乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系的热力学研究

利用Benson基团贡献法计算了乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应各物质的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔熵和摩尔定压热容,在298～700 K温度范围内对乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系的反应热、吉布斯自由能以及反应平衡常数进行了详尽的计算,分析了不同反应步骤的热力学平衡与限度,对不同反应发生的热力学可能性与顺序进行了判断,考察了反应温度和压力对乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应化学平衡的影响,确定了乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系适宜的工艺条件.结果表明:乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应为放热反应;从热力学上看,温度低于546 K时,乙烯齐聚生成直链α-烯烃反应为自发过程,且比α-烯烃异构化和烯烃歧化反应更容易进行;低温、高压有利于乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应的进行;乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃反应体系适宜的工艺条件为温度323～473 K,压力5～20 MPa,且在SHOP法的工艺条件下(温度363 K,压力10.3 MPa),乙烯齐聚生成直链α-烯烃反应的热力学平衡转化率接近于100%.     

乙烯线性齐聚的研究(Ⅳ)——ⅣB族化合物催化乙烯齐聚中的几个问题

直链低碳α-烯烃(指十碳以下的正构α-烯烃)是重要的基本化工原料,广泛用于合成润滑油、增塑剂、精细化工产品及共聚单体.以过渡金属络合物催化乙烯齐聚获得直链α-烯烃被认为是当前最先进的方法.镍络合物体系催化乙烯齐聚得到α-烯烃的SHOP法是Ⅷ族金属络合物催化反应的代表.它是以得到高碳α-烯烃为目的.以ⅣB族金属络合物为基础的体系主要催化烯烃高聚,催化齐聚的研究工作尚少.近年来曾有锆酸酯和烷基铝催化乙烯齐聚的报导,其C_4-C_8烯烃的收率最高可达92%.本文将报导用简单易得的锆盐和烷基铝为基础组成的体系催化乙烯齐聚的结果,及对此类催化体系的失活问题进行探讨.     

乙烯线性齐聚的研究Ⅱ、ZrCl4—Et2AlCl二组分体系的催化作用

1.引言 随着石油化工和精细化工的日益发展,工业上对直链α-烯烃的需要愈来愈迫切。乙烯齐聚反应是制备直链α-烯烃的重要方法。以过渡金属锆的化合物与烷基铝化合物组成的二元Ziegler-Natta体系催化乙烯线性齐聚,其文献和专利报导较少,且以合成高碳α-烯烃为目的。我们曾报导过ZrCl_4-Et_3A1_2Cl_3体系催化乙烯齐聚,虽能得到低碳α-烯烃,但效果较差。在使用Et_2AlCl作活化剂时结果较好。     

乙烯线性齐聚的研究 X．烷氧基锆的催化性能

乙烯线性齐聚的研究Ｘ．烷氧基锆的催化性能何仁，于净，卫锋（大连理工大学化工学院，大连１１６０１２）关键词乙烯，齐聚，直链ａ－烯烃，锆络合物，叔膦乙烯线性齐聚是合成直链低碳ａ一烯径最先进的方法．直链低碳ａ一烯烃是重要的共聚单体和合成许多精细化学品的原料...     

后过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂的研究进展

综述了近两年来后过渡金属(VIII族)催化剂在乙烯、丙烯和α-烯烃聚合,α-烯烃和极性单体共聚,α-烯烃活性聚合,以及乙烯齐聚等方面的最新进展.     

SiO2负载型铁系催化剂催化乙烯齐聚的研究

制备了硅胶负载型2,6-二亚胺基吡啶铁系齐聚催化剂。考察了不同负载温度,聚合中乙烯加压方式,催化剂的加入量以及丙烯对乙烯齐聚活性和α-烯烃分布的影响。结果表明,低温负载有利于催化剂活性提高,分段加压可以使催化剂的活性周期增加,聚合温度平稳,单位助催化剂MAO转化的乙烯量增加,而α-烯烃的选择性基本不变。Fe催化剂负载后,以单位助催化剂MAO计算的乙烯转化率提高。增加催化剂的量后,单位助催化剂MAO转化的乙烯量增加。在乙烯齐聚中加入少量丙烯催化剂的活性降低,α-烯烃分布向低碳方向移动。     

表面修饰对金属负载型MZSM-5催化剂乙烯齐聚性能的影响

在较温和的中压条件下，研究了金属负载型MZSM-5分子筛经表面修饰制备的MZSM-5L催化剂的乙烯齐聚反应，并对各催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，MZSM-5L催化剂经有机碱表面修饰后，催化剂表面酸性降低，孔分布向有利于择形生成线性分子的小孔方向移动，催化乙烯齐聚反应活性适中、稳定性较好，反应产物以C10～C16烯烃为主，α-烯烃选择性大幅提高．择形生成α-烯烃的催化活性中心的强弱是由催化剂内表面的B酸位和L酸中心所决定的．     

乙烯齐聚催化剂研究进展

综述了乙烯齐聚催化剂的研究进展.按照碳链的原子数目,简要介绍了α-烯烃的用途.按照后过渡金属催化剂和前过渡金属催化剂分类介绍了乙烯齐聚催化剂的研究情况,并重点介绍了乙烯三聚催化剂的研究进展,给出了部分聚合机理.文章最后介绍了α-烯烃除用乙烯齐聚催化剂方法外,还有石蜡热裂解、烷烃催化裂解、烷烃脱氢、烯烃二聚和歧化等方法制备.乙烯齐聚法所得产品线性化程度高,聚合度分布窄,分离费用低,产品质量好.在我国,石蜡裂解法为主要生产方法,因此在我国开展乙烯齐聚的研究,开发具有自主知识产权的齐聚催化剂,具有十分重要的意义.     

多相催化乙烯齐聚制α-烯烃的研究(Ⅰ)

以金属离子交换型中孔分子筛MZSM-5、MZSM-5P为催化剂，在中压条件下对多相催化乙烯齐聚反应进行了探索性研究．结果表明，系列催化剂对乙烯的反应活性较NaZSM-5有显著的提高，但对目标产物α-烯烃的选择性差．对MZSM-5经表面修饰后的系列催化剂MZSM-5P，反应活性降低，而目标产物α-烯烃的选择性有所提高．这说明采用适宜的有机碱对离子交换型分子筛催化剂MZSM-5进行表面修饰是提高离子交换型分子筛催化剂乙烯齐聚反应选择性的一个有效方法．     

双功能催化体系制备聚丙烯/蒙脱土复合材料

为了制备聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料,将Brookhart型的乙烯齐聚催化剂负载于有机蒙脱土片层间,进一步与丙烯聚合茂金属催化剂进行复配得到双功能催化体系。采用这种双功能催化剂体系通过催化乙烯齐聚得到α-烯烃/蒙脱土的齐聚产物,进一步将丙烯与这种齐聚产物共聚,合成了一系列结构不同的聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料。通过气相色谱、X射线衍射(XRD)分析得出蒙脱土负载的铁系催化剂催化乙烯齐聚产物是以C_4~C_(16)为主的α-烯烃,蒙脱土以片层形式分散于齐聚产物的甲苯溶液中。研究了蒙脱土负载的铁系催化剂与共聚催化剂复配催化乙烯齐聚以及丙烯与齐聚产物共聚合的情况。通过XRD、透射电镜、差示量热分析、凝胶渗透色谱分析表征可知,蒙脱土以纳米片层剥离的形式均匀分散于聚丙烯基体中,聚丙烯/复合材料的结晶温度比纯聚丙烯有所下降,所得聚丙烯基体分子量在8.1×10~4~17.1×10~4g/mo L。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.