改性天然高分子絮凝剂制备的研究进展

天然高分子絮凝剂因其本身具有絮凝性,无毒,可生物降解,在水处理中具有广泛的应用前景。但因其不带电且溶解性差,造成其絮凝效果不理想,需通过改性,如醚化、接枝共聚等,在其分子链上引入各种官能团以改善其絮凝效果或改善其带电性、吸附性和杀菌性等。本文对目前常见的淀粉基、壳聚糖基、纤维素基和木质素基等天然高分子基改性絮凝剂,按不同改性方式进行分类概述,综述了近年来国内外改性天然高分子基絮凝剂的研究进展。同时还简单阐述了天然高分子基絮凝剂制备过程并对天然高分子基絮凝剂的研究方向进行了展望。     

聚硅酸硫酸铁/壳聚糖复合絮凝剂的制备及其在废水处理中的应用

制备了无机高分子复合絮凝剂聚硅酸硫酸铁（PFSS）和助凝剂壳聚糖（CTS）,考察了影响合成及絮凝剂应用的因素,探讨了其组成、投加量以及pH值对城市废水絮凝效果的影响,通过对模拟废水和城市废水絮凝试验,得出最佳的合成和应用条件：n（Fe）∶n（Si）=1∶1,PFSS的碱化度为1.5,聚合硫酸铁（PFS）的pH=2,聚硅酸（PS）的活化时间为1.5 h;n（PFSS）∶n（CTS）=5∶1,投加量为(20+4) mg/L,pH值的范围为6～9,沉降时间为15 min。 复合絮凝剂（PFSS-CTS）在最佳条件下浊度、色度、COD的去除率分别达到95.04%、91.26%和83.45%。     

可溶性聚硅酸铝铁的制备及其在废水处理中的应用

以赤泥为原料,制备了高效无机高分子絮凝剂——聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF),并将该絮凝剂用于处理工业废水．研究絮凝剂的使用效果与投加量、投加方式、pH值、搅拌条件及水样本身性能间的关系．     

一种复合脱色剂在印染废水中的应用研究

以甲醛、双氰胺、醋酸钠、氯化铵、氯化铝等为原料制备了一种印染废水脱色絮凝剂T-1。采用福州某纺织印染有限公司的印染废水为处理对象,以脱色率为主要考核指标,讨论了T-1的投加量、pH值、废水温度等对絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,双氰胺-甲醛缩聚物对印染废水具有优良的脱色絮凝效果,当投加量为100mg/L,废水温度为30℃,pH=8时,处理效果最佳,色度去除率达70%,COD去除率为78.3%。而且其絮凝性能明显优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铝(PAS)絮凝剂。     

接枝型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂对石材废水的絮凝降浊性能与机理研究

混凝/絮凝工艺是去除废水中悬浮胶体颗粒、降低浊度的有效手段.本研究以一种常见的天然高分子材料——淀粉为原材,以丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为共聚单体,采用接枝共聚技术,开发了一系列接枝链分布相同、但电荷密度及平均接枝链链长不同的接枝型阳离子淀粉改性絮凝剂:淀粉接枝共聚丙烯酰胺-聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(St-G).并以一种具有高浊度特征的行业废水——石材废水为研究对象,详细讨论了St-G的结构因素(电荷密度与平均接枝链链长)及环境因素(絮凝剂投加量和pH等)对其絮凝性能的影响,结合絮凝后上清液Zeta电位、絮体结构的动态监测结果以及扩展DLVO(Derjguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek)胶体稳定理论等,详细探究了其絮凝机理.研究结果表明, St-G对石材废水的絮凝性能明显优于传统无机混凝剂聚合氯化铝, St-G对石材废水的除浊作用主要是电荷碎片机制为主导,且与黏结架桥作用协同作用的结果.随着St-G电荷密度的增加,其浊度去除率增加而对应最佳絮凝剂用量减少,且絮体破碎后恢复因子增加;而絮体尺寸、絮体生长速度及其破碎因子均与St-G平均接枝链链长呈正相...     

壳聚糖对鞣酸絮凝作用的研究

以壳聚糖为絮凝剂，采用絮凝法除去中药药液中的杂质。以鞣酸为研究对象，从鞣酸浓度，体系温度，ＰＨ絮凝剂用量粘均分子量等方面探讨其絮凝规律，用正交试验优化其絮凝条件，为实施中药药液的絮凝法精制工艺提供参考。     

环氧氯丙烷类阳离子改性絮凝剂的合成及性能研究

为提高环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能,选用六次甲基四胺为交联剂,以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为主要原料,合成了环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺-六次甲基四胺(HMTA)季铵盐阳离子改性絮凝剂,其在辽河油田废水处理中表现出优异的絮凝性能,并研究了絮凝剂用量和温度对HMTA絮凝剂絮凝性能的影响。结果表明,使用HMTA絮凝剂的合适温度为45℃,最佳用量为20mg/L,除浊率可达98. 1%,除油率达到35. 1%。红外光谱和核磁共振谱的表征结果证实六次甲基四胺在聚合物中发挥了交联剂的作用,有效提高了环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能。     

两性高分子絮凝剂P(FA/NVP/DMC)处理钻井废水的研究

考查了一种两性高分子絮凝剂P(FA/NVP/DMC)对钻井废水的絮凝性能。试验显示,在pH=7、投加量为186.94mg/L条件下,CODCr去除率达到90.2%,浊度去除率达到98.9%;对钻井废水絮凝处理后的絮体进行电镜扫描,运用非线性数学分形理论计算絮体空隙分维数,结果表明,理论计算与试验结果一致。     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土絮凝采收小球藻的研究

以壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土作为普通小球藻Chlorella vulgaris的絮凝剂,CaCl2为助凝剂,研究了絮凝采收小球藻的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳絮凝条件为:絮凝剂0.4g/L、壳聚糖/凹凸棒土为1∶12、助凝剂CaCl2为0.2g/L、溶液的pH为9.0,此条件下小球藻絮凝率达到95%以上。絮凝剂的扫描电镜图和BET比表面积(BET)数据显示,改性后的凹凸棒土以一定的空间结构状吸附连接壳聚糖,有效增加了絮凝剂的比表面积,有利于小球藻的吸附。研究采用的原料价格低廉、安全环保,絮凝剂的制备简单且絮凝效率高,可广泛用于工业化生产中微藻的采收。     

新型海水微生物絮凝剂研制取得初步成果

国家“十一五”科技支撑计划的生活用海水集成技术研究及应用研究子课题海水净化微生物絮凝剂研究工作,目前已取得阶段性成果。海水微生物絮凝剂是一种天然高分子絮凝剂,具有可生物降解性、无二次污染等优点,是当前絮凝剂研究领域的热点。承担该任务的国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所课题组成员经过科研攻关,成功地从土壤和污泥中筛选出具有絮凝效果的微生物产生菌菌株,完成了对海水微生物絮凝剂产生菌菌种的鉴定等工作。初步确定了絮凝剂的有效成分和絮凝活性分布,确定了实验条件下投加量、水力条件、无机盐和pH值等的最佳取值范围,为海水微生物絮凝剂的应用等后续研究工作提供了有效支持。(中国化工仪器网)新型海水微生物絮凝剂研制取得初步成果     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.