特殊盐效应对水解反应催化常数测定的影响

以苯甲醛缩二叔丁醇(BDTB)、原苯甲酸三乙酯(TEDB)和N-(p-甲氧基亚苄基)吡咯烷鎓离子(MOBP)为底物, 研究了在各种条件下, 用不同盐维持离子强度对水解反应的酸碱催化常数测定的影响。结果表明: 当离子强度低, 溶剂为水或以水为主要组份的混合溶剂时, 判断特殊和普通酸碱催化及测定普通催化常数的标准方法可不受特殊盐效应的干扰。     

分子内反应与分子内催化 Ⅲ.溶剂效应对 2-(2′-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2′-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯碱性水解的影响

测定了2-(2′-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2′-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在DMSO-水、1,4-二氧六环-水混合溶剂体系中的碱性水解动力学.随着DMSO-H_2O混合溶剂中DMSO含量增加,两种酯水解表观速率常数分别呈现出不规则的钟形变化.实验结果与我们所提出的酯水解历程中既包括分子间氢氧根离子特殊碱催化又包括分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化两种催化方式相符合.     

分子内反应与分子内催化III. 溶剂效应对2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙 酸乙酯及3- (2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯碱性水解的影响

测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在DMSO-水、1,4-二氧六环-水混合溶剂体系中的碱性水解动力学。随着DMSO-H~2O混合溶剂中DMSO含量增加,两种酯水解表观速率常数分别呈现出不规则的钟形变化。实验结果与我们所提出的酯水解历程中既包括分子间氢氧根离子特殊碱催化又包括分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化两种催化方式相符合。     

分子内反应与分子内催化III. 溶剂效应对2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙 酸乙酯及3- (2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯碱性水解的影响

测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在DMSO-水、1,4-二氧六环-水混合溶剂体系中的碱性水解动力学。随着DMSO-H~2O混合溶剂中DMSO含量增加,两种酯水解表观速率常数分别呈现出不规则的钟形变化。实验结果与我们所提出的酯水解历程中既包括分子间氢氧根离子特殊碱催化又包括分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化两种催化方式相符合。     

固-水界面的酸碱催化反应中水分子和溶剂化离子的角色（英文）

固体和水所形成的界面在各类化学和生物体系中非常常见,围绕相关物化现象的研究也一直是界面科学的前沿热点.然而,多相催化研究中对固-液界面发生的催化转化过程背后的微观机制的认识依旧十分有限,再加上水的诸多特殊理化性质,理解固-水界面的多相催化反应极具挑战性.本综述针对三类代表性的酸碱催化反应(醇类脱水、羟醛缩合和糖类异构),总结了一系列水(包括水分子本身、溶于其中的离子和由水衍生而来的其他物种)在这些体系中对表界面催化行为、反应机理和构效关系的常见影响方式,并批判性地归纳了业已提出的分子层面的观点和解释.当水的化学势较高(液态水或者水分压较大)时,其通常会抑制固体酸碱表面的催化反应,原因可以归结为:水分子在表面活性位上的竞争吸附、对活性位酸碱强度的削弱和对中间物种的溶剂化稳定作用(从而提高活化自由能能垒).水的存在也可造成活性位性质发生变化(例如活性较低的Lewis酸向活性更高的Br?nsted酸转化),或直接/间接开辟新的反应路径,从而提高催化反应速率.此外,最新研究还揭示了活性位和表面反应物种(包括过渡态)溶剂化过程中许多重要的微观现象,包括:水在限域孔道内形成团簇结构和横跨活性位的溶...     

介质对配合物稳定性的影响I.Cu(SCN)^+-NaNO3-C2H5OH-H2O体系

本文用分光光度法测定了25℃时配阳离子Cu(SCN)^+在乙醇-水介质中的稳定常数.乙醇在混合溶剂中的重量百分数为0,5,10,15,20和25.用NaNO3调节溶液离子强度I=0.2--2.0mol.dm^-^3.实验的pH=1.5--1.6.本文提出了基于Pitzer方程式的曲线拟合法,确定混合溶剂中配合物的热力学稳定常数.讨论了该常数和一级介质效应与溶液组成和介电常数的关系.     

功能化离子液体催化碳-杂键形成反应

离子液体独特的溶剂性能使它在合成和催化领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,离子液体的经济问题和可能的环境友好性问题使得人们逐渐把目光投向了离子液体自身的催化性能。人们通过对离子液体结构的修饰设计出了各种具有特定催化性能的功能化离子液体。近年来功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面有了相当多的应用。本文以形成的碳-杂原子键类型为主线,综述了功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面的最新研究进展,涉及到了酸性离子液体、碱性离子液体、金属有机功能化离子液体、酸碱双功能离子液体、手性离子液体等多种类型的功能化离子液体。     

分子内反应与分子内催化I:分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯水解机理的探讨

本工作测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在不同pH值下的表观水解速率常数在碱性较强的溶液中, 酯的水解反应主要是由氢氧根离子进行分子间特殊碱催化来完成;而在接近中性pH值范围的溶液中, 苯并咪唑基以一般碱催化方式参与了分子内催化酯的水解反应。实验结果与所提出的理论模型较好地吻合。     

离子强度对P(HEMA-co-MMA)水凝胶溶胀性能及水的状态的影响

对甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯(HEMA)与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)共聚水凝胶扩散行为、聚合物-溶剂相互作用及水的状态进行了研究。考察了不同NaCl离子强度下水凝胶平衡含水率、扩散系数及聚合物-溶剂相互作用参数的变化关系。研究结果表明,随着NaCl离子强度增大,平衡含水率降低,扩散系数下降,聚合物-溶剂相互作用参数升高。通过DSC测定了水凝胶中冻结水和非冻结水的组成。     

分子内反应与分子内催化I:分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯水解机理的探讨

本工作测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在不同pH值下的表观水解速率常数在碱性较强的溶液中, 酯的水解反应主要是由氢氧根离子进行分子间特殊碱催化来完成;而在接近中性pH值范围的溶液中, 苯并咪唑基以一般碱催化方式参与了分子内催化酯的水解反应。实验结果与所提出的理论模型较好地吻合。     

Observation of a combined dilution and salting effect in buffers under conditions of high dilution and high ionic strength

The pH value of buffer solutions is crucially dependent on the relative concentrations of all species in solution. The addition of water or neutral salt can have a significant effect on the pH of a buffer solution. This study examines the magnitude of the "dilution effect" and the "salt effect" for several commonly used inorganic and biological buffers. Novel data are obtained for the change in pH observed upon dilution or addition of neutral salt to these buffers which add to, complement and extend existing literature values. The validity of considering the dilution and salt effects as a combined ionic strength effect is also considered as well as the ability of the pH measuring device to perform valid measurements in these extreme conditions.     

Similarity of salt influences on the pH of buffers, polyelectrolytes, and proteins

Changes in pH induced by the addition of electrolytes to buffers, polyelectrolytes (a polycarboxy polymethylene and a polyethyleneimine), and proteins (casein, whey, and lysozyme) solutions are explored systematically. The two buffer systems are triethanolamine/triethanolammonium chloride and citric acid/sodium citrate. These are chosen because of the similarity of their acid-base equilibria with those of amino acids predominant in most proteins, that is, amino acids that include carboxylate or ammonium groups in their structures. The pH of triethanolamine and of citrate buffers respectively increases and decreases when salt is added. At low electrolyte concentrations (<0.15 mol/kg), the phenomenon is well accounted for by standard electrostatic theories. pH values at higher salt concentrations are not reliable when measured with a commercial glass electrode without cross-checking by a standard hydrogen electrode. The changes of the pH values of polyelectrolyte and protein solutions with added salts turn out to be remarkably similar to the salt induced pH changes in the buffer solutions. It is even possible to qualitatively predict these changes in protein solutions simply from the primary protein structure. At least in the systems considered here, the specific ion effects on pH seem to correlate with the bulk activity coefficients of the added electrolytes, at least at moderate salt concentrations.     

Low-conductivity buffers for high-sensitivity NMR measurements

The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes, especially the recently introduced cryogenic probes, can be substantially reduced by the electrical noise generated by conductive samples. In particular, samples of biological macromolecules, which usually contain salts to keep the pH constant and to prevent aggregation, can experience a significant reduction in sensitivity. So far this dependence has forced researchers to minimize the salt concentrations in their samples. Here we demonstrate that the decisive factor is not the salt concentration itself but the conductivity which is a function of both the concentration and the mobility of the ions in solution. We show that by choosing buffers with low ionic mobility, the sample conductivity can be dramatically reduced and the sensitivity substantially enhanced compared to the same measurement with an equal concentration of a standard NMR buffer such as phosphate. We further show that the highest sensitivity gain of one buffer over another buffer is equal to the square root of the ratio of their ion mobilities and describe a simple method to evaluate the effect of a certain buffer on the sensitivity.     

EFFECTS OF IONIC STRENGTH and pH ON THE BINDING OF SANGUINARINE TO DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Abstract— The interaction of sanguinarine with DN A has been studied in buffers of various ionic strengths and pH values where the physicochemical properties of DNA remain unchanged. Spectrophotometric analysis using absorption and fluorescence techniques indicates that the complex formed between sanguinarine and DNA is a function of ionic strength and pH. Increasing the salt concentration minimizes the importance of intercalator charge and extrapolation to 1 M [Na+] salt reveals the intercalative abilities, as reflected in binding constants, to be of the same order of magnitude as that of ethidium bromide. The fluorescence of sanguinarine bound to DNA is quenched and can be decreased by [Na +], [Mg²+] and [Ca²+] ions. The influence of pH on the fluorescence spectrum of sanguinarine with increasing concentration of DNA was studied. It is concluded that the binding of sanguinarine to DNA contains a large favourable non-electrostatic interaction and the alkaloid binds more DNA in buffer of low ionic-strength and acidic pH.     

Electrophoretic transfer of proteins across polyacrylamide membranes

The electrophoretic transfer of purified proteins has been examined in a Gradiflow "Babyflow BF100" unit. A number of factors affect protein separation within this preparative electrophoresis system. We established that the rate of protein transfer was proportional to the applied voltage. The transfer is slowest at the isoelectric point (pI) and increased the further away the pH was from the pI of the protein. Protein transfer was found to be independent of the ionic strength of the buffer, for buffers that excluded the addition of strong acids or strong bases or sodium chloride. Transfer decreased as the pore size of the membrane decreased. Finally, transfer was inhibited at high salt concentrations in the protein solution, but remained unaffected when urea and non-ionic detergents were added to the solution. To increase the speed of protein separations, buffers with low conductivity should be used. A pH for the optimal separation should be selected on the basis of the relative pI and size of the target proteins and that of the major contaminants.     

Removal of sample background buffering ions and myoglobin enrichment via a pH junction created by discontinuous buffers in capillary electrophoresis

Traditional CE sample stacking is ineffective for samples containing a high concentration of salt and/or buffer. We recently reported the use of a discontinuous buffer system for protein enrichment that was applicable to samples containing millimolar concentrations of salt. In this paper, the technique was investigated for samples containing unwanted buffering ions, including TRIS, MES, and phosphate, which are commonly used in biological sample preparation. Using myoglobin as a model protein, the results demonstrated that background buffering ions can be effectively removed or separated from the enriched protein. The key is to use either the acid or the base of the discontinuous buffers to adjust the pH of the sample, such that the net charge of the unwanted buffering ions is near-zero. The successful isolation and enrichment of myoglobin from up to 100 mM TRIS and 50 mM MES was demonstrated. The enrichment factors remained at approximately 200. Removal of phosphate was more challenging because its net charge was anionic in both the acid and the base of the discontinuous buffers. The enrichment was only achievable up to 30 mM of sodium phosphate, the enrichment factors observed were significantly lower, below 50, and the process was delayed due to the higher ionic strength resulted from phosphate. The migration of phosphate during enrichment was studied using a UV-absorbing analogue, phenyl phosphate. In addition, Simul 5.0 was used to simulate the discontinuous buffers in the absence and presence of TRIS and phosphate. The stimulated TRIS and phosphate concentration profiles were generally in agreement with the experimental results. The simulation also provided a better understanding on the effect of phosphate on the formation of the pH junction.     

Hofmeister effects in enzymatic activity: weak and strong electrolyte influences on the activity of Candida rugosa lipase

The effects of weak and strong electrolytes on the enzymatic activity of Candida rugosa lipase are explored. Weak electrolytes, used as buffers, set the pH, while strong electrolytes regulate the ionic strength. The interplay between pH and ionic strength has been assumed to be the determinant of enzymatic activity. In experiments that probe activities by varying these parameters, there has been little attention focused on the role of specific electrolyte effects. Here we show that both buffers and the choice of background electrolyte ion strongly affect the enzymatic activity of Candida rugosa lipase. The effects here shown are dramatic at high salt concentration; indeed, a 2 M concentration of NaSCN is able to fully inactivate the lipase. By contrast, Na2SO4 acts generally as an activator, whereas NaCl shows a quasi-neutral behavior. Such specific ion effects are well-known and are classified among the "Hofmeister effects". However, there has been little awareness of them, or of their potential for optimization of activities in the enzyme community. Rather than the effects per se, the focus here is on their origin. New insights into mechanism are proposed.     

DNA binding during expanded bed adsorption and factors affecting adsorbent aggregation

DNA-induced aggregation and contraction of expanded bed adsorption chromatography beds have been examined using strong anion exchanger Q HyperZ and calf thymus DNA in buffers containing added NaCl. Two batches of adsorbent with different ionic capacities were used allowing the effects of different ligand densities to be examined. Very high dynamic binding capacities at 10% breakthrough were found in the absence of added salt. However, the highest binding capacities ( approximately 10 and approximately 19mgDNAml(-1) gel) were found in buffers containing added salt at concentrations of either 0.25 or 0.35M, for the low and high ligand density adsorbents, respectively. Bed contraction was observed, but did not correlate with dynamic binding capacity or with the amount of DNA loaded. No differences in bed contraction were seen by varying the concentration of DNA loaded in the range of 20-80mugml(-1) even though the dynamic binding capacity was reduced as DNA concentration was increased. The extent of bed contraction during DNA loading was found to be a function of added salt concentration and ligand density of the adsorbent. The results imply that ligand density significantly affects the salt tolerance of anion exchangers when binding DNA. However, more importantly, with the adsorbents examined here, attempts to reduce bed aggregation by feedstock conditioning with added salt may increase DNA binding leading to a reduction in expanded bed adsorption performance compromising protein capture in real feedstocks.     

粘度法研究壳聚糖对外加盐的敏感性

聚电解质的特性粘度对外加盐的响应是反映聚电解质对外加盐敏感性的一个重要特征，通过分别测定壳聚糖在不同小分子强电解质（ＮａＣｌ、ＫＣｌ、ＣａＣｌ２、ＢａＣｌ２）和相同小分子强电解质（ＮａＣｌ）但不同离子强度的稀溶液粘度，得到：（１）壳聚糖特性粘度与外加盐的离子强度的平方根的倒数成正比；（２）不同小分子强电解质中阳离子对壳聚糖特性粘度的影响次序是Ｎａ＋＞Ｋ＋＞Ｂａ２＋＞Ｃａ２＋．同时，测算了壳聚糖在不同外加盐浓度中的Ｍａｒｋ Ｈｏｕｗｉｎｋ方程参数α，发现其值皆大于０５，得到了壳聚糖分子链的僵硬性参数Ｂ的值为００７４，揭示了壳聚糖具有较大的分子链刚性和抗盐性能．