A meshfree-based local Galerkin method with condensation of degree of freedom for elastic dynamic analysis简

Condensation technique of degree of freedom is first proposed to improve the computational efficiency of meshfree method with Galerkin weak form for elastic dy- namic analysis. In the present method, scattered nodes with- out connectivity are divided into several subsets by cells with arbitrary shape. Local discrete equation is established over each cell by using moving Kriging interpolation, in which the nodes that located in the cell are used for approxima- tion. Then local discrete equations can be simplified by con- densation of degree of freedom, which transfers equations of inner nodes to equations of boundary nodes based on cells. The global dynamic system equations are obtained by as- sembling all local discrete equations and are solved by using the standard implicit Newmark＇s time integration scheme. In the scheme of present method, the calculation of each cell is carried out by meshfree method, and local search is imple- mented in interpolation. Numerical examples show that the present method has high computational efficiency and good accuracy in solving elastic dynamic problems.     

减阻工况下壁面周期扰动对湍流边界层多尺度的影响

通过在平板壁面施加不同频率振幅的压电陶瓷振子周期性扰动,进行了湍流边界层主动控制减阻的实验研究.在压电陶瓷振子最大减阻工况下(80 V和160Hz),使用单丝边界层探针对压电振子自由端下游2mm处进行测量,得到不同法向位置流向速度信号的时间序列.通过对比施加控制前后的多尺度分析,发现压电振子产生的扰动只对近壁区产生影响,使得近壁区大尺度脉动降低,小尺度脉动强度增大,而对边界层的外区则基本没有影响.进一步对大尺度和小尺度的脉动信号进行条件平均,发现压电振子产生的扰动对小尺度脉动的影响在时间相位上并不均匀,小尺度脉动强度在大尺度脉动为正时比在大尺度脉动为负时具有更明显的增加.这表明壁面周期扰动主要通过使大尺度高速扫掠流体破碎为小尺度结构,来影响相应的高壁面摩擦事件,从而达到减阻效果.      

基于附加虚拟质量的结构损伤识别方法

针对大型土木结构的模态信息往往对局部损伤灵敏度较低的特点,提出通过在各个子结构上附加虚拟质量的方法提高局部灵敏度,实现整体结构的准确损伤识别。该方法无需在结构上布置真实质量,它首先利用虚拟变形法（VDM）可进行结构快速重分析的思想,由实测结构的激励和加速度响应,构造结构附加虚拟质量后虚拟结构的频率响应;然后结合灵敏度分析和附加质量与频率关系,确定所需附加质量和对应具有较高灵敏度的频率;最后分别在每个子结构上附加虚拟质量,联合所有虚拟结构和对应的频率即可准确快速地识别出整体结构各个子结构的损伤。本文通过两层平面框架有限元模型验证了附加质量损伤识别方法的有效性。     

基于频率和模态保证准则的结构内部多缺陷反演

静响应(位移、应变等)在实际问题的反演分析中很难由安装在结构上的一组传感器记录得到,而结构的动力特性(频率、振型)和 动力响应(加速度、速度、动位移)在实际问题中较易通过传感器采集得到. 文中基于频率残差和模态保证准则构建了反演分析模型的目标函数,并结合频域内动力扩展有限元法和人工蜂群智能优化算法 的优点,扩展有限元法通过引入非连续位移模式在不重新划分网格的情况下通过改变水平集函数反映缺陷的数量、位置及大小, 避免了反演分析每次迭代过程中的网格重剖分,人工蜂群智能优化算法在每次迭代中都采用全局和局部搜索,找到最优解的概 率大幅增大并可很好地避免局部最优,同时,通过引入拓扑变量,将缺陷的数量纳入到反演分析过程中,迭代过程中可智能反演出缺陷的数目,建立了结构内部多缺陷(孔洞、裂纹)的反演分析模型. 通过若干算例的分析表明:建立的反演分析模型能够较为准确地探测出结构内部圆形、椭圆形以及裂纹状缺陷的数量、位置及大小,且算法具有较好的鲁棒性.      

Frequency analysis of turbulent compressible flows by laser vibrometry

The objective of this work was the application of laser vibrometry as a tool for non-intrusive measurement of frequency spectra in turbulent flows. A laser vibrometer system together with a signal analyser was used to obtain frequency spectra of density fluctuations across a turbulent free jet. Since laser vibrometry is based on interferometric techniques, the derived signals are path integrals along the measurement beam. Frequency spectra recorded in the rotational symmetric flow were then treated using Abel inversion in order to derive information on local density fluctuations. Results for two different flow conditions were compared to spectral data from a constant temperature anemometer and a pitot-mounted pressure sensor. Received: 21 February 2000/Accepted: 13 December 2000     

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基于计算结构力学理论与递推公式相结合的方法，推导出随机刚架结构在退化成机构 前各阶段的内力与结构处于初始状态时的内力关系. 因此，在基于随机有限元的可靠性分 析过程中，不必反复修改刚阵和进行反向节点力的增加，在极限状态函数对设计变量求导 过程中，导数形式只用到了原结构总刚度矩阵和原结构外载向量，这对编写电算程序是有 益的. 应用所提的方法与其它基于随机有限元的可靠性分析方法所求得的结果是一致 的，且大大提高了计算效率.     

Stability and integrity of mechanical joints in flight vehicles: Local and global energy density

A methodology is presented for analyzing the inlfuence of mechanical joint failure on the global instability of flight vehicles. Considered are the ways with which loading, geometry and material of the vehicle can affect the structure instability and/or integrity. The peaks and valleys of the volume energy density function are assumed to coincide with failure by fracture and/or yielding while the distance between their local and global stationary values govern the structure instability. A single length parameter l can thus be applied to provide a measure of stability. The simultaneous occurrence of high energy density and large l at the same location should be avoided as it may have undesirable consequences.A flight vehicle consisting of four cylindrical shell-like structures connected by three tongue-and-groove joints is analyzed. The time-dependent load can be axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric. A semi-analytical finite element program is developed and used to solve for the transient stress and strain distribution from which contours of the volume energy density in the structure are obtained as a function of time. The magnitudes and locations of their local and global stationary values are then calculated and discussed in connection with potential failure by fracture. Stability behavior does not alter appreciably for axisymmetric flight. Considerable fluctuations in the energy density and the dynamic stability length parameter are found when non-axisymmetric loads are considered.     

Global–local analysis of granular media in quasi-static equilibrium

A method of global–local analysis is developed for quasi-static equilibrium problems for granular media. The two-scale modeling based on mathematical homogenization theory enables us to formulate two separate boundary value problems in terms of macro- and microscales. The macroscale problem governs the equilibrium of a global structure composed of granular assemblies, while the microscale one is posed for the particulate nature of a local structure with the friction-contact mechanism between particles. The local structure is identified with a periodic representative volume element, or equivalently, a unit cell, over which averaging is performed. The mechanical behavior of unit cells is analyzed by a discrete numerical model, in which spring and friction devices connect rigid particles, whereas the continuum-based finite element method is used for the macroscopic one. Representative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed two-scale analysis method for granular materials.     

Low-frequency fluctuations in the near-wake region of a trapezoidal cylinder with low aspect ratio

Base pressure signals obtained on a trapezoidal cylinder with an aspect ratio 4.7, at Reynolds numbers of the order of 10⁴, were examined after being low-pass filtered at different cut-off frequencies. For the range of the Reynolds numbers studied, the integral time scales of the low-passed fluctuations versus the cut-off frequencies chosen was found to fall on a curve. Cross-correlation between the pressure fluctuations measured at the cylinder base and the velocity fluctuations detected in the near-wake region were examined with the signal traces low-passed at different cut-off frequencies. Accordingly, an optimal cut-off frequency was defined as the one corresponding to the highest correlation obtained. The integral time scale of the low-passed fluctuations in reference to the optimal cut-off frequency was found to be about two times the vortex-shedding period. The low-frequency variations measured appeared to be insensitive to the artificial tripping to the sidewall boundary layer, and exhibited a global behavior in a near-wake region.     

利用子波分析对平壁湍流猝发现象的研究

利用槽道湍流直接数值模拟的数据库,采用子波分析的方法。对平壁湍流猝发现象的多尺度特性进行了研究,在不同惊讶上对猝发平均周期进行了统计,并利用局部标度指数研究了猝发过程的奇异性。     

Characteristics of wall pressure fluctuations in separated flows over a backward-facing step: Part II. Unsteady wavelet analysis

 Time-dependent characteristics of wall pressure fluctuations in separated and reattaching flows over a backward-facing step were investigated by means of the continuous wavelet transform. Emphasis was placed on the combination of time-localized analyses of the wavelet transform and multi-point measurements of pressure fluctuations. Synchronized wavelet maps revealed the evolutionary behavior of pressure fluctuations and gave further insight into the modulated nature of large-scale vortical structures. It was found that there exist two modes of shed vortices: one is the global oscillation and the other is the vortex convection. The two alternating modes are synchronized with the flapping frequency component of pressure fluctuations. The flapping motion gives rise to the difference in pressure spectra, indicating more intensive pressure activity during the shrinking period of the recirculation region.     

连体构架避雷针风振计算的简化方法

为简化构架避雷针风振时域计算从而有效降低计算耗时,以单跨和三跨构架避雷针结构为例,根据构架体系的结构特性和风振特点,提出一种简化计算方法,即对每个塔架单独建模并考虑结构刚度和质量系统的一致性和横梁荷载的等效加载,从而对每个塔架单独进行动力计算,并对这种简化方法的合理性进行了验证。研究发现,构架避雷针的频率较小,风振效应较为显著,但在各方向均以一阶振型为绝对主力;构架避雷针的塔架在平面外的荷载耦联效应极小,平面内也仅表现有位移均值的耦联效应:这两个结构特性也为风振简化计算提供了便利。对每个塔架的简化模型,通过在塔架与原横梁连接处设置弹簧和附加质量来实现对原结构一阶振型的等效,并通过影响线法将横梁分布风荷载等效为塔架的集中荷载。由此简化方法所得的结构风振静动力响应结果均与原始结构有良好一致性,并且计算效率得以显著提升。     

Frequency Reliability-Based Robust Design of the Suspension Device of a Jarring Machine with Arbitrary Distribution Parameters

The frequency reliability with arbitrary distribution parameters in the stochastic dynamic structure system of practical engineering and its related theories were studied deeply in the paper. The frequency reliability method of avoiding resonance was proposed by mechanical dynamics, stochastic finite element method, and reliability theory. Then the frequency reliability formula with arbitrary distribution parameters was deduced through Edgeworth series method. Furthermore, the frequency reliability sensitivity method was presented based on the frequency reliability research, which provided a preliminary efficient way to analyze how each random parameter contributed to the system reliability. Moreover, the frequency reliability-based robust design method of the stochastic dynamic structure system was obtained by robust and optimization technology on the basis of frequency reliability and sensitivity method, which helped designers to establish acceptable parameter values and to determine the fluctuations of the parameters for the safe operations. Meanwhile, a numerical example of the suspension device of a jarring machine with arbitrary distribution parameters was provided and studied, the numerical results were in agreement with practice, which demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methods.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Low Swirl Flames Under External Flow Excitations

Low swirl flame characteristics under external flow excitations are numerically investigated using large eddy simulations with a dynamically thickened flame combustion model. A finite volume scheme on a Cartesian grid with a dynamic one equation eddy viscosity subgrid scale model is used for large eddy simulations. The excitations are imposed on inlet velocity profiles by a sinusoidal forcing function over a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies. Present investigation shows that although, the swirling motion of the low swirl flame is not intense enough to induce a recirculation zone in ensemble averaged results, external flow excitations increase the local swirl number upstream of the flame front. Such increase in the local swirl number is at maximum value when the low swirl flame is excited at the dominant frequency of the flow field, which in turn induces a vortex breakdown and hence a central recirculation zone. The strength and size of the time averaged recirculation zone depend on both the amplitude and frequency of the excitations. Moreover, phase-locked results indicate that external flow excitations induce local swirl fluctuations ahead of the flame front which alter the strength of the recirculation zone at different phase angles of the excitations.     

Fourier time spectral method for subsonic and transonic flows

The time accuracy of the exponentially accu-rate Fourier time spectral method (TSM) is examined and compared with a conventional 2nd-order backward differ-ence formula (BDF) method for periodic unsteady flows. In particular, detailed error analysis based on numerical com-putations is performed on the accuracy of resolving the local pressure coefficient and global integrated force coefficients for smooth subsonic and non-smooth transonic flows with moving shock waves on a pitching airfoil. For smooth sub-sonic flows, the Fourier TSM method offers a significant accuracy advantage over the BDF method for the predic-tion of both the local pressure coefficient and integrated force coefficients. For transonic flows where the motion of the discontinuous shock wave contributes significant higher-order harmonic contents to the local pressure fluctuations, a sufficient number of modes must be included before the Fourier TSM provides an advantage over the BDF method. The Fourier TSM, however, still offers better accuracy than the BDF method for integrated force coefficients even for transonic flows. A problem of non-symmetric solutions for symmetric periodic flows due to the use of odd numbers of intervals is uncovered and analyzed. A frequency-searching method is proposed for problems where the frequency is not known a priori. The method is tested on the vortex shedding problem of the flow over a circular cylinder.     

Assessment of the organization of a turbulent separated and reattaching flow by measuring wall pressure fluctuations

The effect of local forcing on the organization of a turbulent separated and reattaching flow was assessed by measuring wall pressure fluctuations. Multi-arrayed microphones were installed on the surface to measure the simultaneous spatial and temporal wall pressure fluctuations. Local forcing at the separation edge was applied to the separated flow over a backward-facing step through a thin slit. The organization of the separated and reattaching flow was found to be greatest at the effective forcing frequency. The flow structure was diagnosed by analyzing several characteristics of the wall pressure fluctuations: the wall pressure fluctuation coefficients, wall pressure spectrum, wavenumber-frequency spectrum, coherence, cross-correlation, and multi-resolution autocorrelations of pressure fluctuations using the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform and continuous wavelet transform. Features indicative of the amalgamation of vortices under the local forcing were observed; this amalgamation process accounted for the observed reduction of the reattachment length. Examination of the wall pressure fluctuations revealed that introduction of local forcing enhanced flapping motion as well as the streamwise and spanwise dispersions of vortical structures.     

基于Kriging模型的频响函数有限元模型修正方法

针对使用频响函数进行有限元模型修正的问题,提出了一种基于Kriging模型的修正方法,用于检测结构由损伤引起的在单元刚度特性上的衰减。本文方法可以在不需要推导修正参数与频响函数残差代数关系的前提下,通过少量测点提供的有效数据快速求解;还可以通过控制算法的终止准则来提高对未知区域的探索程度,降低结果收敛到局部解上的可能。使用Kriging模型可以有效地减少原有限元模型的计算次数,保证计算效率的同时,为对结构进行更准确精密的有限元建模提供了便利。     

Double-grid Chebyshev spectral elements for acoustic wave modeling

Highly accurate algorithms are needed for modeling wave propagation phenomena in realistic media. The spectral element methods, either based on a Chebyshev or a Legendre polynomial basis, have shown their excellent properties of high accuracy and flexibility in describing complex models outperforming other techniques. In contrast with standard grid methods, which use dense spatial meshes, spectral element methods discretize the computational domain in a very coarse mesh. With constant-property elements, this fact may in some cases reduce seriously the computational efficiency. For instance, if the medium is finely heterogeneous, it may need to be described in a much finer way than the acoustic wave field. The double-grid approach presented in this work is a viable way for overcoming this lack of the method and for handling problems where the medium changes continuously or even sharply on the small scale. The variation in the properties is taken into account by using an independent set of shape functions defined on a temporary local grid in such a way that either the small scale fluctuations are accurately handled, without the need of a global finer grid, and the macroscopic wave field propagation is solved with no loose of computational efficiency.     

Experimental study of blade thickness effects on the overall and local performances of a Controlled Vortex Designed axial-flow fan

The purpose of this work is to study the effects of blade thickness on the performances of an axial-flow fan. Two fans that differ only in the thickness of their blades were studied. The first fan was designed to be part of the cooling system of an automotive vehicle power unit and has very thin blades. The second fan has much thicker blades compatible with the rotomoulding conception process. The overall performances of the fans were measured in a test bench designed according to the ISO-5801 standard. The curve of aerodynamics characteristics (pressure head versus flow-rate) is slightly steeper for the fan with thick blades, and the nominal point is shifted towards lower flow-rates. The efficiency of the thick blades fan is lower than the efficiency of the fan with thin blades but remains high on a wider flow-rate range. The mean velocity fields downstream of the rotors are very similar at nominal points with less centrifugation for the thick blades fan. Moreover, the thick blades fan maintains an axial exit-flow on a wider range of flow-rates. The main differences concern local properties of the flow: phase-averaged velocities and wall pressure fluctuations strongly differ at the nominal flow-rates. The total level of fluctuations is lower for the thick blades fan that for the thin blades fan and the spectral decomposition of the wall fluctuations and velocity signals reveal more harmonics for the thick blades fan, with less correlation between the different signals. For this kind of turbomachinery, the use of thick blades could lead to a good compromise between aerodynamic and acoustic performances, on a wider operating range.     

含孔复合材料层合板静拉伸损伤演化的实验和表征方法

为了深入探究复合材料层合板结构的损伤机理和损伤演化,应用声发射技术和图像相关技术同步实时监测含孔碳纤维复合材料层合板试样在静拉伸过程中的损伤演化。实验结果表明,试样表面应变场呈现局部化特征。对应变集中带在加载方向的应变值进行了统计分析,获得了应变场的特征统计量(标准差)随加载的演化模型。层合板损伤时产生声发射信号的峰值频率大小能够有效区分复合材料的损伤模式,由此,建立了基于损伤模式累积声发射数的损伤演化模型。通过对应变场演化模型和声发射损伤演化模型的分析,可以将复合材料的损伤演化分为损伤初始阶段、损伤平稳扩展期、损伤严重阶段三个部分。统计分析结果表明:在损伤严重阶段,基于声发射事件数的各种损伤的损伤变量和局部应变场标准差快速增长,因此局部应变场统计标准差可以作为后期局部损伤严重程度的识别指标。