碳纳米管／纳米二氧化钛-聚苯胺载铂复合电极微分脉冲法测定葡萄糖

研究了多壁碳纳米管/纳米二氧化钛-聚苯胺载铂(CNT/nanoTiO2-PAn-Pt)复合电极对葡萄糖的电催化氧化作用。以0.5 mol/LKOH水溶液为底液,采用微分脉冲法在-0.5-0.2V电位区间扫描,在-0.33V(vs,SCE)附近产生的氧化电流峰灵敏度高且峰型好,故以此峰为定量峰。葡萄糖浓度在1.25×10-2~1.0×10-5mol/L与峰电流呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.99881,检出限为5.0×10-6mol/L。加入0.06m mol/L的抗坏血酸或0.3m mol/L的尿酸(模拟人血成份)均不干扰葡萄糖的测定。该电极对模拟血液中葡萄糖的测定,结果令人满意。     

碳纳米管/纳米二氧化钛-聚苯胺载铂复合电极对葡萄糖的电催化氧化

采用循环伏安(CV)、微分脉冲伏安(DPV)和计时电位法研究了碳纳米管/纳米TiO2-聚苯胺膜载Pt(CNT/nanoTiO2-PAn-Pt)复合电极对葡萄糖的电催化氧化作用。结果表明,在碱性介质中CNT/nanoTiO2-PAn-Pt复合电极对葡萄糖的电氧化具有高催化活性。当葡萄糖浓度为1.25×10-2mol/L时,氧化峰电流密度达到32.8 mA/cm2,且有很高的灵敏度和稳定性;当葡萄糖浓度为1.0×10-5mol/L时,其响应电流密度为13.8mA/cm2。大电流氧化时未发生振荡现象,是葡萄糖传感器的高活性催化电极。     

葡萄糖在碳纳米管/纳米TiO2膜载Pt复合电极上的电催化氧化

用电化学循环伏安法和计时电位法研究了葡萄糖在碳纳米管／纳米TiO2膜载Pt(CNT／nano-TiO2／Pt)复合电极上的电催化氧化,结果表明,在碱性介质中CNT／nano-TiO2／Pt复合电极对葡萄糖的电氧化具有高催化活性,葡萄糖氧化峰电流密度高达13mA／cm^2,比铂电极上的增大一倍;复合电极性能稳定,抗中毒能力强,不易发生氧化振荡,是葡萄糖燃料电池和葡萄糖传感器的高活性催化电极。     

离子液体中CNT/nanoTiO_2-Pt膜电极电催化氧化葡萄糖

循环伏安法研究葡萄糖在离子液体[EMI]BF4中于碳纳米管/纳米TiO2膜载Pt(CNT/nanoTiO2-Pt)复合膜电极上的电催化氧化.结果表明,CNT/nanoTiO2-Pt电极对葡萄糖氧化具有高催化活性,氧化电位为-0.46V;在组成为离子液体与水的体积比为3∶1的电解液中,葡萄糖的氧化效果最好.电极反应过程受浓差极化控制.     

Z型g-C3N4/Pt/TiO2纳米管阵列复合电极的制备及光电氧化甲醇性能

以NH₄Cl为气体模板吹制双氰胺制备g-C₃N₄纳米片, 并将其负载于Pt/TiO₂纳米管阵列(Pt/TiO₂ NTs)上, 制备了一种新型的Z型g-C₃N₄/Pt/TiO₂NTs复合电极材料. 通过扫描电子显微镜、 X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对该材料的结构进行了表征, 采用电化学和光电化学方法研究了材料的性能. 研究结果显示, 在可见光照射下, g-C₃N₄/Pt/TiO₂ NTs复合材料具有高效的光电氧化甲醇的性能. 该复合材料的高性能主要归因于以下两点： (1) g-C₃N₄与Pt/TiO₂NTs的结合有效扩展了其在可见光范围的吸收; (2) Z型电荷转移保留了具有强氧化能力的空穴和强还原能力的电子, 从而使光生中间体作用于电催化过程增强了甲醇氧化效率.     

铂微粒修饰碳纳米管-纳米TiO2/聚苯胺复合膜电极的制备及其电化学性能

采用循环伏安法,在200 mmol.L-1苯胺与500 mmol.L-1H2SO4的混合溶液中,在-0.1 V~0.9 V扫描(50 mV.s-1),实现了苯胺在碳纳米管-纳米TiO2膜电极上的电化学聚合,得到翠绿色的聚苯胺膜(PANI),并用交流阻抗谱对PANI的电化学性质进行了表征。在PANI电极上修饰铂,制得铂微粒修饰PANI电极(PANI-Pt)。研究发现PANI-Pt对抗坏血酸的氧化有很高的催化活性。     

咖啡因的碳纳米管负载纳米铂修饰电极的伏安法测定

将碳纳米管(CNTs)分散在疏水性表面活性剂双十六烷基磷酸(DHP)中形成稳定、均相的分散液,制备了一种新型的碳纳米管负载纳米铂修饰电极(Pt/CNTs/GCE).采用差分脉冲伏安法研究了咖啡因在该电极上的电化学行为;在0.01 mol/L的H2SO4溶液中,咖啡因在Pt/CNTs/GCE修饰电极上于1.33 V处出现一灵敏的氧化峰;该修饰电极对咖啡因的氧化有良好的电催化活性,在最佳测试条件下,氧化峰电流与咖啡因的浓度在1.0×10-6 ～1.0×10-4 mol/L范围呈现良好的线性关系,检出限达2×10-7 mol/L;该修饰电极表现出良好的稳定性和重现性,5次平行测量的RSD为2.03%;计时电量法求得扩散系数为3.58×10-5 cm2/s.方法用于茶叶等样品中咖啡因含量的测定,结果令人满意.     

碳纳米管／纳米TiO2复合膜修饰电极的制备及其对马来酸的电催化还原

制备了碳纳米管/纳米TiO2复合膜修饰电极(B)和纯纳米膜修饰电极(A).用XRD,TEM和循环伏安及计时库仑比较了A和B的电化学性能差异.结果表明,大量细小的碳纳米管的存在,可起到阻碍TiO2纳米粒子的团聚作用.碳纳米管独特的原子结构,能在电化学反应中促进电子传递,大大提高了B的电化学性能;B的循环伏安图中氧化还原峰电流比A的高出两倍多,单位时间通过电极的电量大幅度增加;通过对马来酸的异相电催化还原反应进一步证明了B比A具有更高的电催化活性.     

碳纳米管负载纳米铂修饰电极及电催化氧化H2O2的研究

采用化学气相沉积法在碳纳米管(CNT)上负载Pt纳米颗粒,并制备了CNT-Pt修饰玻碳电极(CNT-Pt/GCE).研究了该修饰电极在磷酸缓冲液中对H2O2的电催化氧化作用以及实验条件的影响.计算了H2O2在CNT-Pt/GCE上的电极反应速率常数.结果表明,CNT-Pt/GCE对H2O2的电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用,电极反应速率常数比铂电极高约2.65倍.初步探讨了电催化氧化机理,为酶电化学传感器的研制提供了一条新的途径.     

纳米二氧化钛/碳纳米管复合催化剂光催化性能及碳纳米管组分的作用

运用溶胶-凝胶及低温水热法合成纳米TiO₂/碳纳米管复合催化剂, 以甲基橙为目标降解物考察复合物的光催化活性. 运用X光衍射、透射电镜、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller低温氮气吸附、差热-热重分析及紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱等表征催化剂. 结果表明, 与单纯纳米TiO₂相比, 溶胶-凝胶法制备的复合催化剂的光催化活性显著提高, 实验条件下复合的碳纳米管最适含量为3%(碳纳米管/TiO₂, 重量百分比), 复合催化剂经在缓和氧化气氛中焙烧处理可在保持碳纳米管热稳定前提下获得纳米TiO₂的充分晶化. 观察到了低温水热合成的复合催化剂的甲基橙降解活性的进一步提升, 复合催化剂中纳米TiO₂在碳纳米管表面分散均匀, TiO₂和碳纳米管组分间的紧密和充分键合及低温水热条件下催化剂的大比表面积、超细粒径以及碳纳米管的热稳定等有利于复合催化剂的光催化活性. 进一步地, 探讨了复合催化剂中适量碳纳米管组分的光活性促活机制.     

Determination of thallium in soils by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry by means of a mercury film electrode

Trace amounts of thallium can be determined in soils by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a mercury film electrode. The mercury film is plated ex situ on a glassy carbon surface. By using a supporting electrolyte of ascorbic acid and EDTA at pH 4.5 and the optimum electrolysis potential, interferences from lead and other metal ions can be eliminated. The method does not require any separation of thallium from the matrix. The results are in satisfactory agreement with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.     

Comparison of linear scan and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at a thin mercury film glassy carbon electrode

The use of the differential pulse mode in anodic stripping voltammetry with an electrode consisting of a thin mercury film deposited in situ on a glassy carbon support leads to detection limits which are 3–5 times lower than if a simple linear scan is used at the same electrode. If the glassy carbon electrode has a high base current, the improvement in detection limit with differential pulse will be even greater. Differential pulse peak currents, however, are more susceptible to interference by surface-active substances, and undetected adsorption/desorption effects can cause serious errors. Precautions which are necessary to maintain a glassy carbon electrode in good condition are described.     

电活化玻碳电极差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定磺胺嘧啶

采用线性循环溶出伏安法和差分脉冲溶出伏安法对磺胺嘧啶在电活化玻碳电极上的电化学行为进行了研究。玻碳电极在PBS溶液中(pH 7.0),用恒电位法在1.7 V阳极氧化400 s,在B-R缓冲溶液中,磺胺嘧啶在1.02V(vs.Ag/AgCl)处有一良好的氧化峰,在0.02～0.25 V/s范围内,其氧化峰电流与扫描速率呈良好线性关系,表明电极过程为受吸附控制的不可逆过程。差分脉冲溶出伏安法的氧化峰电流(Ipa)与磺胺嘧啶浓度1×10-6～1×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9977),检出限为8.7×10-7mol/L(S/N=3)。方法已用于分析磺胺嘧啶片剂的分析。     

Subtractive differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at a stationary mercury-coated glassy carbon electrode

The application of subtractive mode differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (SDPASV) at a stationary mercury-coated glassy carbon electrode for the analysis of labile Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) is described. It is shown that the method has an improved sensitivity to Cu(II) owing to elimination of high background currents normally encountered in normal mode DPASV at the TFME. The sensitivity limits of the present method to Cd(II) and Cu(II) is estimated to be 0.025 and 0.067 ppb respectively, when a 2 min deposition time is used. It is suggested that the high sensitivity of the method coupled to the relative simplicity of the stationary electrodes could make the method useful in environmental and natural water studies.     

Determination of gallium traces by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

Summary The determination of gallium traces is carried out on the hanging drop mercury electrode in solutions of low ionic strength and in absence of complexing agents. At pH=3.2, where stable solutions are obtained, concentrations of 0.2 g Ga l^–1 are determinated with a standard deviation of 0.96% and a detection limit of 4 ng Ga l^–1.The effect of various instrumental parameters is investigated and optimized conditions established. The theory of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry is verified with the results obtained experimentally. The use of salicylate as base electrolyte is also considered.

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Bestimmung von Galliumspuren durch Differentialpuls-Anodic Stripping-Voltammetrie

     

Indirect determination of lutetium by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode

Lutetium has been determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in an acidic solution containing Zn-EDTA. Lutetium (III) ions liberated zinc (II), which was preconcentrated on a hanging mercury drop electrode and stripped anodically, resulting in peak current linearly dependent on lutetium (III) concentration. Less than 0.4 ng mL⁻¹ lutetium could be detected after a 2 min deposition.      

The renovated silver ring electrode in determination of lead traces by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

The study of a new type of working electrode - the renovated silver ring electrode (RSRE) - for lead ions detection via differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP ASV) without removal of oxygen is reported. The only four constituents of the RSRE: a specially constructed silver ring electrode, a silver sheet used as silver counter/quasi-reference electrode and a silicon O-ring, are fastened together in a polypropylene body. The renovation of this electrode is carried out through mechanical removal of solid contaminants and electrochemical activation in the electrolyte which fills the RSRE body. Excellent repeatability and reproducibility - also in organic samples solutions - were reached in a period of a few weeks through the renovation of the electrode surface before each measurement. The reduction and stripping of lead on silver electrode under the DP ASV conditions are underpotential deposition/dissolution phenomena. The RSRE is used for the determination of Pb ions in concentrations ranging from 1 × 10⁻⁹ to 1 × 10⁻⁷ M. The repeatability of DP ASV runs in synthetic solutions covering the entire concentration range is better than 2%. Obtained calibration curves are represented by a correlation coefficient of at least 0.999. The detection limit (LOD) for the time of electrodeposition equal to 60 s is 0.2 × 10⁻⁹ M. LOD for Pb²⁺ detection at the RSRE is similar to this reported for a rotating silver electrode in subtractive anodic stripping voltammetry (E. Kirowa-Eisner, et al., Anal. Chim. Acta, 385 (1999) 325). The analysis of Pb²⁺ in synthetic solutions with and without surfactants, certified reference materials and natural water samples have been performed.     

Nafion/2,2'-bipyridyl-modified bismuth film electrode for anodic stripping voltammetry

This paper describes the fabrication, characterisation and the application of a Nafion/2,2′-bipyridyl/bismuth composite film-coated glassy carbon electrode (NC(Bpy)BiFE) for the anodic stripping voltammetric determination of trace metal ions (Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺). The NC(Bpy)BiFE electrode is prepared by first applying a 2.5 mm³ drop of a coating solution containing 0.5 wt% Nafion and 0.1% (w/v) 2,2′-bipyridil (Bpy) onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, while the Bi film was plated in situ simultaneously with the target metal ions at −1.4 V. The main advantage of the polymer coated bismuth film electrode is that the sensitivity of the stripping responses is increased considerably due to the incorporation of the neutral chelating agent of 2,2′-bipyridyl (Bpy) in the Nafion film, while the Nafion coating improved the mechanical stability of the bismuth film and its resistance to the interference of surfactants. The key experimental parameters relevant to both the electrode fabrication and the voltammetric measurement were optimized on the basis of the stripping signals. With a 2 min deposition time in the presence of oxygen, linear calibration curves were obtained in a wide concentration range (about 2-0.001 μM) with detection limits of 8.6 nM (0.56 μg dm⁻³) for Zn²⁺, 1.1 nM (0.12 μg dm⁻³) for Cd²⁺ and 0.37 nM (0.077 μg dm⁻³) for Pb²⁺. For nine successive preconcentration/determination/electrode renewal experiments the standard deviations were between 3 and 5% at 1.2 μM for zinc and 0.3-0.3 μM concentration level for lead and cadmium, respectively, and the method exhibited excellent selectivity in the presence of the excess of several potential interfering metal ions. The analytical utility of the stripping voltammetric method elaborated was tested in the assay of heavy metals in some real samples and the method was validated by ICP-MS technique.