高分子复合物固定化纤维素酶的研究

<正> 固定化酶是将水溶性的酶用物理或化学方法处理,使之变成不溶于水的仍具有酶活性的酶衍生物。在催化反应中,它以固相状态作用于底物。固定化酶不但仍然具有酶的高度专一性及温和条件下高效率催化的特点,还可反复使用。这样,酶经固定后,稳定性有较大增加,可贮藏较长时间。 用高分子复合物固定生物酶是固定化酶的一个新的尝试。两种不同的高分子链通过氢键力、库伦力、范德华力、疏水键力等所谓次价键而聚集成高分子复合物。高分子复合物具有一些特殊功能,如优良的质量传递性能、对水、电解质的灵敏介电特性,对氧和水     

木质纤维素酶解糖化*

纤维素水解转化为可发酵糖工艺是纤维素乙醇炼制过程中至关重要的环节。酶法水解工艺具有条件温和、副产物少、环境友好等特点,因而受到广泛重视。目前许多学者已针对如何提高木质纤维素酶解效率、降低纤维素酶成本等问题,开展了多种化学、生物技术及工艺耦合的研究。本文综述了近几年木质纤维素酶解领域取得的最新工艺进展和理论研究成果,对原料预处理、多酶复配优化、酶脱附与重复利用、工艺耦合、高固液比反应等方面的研究情况进行了总结,同时展望了木质纤维素酶解工艺的未来发展方向。     

离子液体预处理的纤维素酶解糖化

利用离子液体氯化1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑([C4mim]Cl)对纤维素进行预处理.结果表明,纤维素经离子液体预处理后聚合度下降,糖化速度随预处理温度增加呈现先增大后下降的趋势,在90℃出现最大值11 77 g/(L·h). 延长预处理时间和采用乙醇作为沉淀剂,可促进酶解糖化,糖化速度比未处理的纤维素提高70%. 根据扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察,纤维素出现了明显的解聚.     

添加剂对煤燃烧性能影响的研究

用国内目前市售的四种燃煤添加剂及自制的一种添加剂进行了添加剂对石墨、煤、矸石燃烧性能影响的研究。结果表明：所有的添加剂对石墨和煤都有明显的催化燃烧的作用，其中Ｍ１、ＪＰＳＹ、ＳＤＧＤ添加剂对石墨的催化燃烧效果较好，Ｍ１、ＸＡＺＹ对煤的助燃作用最好；对矸石则不同，只有ＢＪＪＦ和Ｍ１有助燃作用。石墨燃烧的动力学结果表明，加入Ｍ１添加剂后，石墨的燃烧活化能有明显下降，从１９１ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ降为３１．８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

一类新型的呈树状支化的合成高分子

树状支化高分子是一类近几年中新出现的高分子化合物.本文介绍了这类树状分子的发展与现状以及它们在结构、性能方面的特点;对这一领域内几位主要研究者,包括Dow化学公司Tomalia博士、South Florida大学Newkome教授、Cornell大学Frechet教授的工作做了简要的评述,同时对这类化合物在合成与应用方面的前景做了一些初步的讨论.     

稀土添加剂对镀铬质量的影响

针对普通电镀镀层光亮性和结合强度差, 分散性和沉积速度低的实际, 应用远近阴极的研究方法, 系统地研究了稀土添加剂在常温和中温镀铬时对镀层光亮性、镀液分散性、离子的沉积速度和电流效率的影响, 实验结果表明稀土添加剂在中温镀铬时, 对镀层的光亮性、镀液的分散性、离子沉积速度和电流效率均有增强作用, 常温时对电流效率和离子沉积速度有较大的增强作用. 对电镀铬综合性能提高较大的稀土为Pr6O11, CeO2.     

稀土添加剂对高分子铑配合物催化甲醇羰基基化反应的促进作用

稀土添加剂对高分子铑配合物催化甲醇羰基基化反应的促进作用彭文庆，袁国卿（中国科学院化学研究所北京１０００８０）关键词甲醇，添加剂，羰基化稀土金属化合物作为催化剂的研究，由于其在某些反应中具有比过渡金属更优良的性能，引起了人们的普遍重视。对于甲醇羰基化...     

机械力诱导发光高分子材料

发展具有机械力诱导发光性质的高分子是目前高分子力化学领域的一个新兴前沿课题.这类响应性高分子材料由于能够将机械能转换成灵敏的光信号,是连接微观分子水平研究与宏观材料性能表征的桥梁,因而有望作为高灵敏(在空间和时间2个维度上)应力探针在高分子材料损伤探测与失效机理研究方面发挥重要作用.本文详细介绍了机械力诱导发光高分子的设计与合成策略,以及研究者对发光机理的探索、发光效率的优化、发光过程的应用,揭示这类高分子的发光特点及其作为应力探针的优势,归纳总结已取得的初步进展,并对这类新型响应性高分子材料的发展进行简单的评述和展望.     

大环高分子——高分子化学研究的新领域

介绍了高分子化学领域中的一种最新结构的聚合物——大环高分子的发展历史、研究现状及其研究的方法和合成技术;预测了大环高分子研究的发展趋势。     

端基对超支化高分子性质影响的研究

对端羟基脂肪族超支化高分子的端基进行了乙酰化和硅烷化改性，研究了不同端基对超支化高分子的玻璃化温度，折光指数增量以及特性粘度的影响。结果表明，端基的极性减小使超支化高分子的玻璃化温度降低，不同端基的超支化高分子的折光指数增量也有很大差异，而强极性的端基使超支化高分子在溶液中易产生团聚作用。由于端基在超支化高分子中所占比重较大，端基是影响超支化高分子性质的重要因素。     

Research on the Conditions of Enzymatic Saccharification for Sugarcane Bagasse

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Saccharification and alcohol fermentation in starch solution of steam-exploded potato

Steam explosion pretreatment of potato for the efficient production of alcohol was experimentally studied. The amount of water-soluble starch increased with the increase of steam pressure, but the amounts of methanol-soluble material and Klason lignin remained insignificant, regardless of steam pressure. The potatoes exploded at high pressure were hydrolyzed into a low molecular liquid starch, and then easily converted into ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using mixed microorganisms: an amylolytic microorganism,Aspergillus awamori, and a fermentation microorganism,Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The maximal ethanol concentration was 4.2 g/L in a batch culture at 15 g/L starch concentration, and 3.6 g/L in a continuous culture fed the same starch concentration. In the fed-batch culture, the maximal ethanol concentration increased more than twofold, compared to the batch culture.     

提高纤维素酶水解效率和降低水解成本

在我国可大量转化乙醇的是纤维质材料.纤维质材料转化乙醇的关键问题是纤维质转化为糖的过程,提高纤维素酶转化效率的方法有:(1)对纤维质材料进行预处理;(2)研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件;(3)纤维素酶的重复利用;(4)合理的发酵工艺等.本文分析了纤维素的结构以及纤维素酶的作用方式,总结了目前研究较多的几种纤维质材料预处理方法,及其对纤维素酶水解率的影响,并对研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件、纤维素酶的重复利用以及合理的发酵工艺进行了综述和分析.     

提高纤维素酶水解效率和降低水解成本

在我国可大量转化乙醇的是纤维质材料。纤维质材料转化乙醇的关键问题是纤维质转化为糖的过程,提高纤维素酶转化效率的方法有:(1)对纤维质材料进行预处理;(2)研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件;(3)纤维素酶的重复利用;(4)合理的发酵工艺等。本文分析了纤维素的结构以及纤维素酶的作用方式,总结了目前研究较多的几种纤维质材料预处理方法,及其对纤维素酶水解率的影响,并对研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件、纤维素酶的重复利用以及合理的发酵工艺进行了综述和分析。     

Optimization of Saccharification and Fermentation Process in Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Fronds

Oil Palm Frond (OPF) is one of lignocellulosic biomass, which can be utilized as raw material for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is produced as alternative energy to substitute gasoline. There are four steps in bioethanol production from OPF, i.e pretreatement, saccharification, fermentation and purification process. In this study, optimization of saccharification and fermentation process for OPF was investigated. Two methods and the variations of enzyme concentration were carried out in the saccharification and fermentation process. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation process (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF) were conducted to produce ethanol optimally. Variations of enzyme concentration used in this process were 10, 20, 30 and 40 FPU/g substrate. The result shows that the highest ethanol concentration can be obtained in SSF process with 30 FPU/g substrate of enzyme concentration. The process produced 59.20 g/L ethanol (95.95% yield ethanol) at 96 h of SSF process.     

Die multikomponenten Formen von Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) ausAspergillus oryzae

The enzyme cellulase fromAspergillus oryzae was resolved into four multiple forms, using anion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The stages of fractionation were followed by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. These enzyme forms are characterized by different enzyme activities and isoelectric points.

Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.Hans Tuppy zum 65. Geburtstag herzlichst gewidmet.     

A Study of the Hydrolysis of Waste Paper Cellulose with a Vertically Hanging Immobilized Cellulase Reactor and the Reuse of the Immobilized Cellulase

A commercialized cellulase from Trichoderma reesei has been successfully immobilized by using calcium alginate gel in our laboratory. The waste paper cellulose was hydrolyzed with a special design of the reactor to form a vertically hanging immobilized cellulase under the optimum conditions of pH 4.0 and 45 °C. Glucose, cellobiose and xylose are the major hydrolysis products. The glucose production from the hydrolysis with the vertically hanging immobilized cellulase was about 1.73‐fold better than the freely suspended immobilized cellulase. The average diameter of the immobilized cellulase pellets was 4.190 ± 0.291 mm. UV light irradiation deactivates the activity of the immobilized cellulase. The advantage of the vertically hanging immobilized cellulase reactor is an easy recycle and reuse of the immobilized cellulase. Washing and soaking the recycled immobilized cellulase with distilled water for one day can restore its activity to a small extent. Overall, the application of the hanging immobilized cellulase reactor for waste paper cellulose hydrolysis is successful.     

Effect of draining of macromolecules on the results of size-exclusion chromatography measurements

Summary Using chromatographic analysis and viscometric investigations of polyamic acids, it has been shown that the linear relationship of the logarithm of intrinsic viscosity and the logarithm of molecular weight of flexible-chain macromolecules exhibits a break on passing from the oligomeric to the polymeric range. Simultaneously, the Huggins constant also changes. These changes result from a decrease in the draining of macromolecules with increasing number of statistical segments. In particular, draining affects the hydrodynamic dimensions determining the SEC-behavior of macromolecules. Semi-empirical expressions have been obtained for the Flory constant Φ and the constants in the Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equation as functions of the draining of macromolecules, the number of their statistical segments and the parameter of volume interaction characterizing the thermodynamic strength of solvent. For this purpose the solution of an integral equation for eigen-functions in the Zimm theory found by Tschoegl was applied.     

Cellulase retention and sugar removal by membrane ultrafiltration during lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis

Technologies suitable for the separation and reuse of cellulase enzymes during the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated corn stover are investigated to examine the economic and technical viability of processes that promote cellulase reuse while removing inhibitory reaction products such as glucose and cellobiose. The simplest and most suitable separation is a filter with relatively large pores on the order of 20–25 mm that retains residual corn stover solids while passing reaction products such as glucose and cellobiose to form a sugar stream for a variety of end uses. Such a simple separation is effective because cellulase remains bound to the residual solids. Ultrafiltration using 50-kDa polyethersulfone membranes to recover cellulase enzymes in solution was shown not to enhance further the saccharification rate or overall conversion. Instead, it appears that the necessary cellulase enzymes, including β-glucosidase, are tightly bound to the substrate; when fresh corn stover is contacted with highly washed residual solids, without the addition of fresh enzymes, glucose is generated at a high rate. When filtration was applied multiple times, the concentration of inhibitory reaction products such as glucose and cellobiose was reduced from 70 to 10 g/L. However, an enhanced saccharification performance was not observed, most likely because the concentration of the inhibitory products remained too high. Further reduction in the product concentration was not investigated, because it would make the reaction unnecessarily complex and result in a product stream that is much too dilute to be useful. Finally, an economic analysis shows that reuse of cellulase can reduce glucose production costs, especially when the enzyme price is high. The most economic performance is shown to occur when the cellulase enzyme is reused and a small amount of fresh enzyme is added after each separation step to replace lost or deactivated enzyme.     

基于聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3纳米颗粒的纤维素酶固定化

以聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3磁性纳米颗粒为纤维素酶固定化载体, 通过反复冻融的方法成功地实现了纤维素酶固定化. 采用透射电镜、红外光谱仪、振动样品磁强度计对固定化酶复合体进行了表征, 结果显示, 固定化酶复合体为大小约1 μm的微凝胶团, 内含10 nm左右的Fe2O3纳米颗粒. 研究影响固定化因素后发现, 当pH为6, 固定化时间为11 h, 纤维素酶/PVA质量比为4, PVA/Fe质量比为50时, 固定化纤维素酶效果最好. 通过该方法固定后酶活回收率达42%, 酶水解效率显著提高, 经过5次反应后的固定化酶相对酶活力保留50%以上. 因此, 基于聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3纳米颗粒的纤维素酶固定有利于酶的循环使用并显著提高酶的使用效率, 是一种有效固定化纤维素酶的新方法.