Spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

Spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT), an extension of conventional OCT, is demonstrated for performing cross-sectional tomographic and spectroscopic imaging. Information on the spectral content of backscattered light is obtained by detection and processing of the interferometric OCT signal. This method allows the spectrum of backscattered light to be measured over the entire available optical bandwidth simultaneously in a single measurement. Specific spectral features can be extracted by use of digital signal processing without changing the measurement apparatus. An ultrabroadband femtosecond Ti:Al(2)O(3) laser was used to achieve spectroscopic imaging over the wavelength range from 650 to 1000 nm in a simple model as well as in vivo in the Xenopus laevis (African frog) tadpole. Multidimensional spectroscopic data are displayed by use of a novel hue-saturation false-color mapping.     

Demonstration of a spatial-spectral holographic LIDAR range-Doppler processor

We present a new approach to laser interferometric Doppler and ranging (LIDAR) processing using spatial-spectral holography (SSH). In this approach, broadband optical signals from a random noise or frequency-modulated laser are transmitted and reflected off remote targets. The return signals interfere spatially and spectrally with a local copy of the original transmit signal in an SSH medium, resulting in spectral gratings that have a spectral period inversely proportional to the LIDAR target's range and a position proportional to the target's Doppler (or velocity). These gratings are subsequently read out by a slowly chirped source onto a parallel detector array, and the velocity and range of the targets are inferred. We present the theoretical framework that describes the function of the LIDAR processor, as well as proof-of-concept experimental results.     

Novel model of FM-noise conversion in a UMZI using RF external phase modulation of lasers: Theoretical and experimental results

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a new and original model for theoretical calculation and experimental measurement of the noise power spectral density (NPSD) in phase-modulated optical links. The phase modulation is operated in the RF frequency range by an external phase modulator. The NPSD is derived for the first time in interferometric systems, by considering all effects such as the 1/f FM noise of the laser and white noise applied to light from a 1550 nm DFB laser, with phase modulation. The results show for the first time the influence of the phase modulation index, modulation frequency and interferometric delay in the phase-to-intensity noise conversion. The experimental and simulation results of conversion of FM-noise to intensity noise in an optical link by considering the external RF phase modulation are shown with good agreement.     

激光回馈效应及其传感应用研究的进展

对基于激光回馈效应的传感应用研究进展进行了综述。由于激光回馈引起激光器功率波动一个条纹对应外部反射镜移动半个光波波长,功率波动深度与传统双光束干涉系统相当,基于该现象的激光回馈干涉仪与传统的干涉仪相比具有相同的相位灵敏度。但其结构简单、紧凑、易准直的特点,引起了国内外科研者浓厚的兴趣,开发了很多全新概念、经济实用的精密测量仪器。对激光回馈效应在位移测量、速度测量、振动测量、距离测量、角度测量和形貌测量中的原理进行了介绍,同时对各传感应用系统进行了评述。     

深海光学照明与成像系统分析及进展

深海光学成像系统分为4个子系统:照明系统、相机系统、图像处理系统以及数据存储与传输系统,本文对深海光学成像系统化研究与发展趋势展开分析。文中有针对性地对深海光学成像最前端的两个子系统-照明系统与相机系统进行了较为详细地阐述。其中,深海照明系统进一步细分为3个更小的系统:光源系统、配光系统以及灯阵系统;对于深海相机系统则根据其应用领域及技术特点细分为水下普通成像、激光成像、偏振光成像、3D/全景成像、显微成像以及光谱成像6类。从近年来国内外深海光学成像的发展历史及现状来看,其未来的发展趋势可以归结为以下几点:更高的分辨率,更深的工作深度,更大的观测范围以及更多样的成像方式。     

Phase retrieval in low-coherence interferometric microscopy

We present compensating methods that address inherent errors in quantitative phase reporting for low-coherence interferometric techniques. A brief theoretical treatment of the problem and experimental validation using spectral domain phase microscopy demonstrate mitigation of the degrading effects of phase leakage on accurate measurement of optical path length in the vicinity of closely spaced reflectors. This result has direct implications for phase-sensitive interferometry techniques, such as Doppler imaging, as well as amplitude-based quantitative reporting. Corrected phase retrieval is demonstrated for conversion of interferometric phase to optical path length in cell surface deflections of beating cardiomyocytes.     

采用APD阵列的共口径激光成像光学系统设计

针对机载平台激光3D成像系统的轻小型需求,设计了采用APD阵列的共口径激光收发光学系统。在分析激光成像系统照明方式及其光学系统结构的基础上,给出了激光3D成像光学系统结构框图:激光经衍射元件实现分束照明,采用双工反射镜实现收发光路的耦合。该光学系统用于2 km以内的目标三维成像,根据激光测距方程,确定了接收光学系统的参数以获得满足信噪比的回波能量。为避免造成像素之间串扰,设计了5倍扩束比的发射光学系统。最后,采用偏振片与1/4波片相结合的方式消除杂光,降低了发射光路对接收光路的影响。设计结果表明:接收光学系统弥散斑直径小于120μm,畸变小于0.2%。该光学系统体积小、重量轻,成像质量良好,可为同类激光成像光学系统提供借鉴参考。     

变间隙法布里-珀罗干涉仪光程差线性分析

对于变间隙法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉式成像光谱仪,空间干涉信息是否按光程差等间隔采样,即光程差与探测器像元位置之间是否是线性变化关系,直接决定了光谱数据处理的难易程度.经分析,变间隙法布里-珀罗干涉式光谱成像系统的光程差是干涉仪分光产生的两艾里斑的中心距离的函数,而两艾里斑中心距与探测器像元位置并非一直保持线性关系,与...     

Polarization-Sensitive Spectral Interferometric Optical Coherence Tomography for Human Skin Imaging

Polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography (PS-SI-OCT) is designed for imaging of the inner structure of a biological tissue with polarization properties corresponding to Müller matrix elements. With arbitrary polarization state of incident and reference light, the change of polarization state can be acquired, and the axial structure of the tissue is measured by single detection of the power spectrum, superposition of object and reference light. Using with this OCT system, a cross-sectional Müller matrix images of human skin can be observed.     

Stabilization of a fiber Fabry–Perot interferometric acoustic wave sensor

Control of the operating point of an interferometric optical sensor to produce the highest sensitivity is crucial in the demodulation of interferometric optical sensors to compensate for Q point mismatching. A new method for operating point control of FFPI was discussed and demonstrated, the relationship of the F–P cavity length, the visibility and the interferometric fringe was analyzed. MCU was introduced to tracing the Q point by changing the laser wavelength through adjusting the light source temperature. It is proved that the dynamic range of the sensor system is surely extended; the NSR could be greatly improved because the wavelength change induced noises is greatly limited in this sensor system.     

一种新型静态成像光谱系统的研究

静态干涉系统具有稳定性好、抗干扰能力强的优势,但其缺点是光谱分辨率低并且光谱测试范围不易调整。针对静态干涉型成像光谱系统光谱分辨率低且不可调等问题,设计了一种新型静态成像光谱系统。系统由光束整形模块、新型静态干涉调制模块以及成像模块构成。光束整形模块将入射光缩束并整形为平行光,进而保证入射干涉具后可以获得较好的干涉效果;新型静态干涉调制模块对入射光进行相干处理。在双折射干涉结构的基础上进行了改进,在不改变原有静态干涉具尺寸的基础上提高了系统的光谱分辨率,并实现了光谱分辨率的静态调制;成像模块完成对目标区域二维可见光图像的采集。系统核心部件由两组光轴相互正交的Wollaston棱镜作为分光器件,在两棱镜间放置电光调制模块,实现光程的静态扫描。分析了新型静态成像光谱系统的工作原理,给出了入射角、折射角等主要参数的函数表达式,并构建了系统的数据模型。通过绘制系统光线追迹图的方式,得到了该系统横向剪切量的函数方程,并对影响横向剪切量的各个参数进行了分析与讨论。通过仿真计算了改变结构角、晶体厚度以及调制度等参数对横向剪切量的影响程度,并定量计算了两个参数对系统光谱分辨率的影响程度。由仿真分析结果可知,增大结构角与加宽调制晶体厚度都可以为系统提供更大的光程差。故通过电光调制的方式实现横向剪切量的静态扫描是可行的,可以实现静态光谱图像的获取。在实验中对660 nm激光进行了测试。新型静态干涉模块采用孔径20 mm×20 mm,厚度10 mm的两块光轴相反的Wollaston棱镜与厚度10 mm的电光调制晶体构成。当调制度分别是0.000 2和0.000 6时,成像模块采集得到干涉条纹具有明显差异。当调制度增大时,其干涉条纹密度增大,说明采用越大的调制度,系统对应的光谱静态扫描能力越强,对光谱分辨率的控制越好。由此可见,本静态成像光谱系统在控制电光晶体调制度的条件下具有光谱分辨率可调的特性,验证了系统的可行性。     

基于互信息的干涉成像采样系统性能分析

为了优化干涉采样成像系统的设计,采用端到端的互信息量评价系统的性能.建立了基于互信息的干涉采样成像系统数学模型.利用该模型得到了互信息量最大时光学成像系统和CCD的匹配条件:相干成像光学系统的截止频率等于CCD的Nyquist频率.分析了物体频谱分布、噪声、光源相干性和光学成像系统像差对互信息量的影响.结果表明,它们不影响光学成像系统和CCD的匹配条件.     

生物医学领域中超连续激光光谱技术的研究进展

超连续谱激光指的是当泵浦激光穿过特殊光波导时,一系列的非线性效应引起入射激光束的光谱展宽,从而输出宽光谱激光束。随着超快激光和光子晶体光纤技术的发展,利用超短脉冲在光子晶体光纤中的传播链产生相干的且亮度高的超连续谱激光成为了一种理想的白光源。自从超连续谱激光源投入应用以来,其应用领域越来越广。尤其在生物医学的细胞、血液等样品分析当中,荧光光谱学、流式细胞仪、共焦显微、光学相干层析等技术都是强有力的分析工具,在采用这些先进技术的科学仪器中,超连续谱激光源成为了一种主要光学部件。首先对超连续谱激光源的国际研究进展作了详细介绍,然后对超连续激光光谱技术在显微成像、流式细胞仪、荧光寿命成像显微、荧光共振能量转移、光学相干层析、共焦显微生物医学分析等生物医学领域中的发展及应用作了综合阐述。对超连续激光光谱技术在非接触式血液制品鉴别的需求、方案及研究进展进行了重点论述,包括覆盖400～2 000 nm光谱范围的光纤化轻型超连续谱激光光源研究;采用超连续谱激光光谱方法探索不同物种血液的种属特征;根据大数据的血液样品光谱特征元数据库分析建立数学模型,利用数学模型实现对血液样品种属光谱学判定;血液鉴别光谱分析便携式整机系统研发等。对超连续激光光谱技术在生物医学领域的应用前景作了展望。     

环状干涉条纹成像技术的实验研究

 从傅里叶分析的角度来讨论环状干涉条纹成像的处理过程，并报道二维连续散射目标的成像实验。激光干涉条纹成像是利用激光源在空域形成的干涉条纹同目标间的相对运动来提取目标的图像信息。对利用环状干涉条纹的激光干涉成像，其机理常用全息理论来解释。     

Attosecond relative timing jitter and 13 fs tunable pulses from a two-branch Er:fiber laser

We present what is believed to be the first direct measurement of the relative timing jitter between the two parallel pulse trains of a two-branch femtosecond erbium-doped fiber laser, operated without active stabilization. The system provides independently tunable pulses in the near infrared with durations down to 13 fs. Using an interferometric optical cross-correlator, the phase-noise spectral density is measured with high sensitivity in a range from 1 Hz up to the Nyquist frequency of 24.5 MHz. We find an integrated jitter of 11 attoseconds directly after the amplifier stages and 43 as after propagation through free-space optics and nonlinear fibers for frequency conversion.     

Multi-color XUV interferometry using high-order harmonics

We present a novel interferometric setup operating in the XUV spectral range. The interferometer consists of a combination of a double pinhole (similar to Young’s double slit) and a transmission grating. In the case of a light source consisting of discrete spectral lines, it allows recording interferograms for multi-colors simultaneously. We present two experiments in which high-order harmonics generated by a titanium sapphire laser were used as the light source for the interferometer. First, the temporal coherence lengths of the single harmonics were determined, and second, the index of refraction and the absorption of a thin beryllium foil were measured simultaneously in the range of 17–25 nm.     

基于FP微阵列的压缩感知光谱重建研究

针对现有星载扫描光谱成像中无法同时实现高通量、高光谱分辨率的问题,提出采用法布里珀罗（FP）微阵列与压缩感知光谱成像方法。该方法通过在成像探测器前加FP微阵列,FP微阵列调制器每一单元对应不同高度,进而对输入光信号进行调制得到不同的光谱响应。结合扫描和压缩感知复原算法,最终获得高光谱图像数据立方体。该系统光谱范围为400 nm～700 nm,光谱通道数高达700个。通过仿真激光入射光谱与压缩感知重构光谱进行对比,仿真均方误差（MSE）为0.002。此外,通过实验对两个不同颜色的单色光光谱进行重构,实验结果与标准光谱仪测得的光谱基本一致,验证了该方法光谱重构的可行性。该方法可广泛应用于高通量、高光谱星载或扫描光谱成像测量中。     

基于光克尔门空间扫描单次激光信噪比测量

提出一种基于光克尔门空间扫描的单次激光信噪比测量方法.在该方法中,门光和探测光在光克尔介质中正交传输,通过光克尔门对探测光的空间扫描实现激光信噪比测量.采用该测量方法进行了单次激光信噪比测量的实验研究,测得时间窗口和分辨率分别为88.2ps、2.7ps.由于取样门是由光克尔效应来控制,因此该激光信噪比测量方法对于待测激光的波长没有限制.     

Accurate monitoring of an interferometric fiber-optic sensor with a multimode semiconductor laser

A technique for monitoring interferometric sensors by correlation of the optical signal from the sensor with the signal from a phase-modulated reference interferometer is described. The technique is applied to temperature measurement with a fiber Fabry-Perot sensing head. We extend the 7 degrees C unambiguous measurement range obtained with a 1.3-mum laser diode as the light source to 43 degrees C by adding a second laser diode emitting at 1.55mum . Experimentally, a rms phase-measurement error of +/-0.28rad , corresponding to a temperature error of +/-0.32 degrees C , was achieved with a low-quality multimode Fabry-Perot laser. The phase error was improved to +/-0.14rad , corresponding to a temperature error of +/-0.16 degrees C , by use of a distributed-feedback laser diode.     

High Resolution Linear Laser Absorption Spectroscopy-Review

Throughout the optical spectral region from the visible to the far infrared, lasers have in recent years become increasingly important for high resolution spectroscopy in both laboratory measurements and practical applications. In general, laser sources can be classified into broadly tunable and discretely tunable types with the gas laser belonging to the latter. While gas lasers oscillate in narrow lines scattered throughout the optical spectral region, broadly tunable laser emissions cover a range of wide spectral region depending on the lasing media and operating characteristics. For example, the Pb-salt diode laser covers the spectral region from about 2.6 to 30 μm, the dye laser from 400 to 700 nm, the color center laser from 0.8 to 3.3 μm, the difference frequency spectrometer from 2.2 to 4.2 μm and the spin-flip Raman laser from 5.2 to 6.0 μm. The very limited tunability of the gas laser can sometimes be extended to many times the Doppler width by Zeeman tuning the gain medium or pressure broadening the gain profile or electrooptically modulating the laser output frequency with a tunable microwave source.