电梯轿厢-导靴-导轨耦合振动建模与仿真分析

导靴是连接轿厢和导轨的纽带,本文从轿厢导靴导轮-导轨及挡板-导轨的接触出发,推导了接触刚度系数用于计算接触力．建立了一种较为实用的电梯轿厢、导靴和导轨耦合振动的动力学模型,计算了系统在导轨支架多点激励作用下的水平振动响应．结果表明,该模型可以较好的模拟导轮-导轨及挡板-导轨的接触分离现象;电梯运行时,导轨刚度变化产生的参数激励明显放大导靴与导轨的接触力及脱离量,运行速度的影响非常显著．     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

高速列车转向架舱风洞试验研究

针对高速列车转向架舱的几何外形特点,提取5个设计变量,设计了6种方案,对1∶8比例3编组带路基、轨道及转向架舱的高速列车模型进行了0°及-19.8°侧偏角风洞试验研究,分析了转向架舱不同设计变量对应的高速列车气动阻力特性,得到了各设计参数的减阻效果。研究表明:转向架舱内顶面采用曲面过渡,前后壁面采用倾斜壁,裙板采用全包裙板,减小内壁纵向长度等措施,可以减小列车的气动阻力。通过不同设计变量对列车气动阻力的影响度分析,表明0°及-19.8°侧偏角2种情况下内顶面倒角及内壁纵向长度均对列车气动阻力有重要影响,上述研究结果对列车局部减阻及外形优化具有参考意义。     

CFD在飞翼标模支撑干扰影响研究中的应用

支撑干扰修正一直是风洞试验的一个重点和难点,特别是对于尾部扁平的飞翼布局飞行器,阻力和俯仰力矩是一个小量,进行风洞试验时,尾部需要局部放大,对阻力和俯仰力矩的影响相对较大,这就使得风洞试验时对支撑影响修正方法提出了更高的要求。本文采用CFD数值模拟手段针对小展弦比飞翼标模开展了网格收敛性和支撑干扰影响研究,分析了尾支撑对飞翼气动特性、压力分布和流场结构的影响,为进一步开展风洞试验的支撑干扰修正提供了依据。在典型工况下,支撑干扰会导致升力系数减小,阻力系数减小,抬头力矩增大;试验模型后体放大和支撑存在会导致飞翼标模上表面压力增大,激波强度变弱,尾部分离区域减小。     

雷诺数对运输类飞机气动特性影响的试验研究

开展了某背景飞机的高低速变雷诺数风洞试验,并对试验结果进行了分析;结合国外的一些变雷诺数风洞试验结论,给出了大展弦比运输类飞机雷诺数对升力、阻力以及俯仰力矩特性的影响规律。试验研究表明:升力特性方面,在中小迎角下,随着雷诺数增大,迎角相同时升力增加,大迎角时最大升力系数增大,失速迎角增大;阻力特性方面,随着雷诺数的增大阻力减小,并且最小阻力系数随着雷诺数对数的增加基本呈线性减小;俯仰力矩特性方面,随着雷诺数增大机翼后部载荷增大,低头力矩增大,稳定性增强。除此之外,文中还从雷诺数对气动特性影响机理角度出发,分析了这些规律形成的原因。     

高速电梯机械系统KED分析与动态性能优化

建立了高速电梯机械系统的运动微分方程，对运动微分方程提出了基于ＫＥＤ分析的求解方法。为了改善高速电梯动态性能，在电梯机械系统ＫＥＤ分析的基础上，提出了一种以降低轿厢最大振动加速度幅值为目标的动态性能优化方法。用本文方法对ＴＫＪＴ１００／１．６－ＪＸＰＣ型电梯进行了ＫＥＤ分析与动态性能优化，得到了令人满意的结果。     

旋风分离器减阻杆结构及减阻前后流场的测定与分析

报告了在旋风分离器内安装不同断面形状及尺寸的细杆（简称减阻杆）后对流动阻力降低及安装减阻杆前后旋风分离器内流场变化的测定结果，得出了减阻幅度与减阻杆插入长度和迎风面积及背风面曲率半径成正比、减阻杆使切向速度及轴向速度梯度减小、径向上静压梯度减小和轴向上逆压梯度减小等结论．本文同时对减阻杆的减阻机理及减阻时保证分离效率或提高分离效率的原因进行了分析．     

高速列车头型长细比对气动噪声的影响

高速列车的头尾车外形对气动噪声具有重要的影响.工程实践中随着车速的增加,车辆头部越来越细长,日本高速磁悬浮列车实践中甚至出现了具有极端长细比的头部形状.本文以讨论头型长细比对列车气动噪声的影响规律为出发点,应用非线性声学求解器(NLAS)和FW-H声学比拟法的混合算法,在3种运行速度下对基于CRH380A高速列车头型概化的4种不同头型长细比的模型车的气动噪声进行了数值模拟.给出了不同头型长细比列车的流场特征、气动阻力和气动噪声.结果表明,列车的气动总阻力随头型长细比的增大而减小,且头型长细比对列车总气动阻力的影响随运行速度的增加而增强.而头型长细比对气动噪声的影响呈现出较为复杂的影响,并不存在单调的影响关系;综合考虑气动阻力和气动噪声,长细比最大的头型综合性能较优,但差异并不显著,因此在不考虑微气压波等因素的条件下,简单增加车头长细比并不一定能带来明显的气动噪声性能提升.     

基于LES方法两种接缝足球升阻力计算及飘球的力学分析

建立两种接缝形式足球的几何模型,通过LES方法计算足球模型的升阻力及相应流场情况．计算结果与相关文献对比,分析了计算误差的来源,并提出可行的处理方案．计算得到模型表面的接缝使得边界层分离点前移,分离区增大,从而阻力增大．计算结果同时表明,两种接缝对阻力的影响是相当的,对升力影响却不可忽视．计算得到升力的变化情况,并从涡脱落角度分析其特征．在此基础上,对“超自然现象”的飘球的力学机理进行了探讨．     

零质量射流技术控制垂直轴风力机流动分离的数值研究

设计了一种斜出口零质量射流激励器并将其应用于垂直轴风力机。对施加零质量射流激励器的直线翼垂直轴风力机进行了数值研究。为适应垂直轴风力机运行工况,提出了一种冲程长度随方位角变化的激励器控制策略,验证其减小激励能耗及改善流场结构的特点;分析了射流孔数量及冲程长度对控制叶片流动分离及提升风力机气动性能的影响规律,并在最佳控制参数下对风力机流场结构进行了分析。结果表明:当激励器布置于叶片后部,最大射流吹气系数为0.0506时,采用该种激励器控制策略下的双射流孔风力机,风能利用系数相比未施加流动控制、定常吹气、定冲程长度最大分别提升21.31%、3.98%、0.06%,且射流孔数越多,提升效果越差。该种流动控制技术可抑制大涡的形成及发展,改善叶片周围流场结构。     

汽车外流场数值仿真中的湍流模型分析与应用

采用较为合理的计算流体力学分析技术对汽车高速行驶时其外部气动特 性进行研究. 以带有轮胎、侧后视镜以及天线等突出部件的某轿车外流场模型为研究对象, 在稳态下采用RNS法中Realizable $k$-$\varepsilon$两方程湍流模型结合增强壁 面函数法对不同车速工况下整车外流场进行数值仿真计算. 研究表明：沿车辆X纵 向上所形成压力差是产生气动阻力的主要原因; 随车速的提高, 气动阻力 的增长速度快于气动升力的增长.     

临近空间高超声速气动布局研究

临近空间飞行器存在多种不同的布局形式,而针对不同气动布局概念之间的系统研究则相对缺乏．采用数值模拟方法,对临近空间飞行器三类典型气动布局概念--扁平升力体、翼身融合体和翼身组合体开展系统的计算与分析,通过对比不同布局的升阻特性、静稳定特性、舵效特性等,获得不同布局概念气动性能优劣的初步评估．结果表明：扁平升力体的升力和阻力比较大,升阻比最低,容积率则最大,侧向稳定性最好;翼身组合体的升力和阻力比较小,升阻比最高,容积率比较低,侧向静稳定性较差;翼身融合体布局的特性介于翼身组合体和扁平升力体布局之间．     

Research on optimal design method for drag reduction of vacuum pipeline vehicle body

The vacuum pipeline vehicle system is a novel conceptual system aimed to provide a high-speed public transportation service in the future, featured with a reduced-pressure tube in which pressurised capsules ride on a cushion of air that is driven by a combination of linear induction motors and air compressor. The capsule body has a great influence on the aerodynamic performance of vehicles. This work involves numerical simulations based on finite volume method to study the optimisation method for the parameter design of the vehicle body. The results show that the aerodynamic resistance of the optimised vehicle is further reduced, the drag reduction rate reaches 5.52%, and the speed of the Kantrowitz limit phenomenon is delayed from 760 to 860?km/h. The drag reduction effect is obvious.     

A new bionic MAV＇s flapping motion based on fruit fly hovering at low Reynolds number

On the basis of the studies on the high unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms of the fruit fly hovering the aerodynamic advantages and disadvantages of the fruit fly flapping motion were analyzed. A new bionic flapping motion was proposed to weaken the disadvantages and maintain the advantages, it may be used in the designing and manufacturing of the micro air vehicles (MAV’s). The translation of the new bionic flapping motion is the same as that of fruit fly flapping motion. However, the rotation of the new bionic flapping motion is different. It is not a pitching-up rotation as the fruit fly flapping motion, but a pitching-down rotation at the beginning and the end of a stroke. The numerical method of 3rd-order Roe scheme developed by Rogers was used to study these questions. The correctness of the numerical method and the computational program was justified by comparing the present CFD results of the fruit fly flapping motion in three modes, i.e., the advanced mode, the symmetrical mode and the delayed mode, with Dickinson’s experimental results. They agreed with each other very well. Subsequently, the aerodynamic characteristics of the new bionic flapping motion in three modes were also numerically simulated, and were compared with those of the fruit fly flapping. The conclusions could be drawn that the high unsteady lift mechanism of the fruit fly hovering is also effectively utilized by this new bionic flapping. Compared with the fruit fly flapping, the unsteady drag of the new flapping decreases very much and the ratio of lift to drag increases greatly. And the great discrepancies among the mean lifts of three flapping modes of the fruit fly hovering are effectively smoothed in the new flapping. On the other hand, this new bionic flapping motion should be realized more easily. Finally, it must be pointed out that the above conclusions were just drawn for the hovering flapping motion. And the aerodynamic characteristics of the new bionic flapping motion in forward flight are going to be studied in the next step. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10232010, 10032060, 90605005).     

Experimental investigation on the flow around a simplified geometry of automotive engine compartment

In the current sustainable development context, car manufacturers have to keep doing efforts to reduce the aerodynamic drag of automotive vehicle in order to decrease their CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions. The cooling airflow, through the engine compartment of vehicles, contributes from 5 to 10% to the total aerodynamic drag. By means of simplified car geometry, equipped with an engine compartment, the configurations that favor a low contribution to total drag are identified. PIV (particle image velocimetry) velocity measurements in the wake of the geometry allow explaining these drag reductions. Besides, the cooling flow rate is also assessed and gives indications on the configurations that favor the engine cooling.     

AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN BASED ON RBF MESH DEFORMATION

基于局部型函数三维参数化方法、改进的蚁群算法和改进的克里金（Kriging）代理模型,开展了列车头型的三维气动减阻优化设计研究。为了避免复杂几何外形大变形情况下千万量级网格的重复生成,提高高速列车头型优化设计的效率,引入了缩减控制点的径向基函数网格变形技术。优化结果表明：径向基函数网格变形技术在不降低网格质量的情况下可以有效缩短网格变形的时间消耗,能够用于复杂几何外形的气动优化设计;在给定的设计空间内,控制鼻锥外形的6个关键设计参数对列车气动阻力的影响呈单调递增关系;优化后,在满足约束条件的情况下,简化外形列车的整车气动阻力减小5.41%,头尾车减阻效果明显,中间车气动阻力基本不变。     

A novel MAV with treadmill motion of wing

The Magnus effect is well known phenomena for producing high lift values from spinning symmetrical geometries such as cylinders, spheres, or disks. But, the Magnus force may also be produced by treadmill motion of aerodynamic bodies. To accomplish this, the skin of aerodynamic bodies may circulate with a constant circumferential speed. Here, a novel wing with treadmill motion of skin is introduced which may generate lift at zero air speeds. The new wing may lead to micro aerial vehicle configurations for vertical take-off or landing. To prove the concept, the NACA0015 aerofoil section with circulating skin is computationally investigated. Two cases of stationary air and moving air are studied. It is observed that lift can be generated in stationary air although drag force is also high. For moving air, the lift and drag forces may be adopted between the incidence angles 20° to 25° where lift can posses high values and drag can remain moderate.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF BASE BLEED EFFECTS ON AERODYNAMIC DRAG FOR A TRANSONIC PROJECTILE

ABSTRACT

A numerical study is made to analyze the performance of a secant-ogive-cylinder projectile in the transonic regime in terms of aerodynamic drag. At transonic speeds, the base drag contributes a major portion of the total aerodynamic drag, and hence affects projectile's performances significantly. The base bleed method is applied to reduce the base drag by varying the value of parameters, the bleed quantity (I) and the bleed area ratio (?). The implicit, diagonalized, symmetric Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) scheme, accompanied by a suitable grid, is employed to solve the thin-layer axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The computed results show that, in comparison with the case without base bleed, an increase in bleed quantity or a higher injection speed due to a smaller bleed area ratio at fixed bleed quantity can result in a base (and total) drag reduction. At Mach number 0.96, the reductions in base drag and total drag can be as high as 64% and 44%, respectively, for I = 0.1 and ? = 0.3.     

A third-order compact nonlinear scheme for compressible flow simulations

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations based on second-order numerical methods are widely used by commercial codes and work as dominating tools for most industrial applications. They, however, suffer from limitations in accurate and reliable predictions of skin-friction drag and aerodynamic heating, as well as in simulations of complex flows such as large-scale separation and transition. A remedy for this is the development of high-order schemes, by which numerically induced dissipation and dispersion errors of low-order schemes can be effectively reduced. Weighted compact nonlinear schemes (WCNSs) are a family of high-resolution nonlinear shock-capturing methods. A stencil-selection procedure is introduced in the proposed work with an aim to improve the nonlinear weight of the third-order WCNS. By using the approximate dispersion relation analysis, it is demonstrated that the new scheme has reduced dissipation and dispersion errors, compared with WCNSs using two typical nonlinear weights. Improvements are also achieved by the new scheme in numerical tests such as the double Mach reflection problem and the Rayleigh-Taylor instability simulation, which are characterized by strong shock discontinuities and rich small scales, respectively. The new scheme is therefore highly favored in the simulation of flow problems involving strong discontinuities and multiscales phenomena.