Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings

Lead dioxide coatings on inert substrates such as titanium and carbon now offer new opportunities for a material known for 150 years. It is now recognised that electrodeposition allows the preparation of stable coatings with different phase structures and a wide range of surface morphologies. In addition, substantial modification to the physical properties and catalytic activities of the coatings are possible through doping and the fabrication of nanostructured deposits or composites. In addition to applications as a cheap anode material in electrochemical technology, lead dioxide coatings provide unique possibilities for probing the dependence of catalytic activity on layer composition and structure (critical review, 256 references).     

Nafion effect on the lead dioxide electrodeposition kinetics

Electrodeposition of lead dioxide in the presence of Nafion in solution is described by a four-stage kinetic scheme. The limiting stage at low polarizations is that of the second-electron transfer, and at high polarizations, the stage of delivery of lead compounds to the electrode surface. Nafion adsorption at the oxide profoundly affects the process kinetics.     

Microgravimetric study of electrodeposition and dissolution of lead dioxide on gold and platinum substrates

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Thick lead dioxide layers were electrodeposited on gold and platinum substrates from aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 dissolved in nitric acid and perchloric...     

Preparation and electrocatalytic property of lead dioxide prepared by pulse electrodeposition with different pulse current density

Lead dioxide electrodes were prepared by pulse electrodeposition in the lead nitrate solution with different pulse current density. The effects of pulse current density on the morphology and structure of lead dioxide electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The SEM and XRD results show that the increase of pulse current density can make the morphology more fine, and the crystal size of lead dioxide decreases with the increase of pulse current density. The anodic polarization curves demonstrate that the oxygen evolution overpotentials of lead dioxide electrodes also enhance with the increase of pulse current density. The stability of lead dioxide electrodes enhances with the increase of pulse current density until 15 mA cm^–2, then the stability decreases. The electrocatalytic property of lead dioxide electrodes was examined for the electrochemical oxidation of rhodamine B (RhB). The results show that the RhB removal efficiency on the lead dioxide electrodes increases with the increase of pulse current density, which can be attributed to the increase of oxygen evolution overpotential.     

The electrodeposition and properties of Zn-Ni + Ni composite coatings

The Zn-Ni+Ni coatings were deposited under galvanostatic conditions at the current density range from 20 to 60 mA cm^?2. The influence of deposition current density on surface morphology, chemical and phase composition and corrosion resistance of obtained coatings, was investigated. Structural investigations were conducted by X-ray diffraction method. Surface morphology and surface chemical composition of the obtained coatings were determined by a scanning electron microscope. Studies of electrochemical corrosion resistance were carried out in the 5% NaCl solution, using potentiodynamic and Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) methods. A possibility of incorporation of nickel powder from a suspension bath to the Zn-Ni matrix, during galvanostatic deposition was demonstrated. The results of chemical composition analysis show that the Zn-Ni + Ni coatings contain approximately 15?C18% at Ni. It was found that surface morphology, surface chemical and phase composition of Zn-Ni + Ni coatings depend in small degree on deposition current density. However, the current density influences distribution of nickel powder on the surface of these coatings. The optimal values of current density on account of corrosion resistance, are found to be j = 40?C50 mA cm^?2.     

The electrodeposition of composite coatings: Diversity,applications and challenges

A wide range of coatings can be produced by incorporating particles into an electrodeposit. The matrix may be a metal, conductive polymer or conductive ceramic, whereas the particle can be metallic, polymeric, ceramic or combinations of spheroidal, irregular or layered inclusions. Nanostructured, gradient, multilayer and sandwich layer deposit further widen possibilities. Electrochemical approaches to the deposition of composite coatings offer the benefits of good control over deposition rate (hence thickness), coating composition and deposit properties. Both faradaic electrodeposition and electrophoresis are usually involved. This review focuses on nanosized inclusions in a metal matrix over the last two decades. Interactions between bath composition, particle dispersion, operational variables and resultant deposit properties are poorly documented in the literature. Our understanding of the mechanism of composite deposition remains patchy, despite progress and computer models are scarce. Electrode geometry, electrolyte hydrodynamics and current distribution remain poorly treated. Markets in electronics, surface engineering, aerospace, corrosion protection and electrochemical energy conversion have been stimulated by newer uses for self-cleaning, superhydrophobic and biocompatible surfaces. Challenges to be met by further research and development are prioritised.     

Manganese dioxide electrodeposition kinetics in fluoride electrolytes

Cyclic voltammetry has been applied to study the deposition of manganese dioxide from fluoride-bearing electrolytes, which are compared with sulfate ones. A rotating disk electrode has been used to establish differences in the diffusional and migrational components of the limiting current, which are related to the nature of the ligand. The rate in a fluoride electrolyte is greater than that in a sulfate one not only at the stage of the oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III) but also that of the oxidation of Mn(III) to Mn(IV). This is indicated by the larger currents in the fluoride electrolytes by comparison with sulfate ones under otherwise equal conditions, which is due to the larger contribution from the migrational component to the mass transfer. V. I. Vernadskii Institute for General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 32/34 Prospekt Academika Palladina, Kiev-142 252680, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 300–305, September–October, 1999.     

Electrodeposition of fluorine-doped lead dioxide

The electrocatalytic properties of PbO₂ may be increased by incorporation of some ions such as F⁻. In this review, the preparation of fluorine-doped PbO₂ in the presence of some additives of fluorine-containing compounds (F⁻, potassium salt of nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonic acid C₄F₉O₃SK and Nafion^®) is reported. The mechanism of electrodeposition is discussed. The amount of additives in the deposit depends on the experimental conditions: potential, current density and charge of additive species in the plating solution. The physicochemical properties of doped oxide are very different from those of undoped oxide, accounting for the different electrocatalytic activity of the materials.     

Oxidation of perfluoronaphthols by lead tetraacetate and lead dioxide

Depending on the reaction conditions, oxidation of perfluoronaphthols by Pb(OAc)₄ proceeds by two routes. Under mild conditions (20°C) oxidation leads to the products of dimerisation of perfluoronaphthoxy radicals. At a higher temperature (80°C) the reaction leads to acetoxydienones. The mechanistic aspects of oxidation of perfluoronaphthols by Pb(OAc)₄ are discussed.     

Preparation of anatase phase titanium dioxide film by non-aqueous electrodeposition

The electrodeposition–annealing route to fabricating thin film of the promising photocatalyst material anatase-titanium dioxide (anatase-TiO₂) has been studied. The sample was deposited with a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing titanium compound by controlled-potential technique. SEM image showed the annealed sample at 600 °C for 1 h under air provided a continuous film with a thickness of ca. 350 nm. In this sample, X-ray photoelectron spectrum corresponding to the Ti 2p peak assigned to a chemical bond of TiO₂ and X-ray diffraction peaks assigned to the anatase phase were observed, respectively. Electrochemical oxidation in sodium sulfate solution on this annealed film was enhanced in the presence of UV light radiation. These results confirm the successful synthesis of photocatalytic anatase-TiO₂ film by the electrodeposition and annealing process.     

Pulse electrodeposition and characterization of non-continuous,multi-element-doped hydroxyapatite bioceramic coatings

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Multi-element-modified bioactive hydroxyapatite (mHAp) coatings were developed onto commercial titanium alloy material (Ti6Al4V) in clusters. The coatings...     

循环伏安法研究金属铅在硫酸溶液中形成PbO~2的过程

测取了硫酸浓度为0.5～5.1mol.dm^-^3、扫描速度为1～70mV/s的铅的循环伏安曲线.得到两个PbO~2形成峰I和II,相应地假设为PbO和PbSO~4的氧化.在较低的扫描速度下以及稀硫酸溶液中,峰值电位ψpI与扫描速度S几乎无关,峰值电流ipI近似地与(S)^1/2呈直线关系,并与PbSO~4在硫酸溶液中的溶解度相应,所以过程可能受Pb^2+离子在表面膜孔隙内的扩散所控制.在较高的扫描速度下,δψpi/δlogS=50mV,属于不可逆过程,对于峰II PbSO~4的氧化过程也进行了初步讨论.     

Direct electrodeposition of highly dense Bi/Sb superlattice nanowire arrays

Ordered arrays of Bi/Sb superlattice nanowires with diameters of about 50 nm have been produced by pulsed electrodeposition technique into the pores of anodic alumina membrane (AAM). The structure of Bi/Sb superlattice nanowire can be modulated by controlling the electrodeposition conditions.     

Electrocatalytic effect of metal ions on lead and lead dioxide electrode reactions

The electrochemical reactions which take place on lead and lead dioxide electrodes of a lead-acid battery are highly influenced by the presence in the electrolytic solution of ions Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Co(II). Current density-potential curves were obtained in this work by using a Pb/Ca alloy. It was observed that Co(II) and Ni(II) ions catalyzed both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. On the other hand, Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions decreased the hydrogen evolution rate.

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, - , Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) Co(II). - , Pb/Ca. , Co(II) Ni(II) , . , Cd(II) Zn(II) .

     

Thermodynamics of adsorption of cerium on lead dioxide

Adsorption of cerium on lead dioxide from aqueous solutions has been studied as a function of shaking time, amount of adsorbent, pH, concentration of the adsorbate and temperature. The adsorption process is endothermic and the distribution coefficient (K_D) increases with increasing temperature. The data fit very well the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Raduskevich Isotherms and their corresponding constants were calculated. H^o and S^o were calculated from the slope and intercept of plots of lnK_D vs. 1/T. G^o values decreases with increasing temperature, showing that the adsorption of Ce(III) is more favorable at high temperature. The endothermacity of the adsorption process is discussed.     

Characteristics of electrodeposition of composite coatings based on nanosized molybdenum disulfide and copper

Voltammetry was used to study the charge state of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles in single-layer aqueous dispersions obtained by hydration of LiMoS₂. MoS₂ nanoparticles were shown to have a negative charge. Nanodispersed MoS₂ can be used to deposit Cu-MoS₂ coatings. The influence of some deposition parameters (electrolyte composition, current mode) on the coating composition was determined.     

Template-assisted electrodeposition of highly ordered macroporous zinc structures from an ionic liquid

The present paper shows the template-assisted electrodeposition of highly ordered macroporous zinc films in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([Py_1,4]TfO). Polystyrene (PS) spheres were employed as templates, and zinc films were electrodeposited within the interstitial voids of the template. The results show that well-ordered two- or three-dimensional macroporous zinc films can easily be made. The obtained macroporous films showed diffractive light when illuminated with white light. The contact angle measurements revealed that the wettability of the employed ionic liquid on PS templates is much better than the one of aqueous solutions, leading to better infiltration into the interstitial voids of the PS spheres. Macroporous zinc is potentially interesting as host material for lithium ion batteries.     

Anodic electrodeposition of highly oriented zirconium phosphate and polyaniline-intercalated zirconium phosphate films

Films of highly oriented alpha-zirconium phosphate and polyaniline-intercalated zirconium phosphate with controllable thickness in the micrometer range were grown anodically on Pt electrodes. To optimize the electrodeposition conditions, the exfoliation of alpha-zirconium phosphate by tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts was investigated in several nonaqueous solvents. Acetonitrile was found to be the best solvent for making crack-free, oriented films because of its high vapor pressure, low viscosity, and relatively high permittivity. With TBA salts of neutral or weakly acidic anions (TBACl, TBABr, TBAI, TBA(HSO4), or TBA(H2PO4)), full exfoliation did not occur and alpha-zirconium phosphate and/or polyaniline were deposited as rough films. With basic anions (TBAF or TBAOH), dense, adherent films were obtained. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films showed that they were highly oriented along the stacking axis. The thickness could be controlled, up to about 40 microm, by limiting the time of the electrodeposition reaction. At monomer concentrations below 1.0 x 10(-2) mol/dm3, the emeraldine form of the intercalated polymer was obtained. Electrodeposition thus provides a thick film alternative to layer-by-layer assembly for intercalation compounds of alpha-zirconium phosphate with a conducting polymer.     

Comparison of the reactivities of main boron-containing additives used in electrodeposition of nickel-boron coatings

Reactivities of the main boron-containing additives used in electrodeposition of nickel-boron coatings were compared by measuring the rate of boron incorporation into a nickel coating and the effective activation energy.