交通科学的理论与实践研讨会会议简介

交通科学的理论与实践研讨会于2004年12月18至19日在上海大学召开．这次研讨会由上海大学上海市应用数学和力学研究所主办,上大鼎正软件有限公司赞助．来自国内外20多个高校80余位专家、学者和研究生参加了本次研讨会,其中6位学者分别来自美国、日本和香港地区．     

《力学与实践》对我的影响

1981年底复旦大学数学系80年级(编号8018)的164位同学被划分为4个专业:纯数学、应用数学、计算数学和力学,从第4学期开始分科学习。因自己分入力学专业,而此前在图书馆阅览室读过《力学与实践》,觉得所刊文章还能看懂,就在学校收发室订阅了刊物。其时刊物16开正文64页,一年4期1.60元,相当于3天的伙食费。作为参考,1982年朱照宣老师的《理论力学》两册67万字,价3.20元。那时同学们都会订阅一些自己喜爱的刊物杂志,当然大家还会交换阅读。     

普及是科学的目的和归宿——纪念《力学与实践》创刊30年

1953年在南京市第八中学上高中时,我读了一本关于航空的科普译著小册子,所说飞机为什么能飞的道理,激发了我对流体力学的兴趣.为学习流体力学, 1954年我考入了北京大学数学力学系.所以,我是在科学普及著作的影响下,进入力学学习和工作的.     

On the Prigogine theory of traffic flow: Driver's program independent of concentration

Summary The Prigogine kinetic equation for traffic flow is considered. It is shown that the relaxation term, whose actual form was introduced by Prigogine for reasons of mathematical simplicity, can be derived from two «structural» assumptions. This procedure shows that the relaxation term is effectively able to account for the time spent in a queue by the vehicles. Since the factorization of the desired velocity distribution is uncompatible with the assumption that the program of each driver is independent of the local concentration, a modification of the Prigogine theory was recently introduced by Paveri Fontana replacing the relaxation term by a new term. We prove that the Paveri term implies a vanishing queueing time. We show also that the assumption of an invariant driver's program can be taken into account without introducing the factorization of the desired velocity distribution with no modification of the basic assumptions of the Prigogine model.

---

Sommario Si considera l'equazione cinetica del traffico di Prigogine. Si dimostra che il termine di rilassamento, la cui forma fu introdotta da Prigogine per ragioni di semplicità matematica, si può ricavare da due ipotesi «strutturali». Si dimostra cosi che il termine di rilassamento tiene conto del tempo trascorso in coda dal veicolo. Poichè la fattorizzazione della distribuzione della velocità desiderata è incompatibile con l'ipotesi che il programma di ciascun guidatore sia indipendente dalla concentrazione locale, Paveri Fontana introdusse una modificazione della teoria di Prigogine sostituendo il termine di rilassamento con un nuovo termine. Si dimostra che il termine di Paveri implica un tempo di residenza in coda nullo. Si dimostra anche che l'ipotesi di programma invariante si può tenere in conto senza introdurre la fattorizzazione della distribuzione della velocità desiderata e senza modificare le ipotesi fondamentali del modello di Prigogine.

---

---

This work was supported by the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, under a research contract of the Mathematical Committee.     

First order models and closure of the mass conservation equation in the mathematical theory of vehicular traffic flow

This article deals with a review and critical analysis of first order hydrodynamic models of vehicular traffic flow obtained by the closure of the mass conservation equation. The closure is obtained by phenomenological models suitable to relate the local mean velocity to local density profiles. Various models are described and critically analyzed in the deterministic and stochastic case. The analysis is developed in view of applications of the models to traffic flow simulations for networks of roads. Some research perspectives are derived from the above analysis and proposed in the last part of the paper. To cite this article: N. Bellomo, V. Coscia, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Nonlinear models of vehicular traffic flow – new frameworks of the mathematical kinetic theory

This paper deals with the design of mathematical frameworks for the modeling of traffic flow phenomena by suitable developments of classical models of the kinetic theory. Various types of evolution equations are deduced, and different mathematical structures are proposed toward conceivable applications. To cite this article: M. Delitala, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

A unified theory of turbulent flow

Summary A general theory of turbulent flow is applied to incompressible flow in a circular pipe. The theoretical mean velocity distribution is found to be in good agreement with experiment, but there is some discrepancy in the normal stress distribution. The available pressure drop data are used to estimate the value of the apparent wall velocity as a function of Reynolds number and roughness. It is found that the results can be represented by simple expressions which in turn imply simple expressions for the pressure drop as a function of Reynolds number and roughness. However, it has not been possible to derive these results from fundamental considerations. The basis of Reynolds analogy and the application of the theory to channel flow are also discussed.     

A unified theory of turbulent flow

Summary A critical analysis is made of the assumptions underlying Reynolds' equations for turbulent flow. It is shown that there are regions in a flow field where these assumptions break down, and it is therefore necessary to separate the flow into a turbulent core and a laminar sublayer. The importance of the boundary conditions to be imposed on the mean velocities and Reynolds stresses at the junction is emphasized as this is the way in which the effect of surface roughness enters the theory. A set of equations for calculating turbulent flows is proposed. The distinctive feature is that the turbulent stresses are represented as the difference between viscous terms with a large eddy viscosity and terms satisfying auxiliary differential equations proposed by Broszko. These terms may be associated with the free and wall turbulence respectively. The theory enables the idea of a large eddy viscosity to be applied even where the velocity gradient is large. The results obtained for specific configurations, which will be reported in detail in future papers, are previewed.     

A unified theory of turbulent flow

Summary A general theory of turbulent flow is applied to incompressible plane Couette flow. It is found that a unique formulation is not obtained because of a singularity in the equations and problems relating to the boundary conditions. Solutions are obtained for several different assumptions. The characteristic feature is a square root velocity profile for high Reynolds numbers. The logarithmic law is obtained as a divergent approximation. There are discrepancies in the available experimental data; one set agreeing with the square root form, and a second set with the logarithmic form.     

A mesoscopic approach on stability and phase transition between different traffic flow states

It is understood that congestion in traffic can be interpreted in terms of the instability of the equation of dynamic motion. The evolution of a traffic system from an unstable or metastable state to a globally stable state bears a strong resemblance to the phase transition in thermodynamics. In this work, we explore the underlying physics of the traffic system, by examining closely the physical properties and mathematical constraints of the phase transitions therein. By using a mesoscopic approach, one entitles the catastrophe model the same physical content as in the Landau's theory, and uncovers its close connections to the instability of the equation of motion and to the transition between different traffic states. In addition to the one-dimensional configuration space, we generalize our discussions to the higher-dimensional case, where the observed temporal oscillation in traffic flow data is attributed to the curl of a vector field. We exhibit that our model can reproduce the main features of the observed fundamental diagram including the inverse-λ shape and the wide scattering of congested traffic data. When properly parameterized, the main feature of the data can be reproduced reasonably well either in terms of the oscillating congested traffic or in terms of the synchronized flow.