坏。同时,得到了这两种聚砜的玻璃化温度与数均分子量的关系式。     

基于基团贡献法和分子动力学预测聚间苯二甲酰对苯二胺的玻璃化转变温度

采用基团贡献法(GC)和分子动力学法(MD)模拟了聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺纤维(MPDI)和聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA)的玻璃化转变温度, 并与实验值进行了对比. 结果表明, 使用基团贡献法和分子动力学法测得的MPDI和PPTA的玻璃化转变温度与实验值接近, 说明基团贡献法和分子动力学法可以用来预测芳香族聚酰胺的玻璃化转变温度. 在此基础上, 采用GC和MD预测了聚间苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPIA)的玻璃化转变温度. 在MD模拟中, 对密度、 比体积、 回转半径和非键相互作用随温度的变化规律进行了分析. 结果表明, 自由体积理论能较好地解释PPIA的玻璃化转变现象, 其中非键相互作用随温度的变化是玻璃化转变的本质原因. PPIA的玻璃化转变温度介于MPDI和PPTA之间, 有望成为综合性能介于两者之间的另一种高性能聚酰胺.     

不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料对聚氯乙烯表皮低温爆破性能的影响

本文制备了一系列不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料,并将其喷涂在汽车仪表板聚氯乙烯(PVC)表皮的背面形成复合材料。 用旋转流变仪表征了涂料的粘度以评价其喷涂性能;用差示扫描量热仪表征了材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g);利用万能材料试验机表征了材料在-30 ℃条件下的拉伸性能及抗撕裂性能;用动态热机械分析仪表征了材料的损耗比随温度的变化。 结果表明:不同色浆质量分数的涂料都能喷涂,含有涂层材料PVC表皮在-30 ℃低温爆破性能与涂层材料的T_g、低温拉伸性能、抗撕裂性能的关系并不大,而与涂层材料的阻尼性能直接相关。 材料的阻尼性能越好,其低温爆破性能越好。