Applied nuclear physics at Yerevan Physics Institute

A number of areas of development of applied studies at the Yerevan Physics Institute (YerPhI) are viewed. The main area is research into possibilities to produce radio nuclides for nuclear medicine on the linear accelerator of electrons at YerPhI. We consider also the methods for employment of neutron beams obtained from photonuclear reactions for boron-capture neutron therapy and for nondestructive detection of fission materials.     

Memorable Years for Synchrotron Radiation at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk

In the early 1970s, the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Novosibirsk was a unique place in the world of accelerator physics. There were three operational electron-positron storage rings at the institution. All together, they covered beam operational energies from 200 MeV up to 2.2 GeV. It was not a big surprise for the developers of these state-of-the-art machines when the first users of synchrotron radiation showed up at the doorsteps of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, eager to take advantage of such unique radiation sources. And how very unique they were! Compared with several already relatively well-established operational synchrotrons around the world, such as DESY in Hamburg, NINA in Darsbury, and three synchrotrons in the Soviet Union—one at the Physical Institute in Pakhra, another at the Tomsk Polytechnical Institute, and a third at the Erevan Physical Institute—the storage ring sources provided much more stable and brighter radiation beams. Several storage rings built at that time in locations such as Japan, the US, and France were also on the verge of becoming available for synchrotron radiation users.     

On previous and present investigations of resonance gamma-ray interaction with nuclei at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP, Moscow)

A brief survey of theoretical and experimental work that is devoted to studying the resonance absorption and scattering of gamma rays by nuclei and which was initiated at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP, Moscow) in the 1950s and has been continued to date is given. Investigations of various versions of interaction in beta decay, magnetic-field-perturbed angular distributions of resonantly scattered gamma rays, the problem of the Mössbauer gamma resonance of long-lived isomeric states of nuclei, and the resonance scattering of annihilation photons by nuclei are described.     

Superconducting Multipole Wigglers for Generating Synchrotron Radiation at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics

Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters - Superconducting multipole insertion devices (wigglers and undulators) used to generate synchrotron radiation significantly increase the photon flux,...     

LUE-75 Linear Accelerator Facility at Yerevan Physics Institute

Owing to the growing interest in the low-energy nuclear physics, it becomes relevant to enhance the potential of the experimental facilities at Yerevan Physics Institute (YerPhI). The complex unit based on the linear electron accelerator LUE-75 (ARUS synchrotron injector) for applied and fundamental experiments with electron beams, the intensity and energy of which can vary in a wide range of 10^–18–10^–5 А and 10–50 MeV, has been created. In recent years, the regimes developed at LUE-75 were applied to obtain the controllable electron beams of extremely low intensity used for calibration of detectors.     

Evolution of nuclear spectroscopy at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics

Experimental studies of nuclear excitations have been an important subject from the earliest days when the institute was established. The construction of 4 MeV proton cyclotron was mainly aimed to achieve this goal. Early experiments in nuclear spectroscopy were done with radioactive nuclei with the help of beta and gamma ray spectrometers. Small NaI(Tl) detectors were used for gamma-gamma coincidence, angular correlation and life time measurements. The excited states nuclear magnetic moments were measured in perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation experiments. A high transmission magnetic beta ray spectrometer was used to measure internal conversion coefficients and beta-gamma coincidence studies. A large number of significant contributions were made during 1950–59 using these facilities. Proton beam in the cyclotron was made available in the late 1950’s and together with 14 MeV neutrons obtained from a C-W generator a large number of short-lived nuclei were investigated during 1960’s and 1970’s. The introduction of high resolution Ge gamma detectors and the improved electronics helped to extend the spectroscopic work which include on-line (p ₇ p′γ) and (p ₇ nγ) reaction studies. Nuclear spectroscopic studies entered a new phase in the 1980’s with the availability of 40–80 MeV alpha beam from the variable energy cyclotron at VECC, Calcutta. A number of experimental groups were formed in the institute to study nuclear level schemes with (α ₇ xnγ) reactions. Initially only two unsuppressed Ge detectors were used for coincidence studies. Later in 1989 five Ge detectors with a large six segmented NaI(Tl) multiplicitysum detector system were successfully used to select various channels in (α ₇ xnγ) reactions. From 1990 to date a variety of medium energy heavy ions were made available from the BARC-TIFR Pelletron and the Nuclear Science Centre Pelletron. The state of the art gamma detector arrays in these centres enabled the Saha Institute groups to undertake more sophisticated experiments. Front line nuclear spectroscopy works are now being done and new informations are obtained for a large number of nuclei over a wide mass range. Currently Saha Institute is building a multi-element gamma heavy ion neutron array detector (MEGHNAD), which will have six high efficiency clover Ge detector together with charged particle ball and other accessories. The system is expected to be usable in 2002 and will be used in experiments using high energy heavy ions from VECC.     

X-ray fluorescence activities at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,India

This paper covers different aspects related to X-ray fluorescence activities at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India. In its first part, experiments on basic physical problems are illustrated and in the second part, some applications related to X-ray fluorescence are discussed.     

Investigations and the development of accelerators at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University

The history and modern state of the development of electron-beam accelerators at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University and investigations with their use are considered.     

The center of nuclear physics data at the All-Russia Research Institute of Experimental Physics

The Center of Nuclear Physics Data (All-Russia Research Institute of Experimental Physics) is a member of the International Nuclear Reaction Data Center Network, operating under the aegis of the International Atomic Energy Agency and founded to coordinate the collection, compilation, and dissemination of data among the world community. The Center of Nuclear Physics Data (CNPD) focuses on the compilation of experimental data on the interaction of charged particles with nuclei for the EXFOR international library. The center’s personnel are currently developing a software package that will make it possible to enter, edit, and record the data in the EXFOR format. The package includes all of the procedures for processing experimental data and ensuring compliance with the specified format.     

中国科学院物理研究所软物质与生命物质物理重点实验室

软物质与生命物质研究是典型的学科交叉,其内容跨越物理、化学和生物三大学科,是物质科学通向生命科学的桥梁,是21世纪凝聚态物理研究的前沿。为促进交叉学科发展,中科院物理研究所结合已有基础和综合优势,于2001年4月率先在国内成市软物质物理实验室,由王鹏业研究员和陆坤权研究员分别担任实验室主任和学术委员会主任。     

Investigation of hybrid states in the VES experiment at the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino)

Experimental investigations of candidates for hybrid mesons in the VES experiment at the Institute for High Energy Physics (Protvino) are surveyed. The data in question concern π ₁ (1400) characterized by the exotic quantum numbers of J ^PC = 1^?+ and observed in the ηπ ^? final state; JPC = 1^?+ π ₁ (1600) in the ηπ ^?, b ₁ (1235)π, and f ₁(1285)π ^? final states; and J _PC = 0^?+ π(1800) in the f ₀(980)π ^?, f ₀(1300)π ^?, f ₀(1500)π ^?, and a ₀ ^? (980)η final states. New results are given along with data published previously.     

Project of a Super Charm-Tau factory at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk

A project of a Super Charm-Tau factory is being developed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) in Novosibirsk. The electron-positron collider to be employed will operate at c.m. energies in the range between 2 and 5 GeV at an unprecedentedly high luminosity of 10³⁵ cm^?2 s^?1 with a longitudinal electron polarization at the beam-interaction point. The main objective of experiments at the Super Charm-Tau factory is to study processes involving the production and properties of charmed quarks and tau leptons. A high luminosity of this setup will make it possible to obtain a statistical data sample that will be three to four orders of magnitude vaster than that from any other experiment performed thus far. Experiments at this setup are assumed to be sensitive to effects of new physics beyond the Standard Model. Investigations to be carried out at the Super-Charm-Tau factory will supplement future experiments at Super-B factories under construction in Italy and in Japan.     

Thermocathode radio-frequency gun for the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics free-electron laser

A radio-frequency (RF) gun for a race-track microtron-recuperator injector driving the free-electron laser (FEL) (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics) is being tested at a special stand. Electron bunches of the RF gun have an energy of up to 300 keV and a repetition rate of up to 90 MHz. The average electro-beam current can reach 100 mA in the continuous operation regime. The advantages of the new injector are as follows: long lifetime of the cathode for high average beam current; simple scheme of longitudinal beam bunching, which does not require an additional bunching resonator in the injector; absence of dark-current contamination of the injector beam; and comfortable RF gun operation due to the absence of a high potential of 300 kV at the cathode control circuits. In this study we describe the RF gun design, present the main characteristics of the injector with the RF gun, and give the results of testing.     

Current status and development prospects for multilayer X-ray optics at the Institute for Physics of Microstructures,Russian Academy of Sciences

A real opportunity for applying traditional optical methods to soft X-ray and extreme UV (ultraviolet) radiation bands has appeared thanks to recent successes in the area of multilayer-mirror deposition and procedures for fabricating supersmooth and highly precise substrates of mirrors. The implementation of this opportunity opens up fundamentally new prospectss in the nanodiagnostics of substances, micro- and nanoelectronics, microbiology, solar astronomy and other applications. The main directions in multilayer X-ray optics developed at the Institute for the Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy of Sciences, are presented and the aspects of the use thereof in science and technology are considered. The main problems arising during the fabrication of multilayer interference structures for the soft X-ray and extreme UV bands are discussed. The main results obtained recently in the scope of each direction of investigation are presented. Plans for the future development of these directions are discussed.     

On the history of the Linear Accelerator Department at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP, Moscow)

These memoirs are devoted to the Institute’s anniversary and present the history of the Linear Accelerator Department at ITEP. Some studies are described in which I was involved. During more than 40 years. I worked with Professor I.M. Kapchinsky (1919–1993), a world-renowned scientist, the founder of the department. References are given to Kapchinsky’s monographs and to some of the works that were performed under his supervision and were published in proceedings of accelerator conferences. Many active scientists, engineers, and technicians are mentioned who participate in the achievements of the department, which made a significant contribution to the development of accelerator science and engineering in Russia and worldwide.     

Acceleration mass spectrometer of the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics for biomedical applications

An accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) made at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, is installed in the Geochronology of the Cenozoic Era Center for Collective Use for the carbon 14 dating of samples. Distinctive features of the BINP AMS include the use of a middle energy separator of ion beams, magnesium vapor target as a stripping target, and a time-of-flight telescope with thin films for accurate ion selection. Results of experiments measuring the radiocarbon concentration in test samples with radiocarbon labels for biomedical applications are presented.