A novel sacrificial interlayer-based method for the preparation of silicon carbide membranes

A novel method is presented based on the use of sacrificial interlayers for the preparation of nanoporous silicon carbide membranes. It involves periodic and alternate coatings of polystyrene sacrificial interlayers and silicon carbide pre-ceramic layers on the top of slip-casted tubular silicon carbide supports. Membranes prepared by this technique exhibit single gas ideal separation factors of helium and hydrogen over argon in the ranges 176–465 and 101–258, respectively, with permeances that are typically two to three times higher than those of silicon carbide membranes prepared previously by the more conventional techniques. Mixed-gas experiments with the same membranes indicate separation factors as high as 117 for an equimolar H₂/CH₄ mixture. We speculate that the improved membrane characteristics are due to the sacrificial interlayers filling the pores in the underlying structure and preventing their blockage by the pre-ceramic polymer. The new method has good promise for application to the preparation of a variety of other inorganic microporous membranes.     

Structure and properties of magnetic composite sorbents based on hypercrosslinked polystyrenes

Magnetic composite sorbents based on microporous and biporous hypercrosslinked polystyrenes (HCPs) with inclusions of iron oxide nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. In microporous composites, the size of impregnated magnetite nanoparticles was less than ～6 nm, the nanocomposites remaining optically transparent. Biporous HCPs (with micro- and macropores) had larger nanoparticles (～16 nm). The sorption studies revealed that composite magnetic sorbents, as well as the starting hypercrosslinked polystyrenes, are effective adsorbents with high capacity for many compounds including toxic and physiologically active compounds.     

几种植物基活性炭材料的孔结构与吸附性能比较——(I)孔结构表征

测定了3种植物基活性炭材料:椰壳活性炭 (CAC4)、剑麻茎基活性炭 (SSAC) 和剑麻基活性碳纤维 (SACF) 的氮吸附等温线,并用不同的理论方法对其孔结构进行了分析和表征。结果表明:CAC4为微孔型,孔径分布集中且大部分是0.7nm以下的极微孔;在相同条件下制备的SSAC和SACF孔分布较为相似,都呈多分散性,结构中除微孔外,还含有丰富的中孔,中孔率均超过50%以上。两者相比,SACF的中孔量和平均孔径更大。3个样品的形态特征和孔结构虽然不同,但其吸附过程都可以用微孔多段填充机理来解析。     

Influence of Electrochemical Parameters on the Etching of Macropores in Silicon

The process of formation of macropores in silicon with stationary irradiation and a constant current density during the electrochemical process in dependence on the initial bias on the silicon anode, U ₀, has been studied. Stable formation of macropores began when the bias reached U _c, corresponding to a critical concentration of holes p _c at the silicon–electrolyte interface. The process of macropore formation is unstable with U ₀ > U _c.     

Probing Mass Transfer in Mesoporous Faujasite‐Type Zeolite Nanosheet Assemblies

Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion studies are performed by using cyclohexane to probe transport properties in a NaX‐type zeolite with a hierarchical pore structure (house‐of‐cards‐like assemblies of mesoporous nanosheets), which is compared with a purely microporous sample. With guest loadings chosen to ensure saturation of the micropores, and the meso‐ and macropores left essentially unoccupied, guest diffusion is shown to be enhanced by almost one order of magnitude, even at room temperature. Diffusivity enhancement is further increased with increasing temperature, which may, therefore, be unambiguously attributed to the contribution of mass transfer in the meso‐ and macropores.     

Porous Silica Particles Prepared from Silicon Tetrachloride Using Ultrasonic Spray Method

Silica particles having the median diameter of 1 to 3 μm were prepared from silicon tetrachloride vapor by a reaction with water droplets using the ultrasonic spray method. The particle sizes of silicas were controlled by changing the composition of silicon tetrachloride and water. These silica particles had microporous structures from nitrogen and water adsorption measurements. The microporous and mesoporous particles were prepared from the reaction of water droplets including sodium and potassium carbonates with silicon tetrachloride vapor. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

An Elastic Monolithic Catalyst: A Microporous Metalloporphyrin‐Containing Framework‐Wrapped Melamine Foam for Process‐Intensified Acyl Transfer

The advent of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) has had significant impact in catalysis. However, the presence of only micropores in these polymers often imposes diffusion limitations, which has resulted in the low utilization of CMPs in catalytic reactions. Herein, the preparation of a foam‐supporting CMP composite with interconnective micropores and macropores and elastic properties is reported. Metalloporphyrin‐based CMP organogels are synthesized within the melamine foam by a room‐temperature oxidative homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes. Upon drying, the CMP‐based xerogels tightly wrap the framework skeletons of the foam, while the foam cells are still open to allow for the preservation of elasticity and macroporosity. Such a hierarchical structure is efficient for acyl transfer, facilitates substrate diffusion within interpenetrative macropores and micropores, and could be used to intensify catalytic processes.     

具有MFI骨架结构的介孔钛硅材料的合成、表征和催化性能

利用介孔碳作硬模板合成出具有MFI骨架结构的介孔钛硅材料. 该样品复制了类似SBA-15的介孔结构, 同时骨架含有MFI微孔结构. 透射电镜表征结果表明, 样品表面还有部分大孔结构. 催化结果证明了该样品既具有介孔材料较大孔道结构, 又保持了微孔钛硅材料的高活性.     

Methods for Preparing Hierarchical Zeolites by Chemical Etching and Their Catalytic Applications: A Review

Zeolites are widely used in petrochemical processes and refineries due to their well-ordered microporous network and large surface area. However, the diffusion of reactants and products is hampered by the narrow microporous channels, causing limitations. To overcome this challenge, modifying the pore structure is crucial, and the chemical etching technique is a powerful tool that introduces mesopores and macropores, consequently enhancing mass transfer and accessibility. Diverse chemical etching methods have been invented, including exposure to both acids (organic/inorganic acids), alkali (organic/inorganic alkali), and neutral etchants (e. g., ammonium fluoride). This review summarizes and assesses the chemical etching methods and their relevance to catalytic cracking reactions, methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH), and biomass conversion. The potential of zeolites with modified pore structures has motivated researchers to develop novel methods to tackle the practical challenges associated with their applications.     

具有微孔/大孔双孔道体系沸石材料的合成

近年来 ,随着精细化工反应中大分子及液相反应的增多 ,沸石催化材料由于其孔道狭窄 ,存在较大扩散阻力 ,越来越不能满足反应的需要 .而多级孔道体系材料由于能同时提供不同大小的孔道 ,因此对解决传质问题将会有很大帮助[14].但目前绝大部分研究集中在中孔 /大孔体系[4 6 ],对于微孔 /大孔体系的研究则较少 .最近 ,Ｈｏｌｌａｎｄ等[7]利用硬球模板技术首次制得微孔 /大孔沸石 ,这类材料中由于存在丰富的大孔 ,对解决扩散阻力较大反应中的传质问题可能会有显著功效 ;同时 ,大孔孔壁是由晶化的微孔沸石构成 ,因此将期望具有较好的水热稳定性…     

MMM分子筛的制备与表征

 以碱溶液处理ZSM－5分子筛，得到了含微孔及介孔的MFI结构分子筛（简称MMM），并采用XRD，XRF，SEM，XPS和低温氮吸附等技术对分子筛进行了表征．结果表明，通过改变处理碱的浓度可以得到具有不同物化性能的MMM分子筛，其化学组成、介孔及微孔的大小和多少，及分子筛晶体上n（Al）／n（Si）均随碱浓度的变化而变化，随着碱浓度的增加，分子筛部分微孔结构遭到破坏，介孔的数量增加，孔径增大，n（Al）／n（Si）增大．碱处理脱硅的过程包括脱除晶粒间的无定形物质，脱除分子筛表面的硅及脱除分子筛体相硅等步骤，硅脱除以后形成了介孔．     

Amphiphilic Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Zeotype Aluminosilicate like a Nanoporous Crystallized Langmuir–Blodgett Film

A new organic–inorganic hybrid zeotype compound with amphiphilic one‐dimensional nanopore and aluminosilicate composition was developed. The framework structure is composed of double aluminosilicate layers and 12‐ring nanopores; a hydrophilic layer pillared by Q² silicon atom species and a lipophilic layer pillared by phenylene groups are alternately stacked, and 12‐ring nanopores perpendicularly penetrate the layers. The framework topology looks similar to that of an AFI‐type zeolite but possesses a quasi‐multidimensional pore structure consisting of a 12‐ring channel and intersecting small pores equivalent to 8‐rings. The hybrid material with alternately laminated lipophilic and hydrophilic nanospaces can be assumed as a crystallized Langmuir–Blodgett film. It demonstrates microporous adsorption for both hydrophilic and lipophilic adsorptives, and its outer surface tightly adsorbs lysozyme whose molecular size is much larger than its micropore opening. Our results suggest the possibility of designing porous adsorbent with high amphipathicity.     

Structural Changes of Hierarchically Nanoporous Organosilica/Silica Hybrid Materials by Pseudomorphic Transformation

Herein, it is reported how pseudomorphic transformation of divinylbenzene (DVB)-bridged organosilica@controlled pore glasses (CPG) offers the possibility to generate hierarchically porous organosilica/silica hybrid materials. CPG is utilized to provide granular shape/size and macroporosity and the macropores of the CPG is impregnated with organosilica phase, forming hybrid system. By subsequent pseudomorphic transformation, an ordered mesopore phase is generated while maintaining the granular shape and macroporosity of the CPG. Surface areas and mesopore sizes in the hierarchical structure are tunable by the choice of the surfactant and transformation time. Two-dimensional magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that micellar-templating affects both organosilica and silica phases and pseudomorphic transformation induces phase transition. A double-layer structure of separate organosilica and silica layers is established for the impregnated material, while a single monophase consisting of randomly distributed T and Q silicon species at the molecular level is identified for the pseudomorphic transformed materials.     

微孔型聚丙烯腈固体电解质的结构与导电性能研究

用蒸汽相沉析法和液相沉析法分别制备了两类高孔隙率的聚丙烯腈 (PAN)微孔膜 .用扫描电子显微镜对微孔膜的形态进行了观察 ,发现前者为均匀的蜂窝状结构 ,而后者则具有不对称的三层次结构 .又用这两类微孔膜分别制备了两个系列的微孔型PAN电解质 .电性能测试表明前者的室温电导率较高 ,可以达到 4×10 - 3 S cm ,后者的电导率则相对较低 .微孔膜本身诸因素对微孔型PAN电解质电导率的影响顺序为微孔膜结构—孔隙率—微孔孔径     

Calorimetric Study of the Acidity of a New Family of Mesoporous Catalysts

Thermally stable mesoporous aluminophosphates (AIPO) and silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO) were prepared at room temperature in the presence of a cationic surfactant and an organic base. These materials possess high surface areas and regular mesopores of approximately 35 Å diameter. By contrast to microporous crystalline aluminophosphate molecular sieves, mesoporous compounds are amorphous and characterized by Al/P ratios greater than 1. These particularities are responsible for a strong Lewis acidity, as evidenced by ammonia adsorption microcalorimetry. Mesoporous materials are more acidic than the microporous analogues and the amount of strong acid sites increases with the silicon content. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ellipsometric determination of the structure of nanoscale porous layers

A new ellipsometric method is proposed to measure adsorption in thin layers directly in a stream of vapors of volatile liquid and inert gas at atmospheric pressure. The method enables the determination of the main structural parameters of nano- and microporous materials: the average pore size, pore surface, size pore distribution, and the total porosity of sorbents. A procedure to find the Young modulus in nanoscale porous layers with the use of a spectroellipsometer is described.     

Area-selective formation of macropore array by anisotropic electrochemical etching on an n-Si(100) surface in aqueous HF solution

A photoassisted anodization process to fabricate arrays of uniform and straight macropores at selected areas of a Si wafer surface was developed. The front- and backside surfaces of n-type Si(100) wafers were coated with a thin Si(3)N(4) layer, and the frontside layer was micro-patterned using photolithography and reactive ion etching to form an array of microscopic openings at selected areas. The inverted pyramid-shape micropits were formed at these openings by anisotropic etching using aqueous KOH solution; these pits act as the initiation sites for the anodization to form macropores. The electrochemical etching was carried out in aqueous HF solution under illumination from the backside of the wafer, on which Au/Cr electric contact was formed following removal of the Si(3)N(4) layer. To improve the uniformity of the formation condition of the macropores at the selected area, holes were area-selectively generated by controlling the illumination condition during the anodization. For this, micropatterns were formed on the Au/Cr layer at the backside surface, which were aligned to those at the frontside surface. The parameters, such as HF concentration, current density, and wafer thickness, i.e., hole diffusion length, were optimized, and the arrays of uniform and high-aspect-ratio macropores were formed at the selected area of the domain at the silicon surface.     

Effects of the juxtaposition of carbonaceous slit pores on the overall transport behavior of adsorbed fluids

It is a common approximation in the modeling of adsorption in microporous carbons to treat the pores as slit pores, whose walls are considered to consist of an infinite number of graphitic layers. In practice, such an approximation is appropriate as long as the number of graphitic layers in the wall is greater than three. However, it is understood that pore walls in microporous carbons commonly consist of three or fewer layers. As well as affecting the solid--fluid interaction within a pore, such narrow walls permit the interaction of fluid molecules through the wall, with consequences for the adsorption characteristics. We consider the effect that a distributed pore-wall thickness model can have on transport properties. At low density we find that the only significant deviation in the transport properties from the infinite pore-wall thickness model occurs in pores with single-layer walls. For a model of activated carbons with a distribution of pore widths and pore-wall thicknesses, the transport properties are generally insensitive to the effects of finite walls, in terms of both the solid-fluid interaction within a pore and fluid-fluid interaction through the pore walls.     

Tunable Surface Area,Porosity, and Function in Conjugated Microporous Polymers

Simple inorganic salts are used to tune N‐containing conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) synthesized by Buchwald–Hartwig (BH) cross‐coupling reactions. Poly(triphenylamine), PTPA, initially shows a broad distribution of micropores, mesopores, and macropores. However, the addition of inorganic salts affects all porous network properties significantly: the pore size distribution is narrowed to the microporous range only, mimicking COFs and MOFs; the BET surface area is radically improved from 58 m² g^?1 to 1152 m² g^?1; and variations of the anion and cation sizes are used to fine‐tune the surface area of PTPA, with the surface area showing a gradual decrease with an increase in the ionic radius of salts. The effect of the salt on the physical properties of the polymer is attributed to adjusting and optimizing the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of solvents for the growing polymer, and named the Beijing–Xi'an Jiaotong (BXJ) method.     

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of SAPO-31 materials prepared from the silica sources characterized by a different degree of polymerization

Two series of microporous silicoaluminophosphates SAPO-31 with different Si content (Si/Al = 0—0.5) were synthesized using silica sources characterized by various degree of polymerization (fumed silica and tetraethoxysilane). Physicochemical properties of the resulted materials were studied by X-ray diffraction, XPS, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The nature of the silicon species was identified by ²⁹Si NMR method and the acidity was measured by IR-spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The activity and selectivity of Pd modified SAPO-31 samples from both series were evaluated in the isomerization of n-decane. It was found that the use of the monomer as a silicon source ensured more efficient silicon incorporation, which resulted in the higher activity of Pd/SAPO-31 catalysts. Moreover, the selectivity of these samples for isomerization was found to be independent of the silicon content and its distribution.