Experimental investigation of high-mach-number 3D hydrodynamic jets at the national ignition facility

The first hydrodynamic experiments were performed on the National Ignition Facility. A supersonic jet was formed via the interaction of a laser driven shock ( approximately 40 Mbar) with 2D and 3D density perturbations. The temporal evolution of the jet's spatial scales and ejected mass were measured with point-projection x-ray radiography. Measurements of the large-scale features and mass are in good agreement with 2D and 3D numerical simulations. These experiments provide quantitative data on the evolution of 3D supersonic jets and provide insight into their 3D behavior.     

Experimental investigation of dipolar interaction in suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles

The structure and the magnetisation behaviour of two different systems of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), namely Resovist^® with a wide core size distribution (diameter, σ=0.3) and SHP-20 with a rather narrow distribution (σ=0.1), were investigated by magnetorelaxometry (MRX) and magnetisation measurements in a wide concentration range. MRX on fluid and solid suspensions yielded the distribution of hydrodynamic diameters and effective magnetic anisotropy energies (E_A), where towards higher iron concentrations the spatial particle correlation, i.e. aggregation, and also the width of the E_A distribution were increased significantly. It was further found that these effects quantitatively depend on the suspension medium, where an increased salt concentration enhanced the aggregate size distribution and E_A dispersion. At mentioned higher MNP concentrations, the quasistatic magnetisation, normalised with respect to the iron content, decreased by up to 40%. In the case of SHP-20, where single core MNPs dominate, the maximum of this drop down of the magnetisation occurred at a field strength that corresponds to the strength of mean squared dipolar interaction.     

Experimental investigation on reversal of secondary Bjerknes force between two bubbles in ultrasonic standing wave

The direction of the secondary Bjerknes force between a free bubble and an attached bubble was experimentally investigated. The behavior of the two bubbles in an ultrasonic standing wave of 27 kHz was observed using an imaging system with a high-speed video camera. It was demonstrated experimentally that the direction of the force reversed at a specific separation distance between the two bubbles, which was defined as the threshold distance. The threshold distance changed with the radius of the attached bubble. In addition, a theoretical calculation was performed using a previously derived model that coupled the vibrations of two free bubbles [Ida, Phys. Lett. A 297, 210-217 (2002)]. The experiment data for the threshold distance qualitatively agreed with the theoretical predictions, except when the separation distance was very small. Then, it was discovered that the free bubble became trapped near the attached bubble when the separation distance between the two bubbles was very small. This indicated that a stable equilibrium point for the separation distance exists that cannot be predicted by the theoretical model.     

Experimental investigation of the characteristic features of bremsstrahlung from high-energy electrons in thin amorphous targets

Radiation from 0–900 MeV electrons in thin amorphous films is investigated experimentally in the photon energy range 20–700 keV. The Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal suppression of the soft part of the bremsstrahlung spectrum and the Ter-Mikaélyan density effect are detected. Coherent bremsstrahlung on macroscopic inhomogeneities in the target material is observed. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 65, No. 5, 369–373 (10 March 1997)     

Observation of stable,high-mach-number electrostatic shocks in a collisionless plasma

Observation of stable, large amplitude ion acoustic shocks with a high Mach number M> 1.6 in a collisionless plasma is described. Discussions about the nature and behavior of the waves are also given.     

Experimental investigation of the three-dimensional interaction of a strong shock with a spherical density inhomogeneity

Laser-driven experiments are described which probe the interaction of a very strong shock with a spherical density inhomogeneity. The interaction is viewed from two orthogonal directions enabling visualization of both the initial distortion of the sphere into a double vortex ring structure as well as the onset of an azimuthal instability that ultimately results in the three-dimensional breakup of the ring. The experimental results are compared with 3D numerical simulations and are shown to be in remarkable agreement with the incompressible theory of Widnall et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 66, 35 (1974)].     

Experimental investigation of the generation of large-amplitude internal solitary wave and its interaction with a submerged slender body

A principle of generating the nonlinear large-amplitude internal wave in a stratified fluid tank with large cross-section is proposed according to the‘jalousie’control mode.A new wave-maker based on the principle was manufactured and the experiments on the generation and evolution of internal solitary wave were conducted.Both the validity of the new device and applicability range of the KdV-type internal soliton theory were tested.Furthermore,a measurement technique of hydrodynamic load of internal waves was developed.By means of accurately measuring slight variations of internal wave forces exerted on a slender body in the tank,their interaction characteristics were determined.It is shown that through establishing the similarity between the model scale in the stratified fluid tank and the full scale in the numerical simulation the obtained measurement results of internal wave forces are confirmed to be correct.     

Correlation of primary and secondary relaxations in a supercooled liquid

The widespread assumption that primary and secondary relaxations in glass-forming materials are independent processes is scrutinized using spin-lattice relaxation weighted stimulated-echo spectroscopy. This nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is simultaneously sensitive to the dynamics on well-separated time scales. For the deeply supercooled liquid sorbitol, which exhibits a strong secondary relaxation, the primary relaxation (that is observable using NMR) can be modified by suppressing the contributions of those subensembles which are characterized by relatively slow secondary relaxations. This is clear evidence for a correlation between primary and secondary relaxation times. In the disordered crystal orthocarborane high-frequency processes are absent and consequently no such modifications could be achieved.     

Experimental investigation of microdischarges in adielectric-barrier discharge

We studied the dielectric barrier discharge in helium and air at atmospheric pressure. Time resolved charge-coupled device camera images along with current waveforms show that a dielectric-barrier discharge can be operated in the diffused mode in a gas like helium. However, in air, the discharge consists of numerous microdischarges     

Experimental investigation of Marangoni convection in nanofluids

Onset of regular convection in nanoparticle doped isotropic and anisotropic fluids with one free surface under absorption of light with Gaussian distribution of intensity due to temperature dependence of surface tension coefficient is experimentally studied. It is shown that nanoparticles essentially increase the thermal conductivity of the mixture, which leads to decrease of the velocity of convective motion. Dependence of velocity of hydrodynamic motions on intensity of laser beam and concentration of nanoparticles is also studied.     

Mode interaction and dynamics features of class d lasers

We study a simple model of the class D laser with allowance for the spectral and spatial inhomogeneity of an active medium, whose polarization relaxation rate is much smaller than the field relaxation rate in a resonator. We consider the cases of one-, two-, and four-mode lasing for which the stationary, pulsed, self-modulation, and quasi-chaotic of laser dynamics are numerically studied. The laser parameters are chosen to correspond to the experiments on the Bose–Einstein condensation of dipolar excitons in semiconductor traps with quantum wells, which open up a possibility for creating class D lasers for the first time.     

Molecular symmetry and exciton interaction in photosynthetic primary events

In this paper, the molecular details of the recently proposed energy upconversion theory of photosynthesis are reviewed. The primary light reactions are explained in terms of aC ₂ symmetrical structure of the reaction center involving a (Chl?H₂O)₂ adduct. It is shown that exciton interaction within the (Chl?H₂O)₂ complex leads to an antisymmetric triplet state which may act as an energy trap. The presence of the energy trap in the reaction center suggests that the trigger step for the photoionization of active chlorophylls may involve the summation of two red excitation photons. Under normal conditions, the steadystate one-photon-per-electron quantum requirement is obtained. The functional properties of the various molecular constituents of the Chl-a molecule, such as the Ring V β-ketoester group, the phytyl tail, the central Mg atom, and the π-system of the macrocycle are explained within the present theoretical framework. A detailed analysis is given of the postulates and the consequences of the proposed model. The ramifications of the theory are probed, and their biological consequences are suggested for future study.     

Experimental investigation of holes interaction effect on the sound absorption coefficient of micro-perforated panels under high and medium sound levels

This paper experimentally investigates the holes interaction effect on the sound absorption coefficient of micro-perforated panels under high and medium sound levels. The theoretical formulations are based on a semi-empirical approach and the use of Fok’s function to model the acoustic surface impedance. For the high sound level regime, an empirical power law involving three coefficients is adapted. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that these coefficients can lead to optimized absorption performance and particularly, a formula relating the critical Reynolds number (Reynolds number value after which the absorption coefficient decreases with the increase of sound level) and the center-to-center distance between the perforations is derived. It is demonstrated that the first coefficient of the nonlinear acoustic resistance strongly depends on the separation distance between the apertures and decreases with a decrease of this latter distance. Analysis of the data reveals the fact that even with Holes Interaction Effect (HIE), the nonlinear reactance dependence on velocity is still very low compared to the resistance-velocity dependence. Four perforated panels of 1.5 mm thickness with different separation distances between the holes (from widely to closely separation) were built and tested. Experimental results performed with an impedance tube are compared with the described model for HIE. To test the dependence of the coefficients on frequency, the experiments are carried out for two different excitation frequencies (292 Hz and 506 Hz). The results can be used for designing optimal perforated panels for ducts, silencers and for the automotive industry.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of oxygen diffusion in stabilised zirconia

Oxygen diffusion in stabilised zirconias is investigated by the simultaneous application of computer modelling and experimental techniques to yttria-stabilised zirconia. Using the Mott-Littleton method, migration pathways for oxygen ions have been calculated in perfect cubic zirconia. The oxygen migration occurs through a straight pathway, but not starting from the ideal lattice positions. The calculated activation energy of migration is about 0.2 v eV. Oxygen transport is investigated experimentally in YSZ containing 8-24 v mol% Y 2 O 3 as a function of stabiliser content by combining the stable isotope ( 18 O 2 ) method with ionic conductivity measurements. It was found that for a given temperature, diffusion and conductivity are highest for YSZ containing 8-10 v mol% yttria, but with differing activation energies which can be compared to the calculated values.     

基于孔口出流模型的实验研究及理论分析

基于孔口出流模型对底部有小孔的圆柱体容器中液体液面高度随时间的变化规律进行了实验研究,并通过计入液体表面张力引起的孔口收缩和流体黏滞力导致的能量损失对实验结果进行了理论分析,与实验结果一致.