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1.
Jens P. Eußner Beatrix E. K. Barth Eliza Leusmann Zhiliang You Niklas Rinn Prof. Dr. Stefanie Dehnen 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(41):13792-13802
The synthesis of new functionalized organotin‐chalcogenide complexes was achieved by systematic optimization of the reaction conditions. The structures of compounds [(R1, 2Sn)3S4Cl] ( 1 , 2 ), [((R2Sn)2SnS4)2(μ‐S)2] ( 3 ), [(R1, 2Sn)3Se4][SnCl3] ( 4, 5 ), and [Li(thf)n][(R3Sn)(HR3Sn)2Se4Cl] ( 6 ), in which R1=CMe2CH2C(O)Me, R2=CMe2CH2C(NNH2)Me, and R3=CH2CH2COO, are based on defect heterocubane scaffolds, as shown by X‐ray diffraction, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and ESI mass spectrometry analyses. Compounds 4 , 5 , and 6 constitute the first examples of defect heterocubane‐type metal‐chalcogenide complexes that are comprised of selenide ligands. Comprehensive DFT calculations prompted us to search for the formal intermediates [(R1SnCl2)2(μ‐S)] ( 7 ) and [(R1SnCl)2(μ‐S)2] ( 8 ), which were isolated and helped to understand the stepwise formation of compounds 1 – 6 . 相似文献
2.
The β‐pyranose isomer of D ‐galactosylamine ( 1 ) formed complexes with three different cobalt(III) fragments. Crystals containing the dication [Co(tren)(β‐D ‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ ( 3 ) showed coordination through the anomeric amino group (N1) and the deprotonated hydroxy group (O2) of the 4C1 β‐pyranose form, which is also the major isomer of free galactosylamine. The cationic complexes [Co(fac‐dien)(β‐D ‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ ( 4 ) and [Co(phen)2(β‐D ‐Galp1N2H–1‐κ2N1,O2)]2+ ( 5 ) were analysed by NMR spectroscopy and showed the same coordination mode as 3 . In terms of available ligand isomers it was shown that 1 exhibits an anomeric equilibrium in solution of both pyranose and both furanose forms as is typical for the parent glycose, galactose. 相似文献
3.
Two copper(I) complexes of compositions [Cu(HL)I]2 · EtOH ( 1 ) and [Cu(HL)3]I · MeOH ( 2 ) were synthesized via the reactions of HL [HL = 2(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine] and CuI in EtOH and MeOH, respectively, under solvothermal conditions. The complexes were characterized by X‐ray single crystal diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 are catalytically active towards ketalization reaction, giving various ketals under mild conditions. 相似文献
4.
Monty Kessler Dr. Sven Hansen Christian Godemann Dr. Anke Spannenberg Dr. Torsten Beweries 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(20):6350-6357
The synthesis of a series of ansa‐titanocene dichlorides [Cp′2TiCl2] (Cp′=bridged η5‐tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) and the corresponding titanocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes [Cp′2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] is described. The ethanediyl‐bridged complexes [C2H4(C5Me4)2TiCl2] ( 2 ‐Cl2) and [C2H4(C5Me4)2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] ( 2‐ btmsa; btmsa=η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) can be obtained from the hitherto unknown calcocenophane complex [C2H4(C5Me4)2Ca(THF)2] ( 1 ). Furthermore, a heterodiatomic bridging unit containing both, a dimethylsilyl and a methylene group was introduced to yield the ansa‐titanocene dichloride [Me2SiCH2(C5Me4)2TiCl2] ( 3 ‐Cl2) and the bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex [Me2SiCH2(C5Me4)2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] ( 3 ‐btmsa). Besides, tetramethyldisilyl‐ and dimethylsilyl‐bridged metallocene complexes (structural motif 4 and 5 , respectively) were prepared. All ansa‐titanocene alkyne complexes were reacted with stoichiometric amounts of water; the hydrolysis products were isolated as model complexes for the investigation of the elemental steps of overall water splitting. Compounds 1 , 2 ‐btmsa, 2 ‐(OH)2, 3 ‐Cl2, 3 ‐btmsa, 4 ‐(OH)2, 3 ‐alkenyl and 5 ‐alkenyl were characterised by X‐ray diffraction analysis. 相似文献
5.
Timothy J. Brown Dr. Atsushi Sugie Dr. Marina G. D. Leed Prof. Ross A. Widenhoefer 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2012,18(22):6959-6971
A family of seven cationic gold complexes that contain both an alkyl substituted π‐allene ligand and an electron‐rich, sterically hindered supporting ligand was isolated in >90 % yield and characterized by spectroscopy and, in three cases, by X‐ray crystallography. Solution‐phase and solid‐state analysis of these complexes established preferential binding of gold to the less substituted C?C bond of the allene and to the allene π face trans to the substituent on the uncomplexed allenyl C?C bond. Kinetic analysis of intermolecular allene exchange established two‐term rate laws of the form rate=k1[complex]+k2[complex][allene] consistent with allene‐independent and allene‐dependent exchange pathways with energy barriers of ΔG≠1=17.4–18.8 and ΔG≠2=15.2–17.6 kcal mol?1, respectively. Variable temperature (VT) NMR analysis revealed fluxional behavior consistent with facile (ΔG≠=8.9–11.4 kcal mol?1) intramolecular exchange of the allene π faces through η1‐allene transition states and/or intermediates that retain a staggered arrangement of the allene substituents. VT NMR/spin saturation transfer analysis of [{P(tBu)2o‐binaphthyl}Au(η2‐4,5‐nonadiene) ]+SbF6? ( 5 ), which contains elements of chirality in both the phosphine and allene ligands, revealed no epimerization of the allene ligand below the threshold for intermolecular allene exchange (ΔG≠298K=17.4 kcal mol?1), which ruled out the participation of a η1‐allylic cation species in the low‐energy π‐face exchange process for this complex. 相似文献
6.
Reaction of [{Cp(CO)3Mo}2SbCl] with S8 or Se8 leads to the formation of cluster compounds [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2ESbCl] (E = S, Se). [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2SSbCl] crystallizes monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 812.28(3), b = 855.65(4), c = 2441.01(9) pm and β = 90.149(3)°; [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2SeSbCl] · CH2Cl2 crystallizes triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$ with a = 828.82(9), b = 1002.8(1), c = 1340.0(2) and α = 109.24(1), β = 100.87(1), γ = 96.81(1)°. For both compounds X‐ray crystal structure analysis reveals tetrahedral Mo2SbE cluster cores with Sb–E bond lengths of 256.8(1) pm (E = S) and 265.3(1) (E = Se). According to the 18 electron rule the [{Cp(CO)2Mo}2ESbCl] clusters can be regarded as complexes of the 4 electron donator ESbCl that is coordinated “side‐on” to a {Cp(CO)2Mo}2 fragment. 相似文献
7.
Martin Ruhmann Anke Spannenberg Alexander Villinger Axel Schulz Torsten Beweries 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2013,639(10):1717-1721
The titanocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex Cp2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3) ( 1 ) reacts with different triazines to give trinuclear titanocene compounds. Cleavage of the heterocyclic unit takes place in the reaction with cyanuric chloride, which furnishes a trinuclear cyanide bridged titanocene complex [Cp2Ti(CN)]3 ( 2 ). Reaction with cyanuric acid yields the paramagnetic ate complex (Cp2Ti)3(C3N3O3) ( 3 ). With melamine the structurally similar amide species (Cp2Ti)3[C3N3(NH)3] ( 4 ) is formed. A dinuclear, paramagnetic complex 5 is obtained in the reaction of 1 with dicyandiamide. Complexes 2 , 4 , and 5 were characterized by X‐ray analyses. 相似文献
8.
Elise Duhamel Alpar Pöllnitz Adina Stegarescu Prof. Dr. Anca Silvestru 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2011,637(10):1355-1360
Redistribution reactions between diorganodiselenides of type [2‐(R2NCH2)C6H4]2Se2 [R = Et, iPr] and bis(diorganophosphinothioyl disulfanes of type [R′2P(S)S]2 (R = Ph, OiPr) resulted in the hypervalent [2‐(R2NCH2)C6H4]SeSP(S)R′2 [R = Et, R′ = Ph ( 1 ), OiPr ( 2 ); R = iPr, R′ = Ph ( 3 ), OiPr ( 4 )] species. All new compounds were characterized by solution multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 31P, 77Se) and the solid compounds 1 , 3 , and 4 also by FT‐IR spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures of 3 and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In both compounds the N(1) atom is intramolecularly coordinated to the selenium atom, resulting in T‐shaped coordination arrangements of type (C,N)SeS. The dithio organophosphorus ligands act monodentate in both complexes, which can be described as essentially monomeric species. Weak intermolecular S ··· H contacts could be considered in the crystal of 3 , thus resulting in polymeric zig‐zag chains of R and S isomers, respectively. 相似文献
9.
Nitridorhenium(V) Complexes with Dimercapto Succinic Acid Dimethylester. Preparation, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of [Re{NC(CH3)2PPhMe2}(DMSMe2)2] Reaction of [ReNCl2(Me2PhP)3] 1 with two equivalents of dimercaptosuccinic acid dimethylester (DMSMe2) results in the formation of a neutral, diamagnetic rhenium(V)‐DMSMe2 complex with a phenyldimethylphosphinoisopropyl group at the nitrido ligand as a consequence of a nucleophilic attack of the coordinated nitrido ligand on the solvent molecule. The formed complex 2 of the composition [Re{NC(CH3)2(Me2PhP)}(DMSMe2)2] crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1, a = 12.334(7), b = 12.412(7), c = 12.414(8) Å; α = 60.14(3)°, β = 67.98(3)°, γ = 80.63(6)°; Z = 2. Rhenium is located in a square‐pyramidal configuration of the donor atoms. The two meso‐DMSMe2 ligands are in a syn‐endo conformation. The rhenium‐nitrogen bond (1.697(12) Å) is only slightly longer than typical Re–N bonding distances in nitrido complexes and comparable with other Re–N–C bonding distances. The addition of a solvent molecule is observed in acetone ( 2 ) as well as in methylethylketone ( 3 ). Moreover, a reaction of the nitrido group with the condensation product of ketone is found by mass spectrometry ([ReN{C(CH3)(C2H5)CH2C(O)C2H5(Me2PhP)}(DMSMe2)2] 4 ). 相似文献
10.
Six new nickel(II) complexes of the unsymmetrical Schiff base ligands derived from o‐phenylenediamine were synthesized. These complexes were prepared by template and non‐template reactions of the precursor 3‐acetyl‐4‐[N‐(2'‐aminophenyl)‐amino]‐3‐buten‐2‐one ( HL °) with appropriate o‐hydroxycarbonyl aromatic compounds, aromatic 1, 3‐oxo aldehydes and 1, 3‐diketones. The nickel(II) compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Crystal structure of complex [3‐acetyl‐(6, 7)‐benzo‐8‐salicylidene‐5, 8‐diazahepta‐3‐ene‐2‐onato(2‐)]nickel(II) ( NiL 1) has been determined by X‐ray powder diffraction method, revealed that the molecules are almost flat, and there are no forces other than van der Waals interactions between molecules. The structure was solved by global optimisation technique and refined by the Rietveld method, obtained RF and Rwp are 11.6 and 17.4%, respectively. The synthesis of a new unsymmetrical nickel(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complex is also described. 相似文献
11.
Min‐Shiun Chao Horng‐Hwa Lu Ming‐Liao Tsai Tsung‐Hsuan Hsieh Chien‐Min Lin 《中国化学会会志》2009,56(5):916-922
The self‐assembly of Co(II) with two diaminodiamide ligands, 4,7‐diazadecanediamide and 4,8‐diazaundecanediamide, gave two different crystals, [(C8H18N4O2)Co(OH)2Co(C8H18N4O2)]Cl2 ( 1 ) [Co(C9H20N4O2)(Cl)(H2O)]·Cl·2H2O ( 2 ). Structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Structural data for 1 shows a novel type of binuclear complex with distorted octahederal coordination geometry around the Co atoms through the hydroxo bridges. By using inter‐connector N‐H···N hydrogen bonding interactions as building forces, each cationic moiety [(C8H18N4O2)Co(OH)2Co(C8H18N4O2)]2+ is linked to neighboring ones, producing a charged hydrogen‐bonded 1D chain‐like structure. The chains are further connected into a 2D layer in a (4,4)‐topology via N‐H···Clfree hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Structural data for 2 indicate that the cobalt atom adopts a six‐coordinated N2O4 environment, giving a distorted octahedral geometry, where two N‐ and two O‐donor sets of ligand located at equatorial positions and one water and one chloride occupied at axial positions. Through NH···Cl‐Co and OH···Cl‐Co contacts, each cationic moiety [Co(C9H20N4O2)(Cl)(H2O)]+ in 2 is linked to neighboring ones, producing a charged hydrogen‐bonded 1D chainlike structure. Thus, the crystal‐engineering approach has proved successful in the solid‐state packing due to steric strain effect of the diaminodiamide ligand. 相似文献
12.
《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2018,644(2):100-108
1‐tert‐Butyl‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (tbtr) was found to react with copper(II) chloride or bromide to give the complexes [Cu(tbtr)2X2]n and [Cu(tbtr)4X2] (X = Cl, Br). 1‐tert‐Butyl‐1H‐tetrazole (tbtt) reacts with copper(II) bromide resulting in the formation of the complex [Cu3(tbtt)6Br6]. The obtained crystalline complexes as well as free ligand tbtr were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal and X‐ray analyses. For free ligand tbtr, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were also recorded. In all the complexes, tbtr and tbtt act as monodentate ligands coordinated by CuII cations via the heteroring N4 atoms. The triazole complexes [Cu(tbtr)2Cl2]n and [Cu(tbtr)2Br2]n are isotypic, being 1D coordination polymers, formed at the expense of single halide bridges between neighboring copper(II) cations. The isotypic complexes [Cu(tbtr)4Cl2] and [Cu(tbtr)4Br2] reveal mononuclear centrosymmetric structure, with octahedral coordination of CuII cations. The tetrazole compound [Cu3(tbtt)6Br6] is a linear trinuclear complex, in which neighboring copper(II) cations are linked by single bromide bridges. 相似文献
13.
Dr. Yang Zhang Kamran B. Ghiassi Qingming Deng Nataliya A. Samoylova Prof. Marilyn M. Olmstead Prof. Alan L. Balch Dr. Alexey A. Popov 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(2):495-499
The synthesis and single‐crystal X‐ray structural characterization of the first endohedral metallofullerene to contain a heptagon in the carbon cage are reported. The carbon framework surrounding the planar LaSc2N unit in LaSc2N@Cs(hept)‐C80 consists of one heptagon, 13 pentagons, and 28 hexagons. This cage is related to the most abundant Ih‐C80 isomer by one Stone–Wales‐like, heptagon/pentagon to hexagon/hexagon realignment. DFT computations predict that LaSc2N@Cs(hept)‐C80 is more stable than LaSc2N@D5h‐C80, and suggests that the low yield of the heptagon‐containing endohedral fullerene may be caused by kinetic factors. 相似文献
14.
Yuliya P. Tupolova Prof. Dr. Leonid D. Popov Vladimir V. Lukov Igor N. Shcherbakov Sergey I. Levchenkov Victor A. Kogan Oleg V. Maevskiy Valeriy G. Vlasenko Alexander A. Zubenko 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2009,635(3):530-536
The series of binuclear Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with an asymmetrical exchange fragment based on 2,6‐diformyl‐4‐methylphenol bishydrazone has been synthesized for the first time. The compositions and structures of both ligands and its complexes have been established with the data of IR, 1H NMR, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopical studies as well as magnetic measurements. The structure of [Ni2L3(μ‐Pz)] · 2CH3OH (L = triply deprotonated form of bishydrazone, Pz = pyrazol) was confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. In this complex, the coordination environment of two nickel ions is quite different, one nickel atom is square‐planar and the other is distorted octahedral coordinated. The values of exchange parameter calculated in terms of HDVV theory have been compared with the features of an asymmetrical exchange fragment's electronic and geometrical structure. 相似文献
15.
Regioselective Cage Opening of La2@D2(10611)‐C72 with 5,6‐Diphenyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine
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Prof. Dr. Michio Yamada Yasuhiro Muto Dr. Hiroki Kurihara Dr. Zdenek Slanina Dr. Mitsuaki Suzuki Prof. Dr. Yutaka Maeda Prof. Dr. Yves Rubin Prof. Dr. Marilyn M. Olmstead Prof. Dr. Alan L. Balch Prof. Dr. Shigeru Nagase Prof. Dr. Xing Lu Prof. Dr. Takeshi Akasaka 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(7):2232-2235
The thermal reaction of the endohedral metallofullerene La2@D2(10611)‐C72, which contains two pentalene units at opposite ends of the cage, with 5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine proceeded selectively to afford only two bisfulleroid isomers. The molecular structure of one isomer was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The results suggest that the [4+2] cycloaddition was initiated in a highly regioselective manner at the C? C bond connecting two pentagon rings of C72. Subsequent intramolecular electrocyclization followed by cycloreversion resulted in the formation of an open‐cage derivative having three seven‐membered ring orifices on the cage and a significantly elongated cage geometry. The reduction potentials of the open‐cage derivatives were similar to those of La2@D2‐C72 whereas the oxidation potentials were shifted more negative than those of La2@D2‐C72. These results point out that further oxidation could occur easily in the derivatives. 相似文献
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17.
Nitrogen‐Rich Alkali Metal Salts (Na and K) of [Bis(N,N‐bis(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine)‐zinc(II)] Anion: Syntheses,Crystal Structures,and Energetic Properties
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Fugang Li Wenyuan Zhao Sitong Chen Tonglai Zhang Zunning Zhou Li Yang 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2015,641(5):911-916
Two nitrogen‐rich alkali metal salts based on nitrogen‐rich anion [Zn(bta)2]2–: {[Na2Zn(bta)2(H2O)8] · H2O}n ( 1 ) and {[K2Zn(bta)2(H2O)4]}n ( 2 ) were synthesized by reactions of alkali hydroxide, N,N‐bis(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)amine (H2bta), and zinc chloride in aqueous solutions. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were determined by low temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and fully characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The structures demonstrate that an infinite 1‐dimensional (1D) chain structure is constructed by Na+ ions and bridging water molecules in compound 1 , which is connected by extensive hydrogen bonds forming a complex 3D network, whereas compound 2 features a more complicated 3D metal‐organic framework (MOF). The thermal behaviors of 1 and 2 were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The DSC results illustrate that both compounds exhibit high thermal stabilities (decomposition temperature > 345 °C). In addition, the heats of formation were calculated on the basis of the experimental constant‐volume energies of combustion measured by using bomb calorimetry. Lastly, the sensitivities towards impact and friction were assessed according to Bundesamt für Materialforschung (BAM) standard methods. 相似文献
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19.
Dr. Stephan Scheins Dr. Jacob Overgaard Dr. Grigore A. Timco Dr. Adam Stash Dr. Yu‐Sheng Chen Dr. Finn K. Larsen Dr. Mogens Christensen Dr. Mads R. V. Jørgensen Solveig R. Madsen Mette S. Schmøkel Prof. Bo B. Iversen 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(1):195-205
Mixed‐valence trinuclear carboxylates, [M3O(O2CR)6L3] (M=metal, L=terminal ligand), have small differences in potential energy between the configurations MIIMIIIMIII?? MIIIMIIMIII??MIIIMIIIMII, which means that small external changes can have large structural effects, owing to the differences in coordination geometry between M2+ and M3+ sites (e.g., about 0.2 Å for Fe? O bond lengths). It is well‐established that the electron transfer (ET) between the metal sites in these mixed‐valence molecules is strongly dependent on temperature and on the specific crystal environment; however, herein, for the first time, we examine the effect of pressure on the electron transfer. Based on single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data that were measured at 15, 90, 100, 110, 130, 160, and 298 K on three different crystals, we first unexpectedly found that our batch of Fe3O (O2CC(CH3)3)6(C5H5N)3 ( 1 ) exhibited a different temperature dependence of the ET process than previous studies of compound 1 have shown. We observed a phase transition at around 130 K that was related to complete valence trapping and Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that this phase transition was governed by a subtle competition between C? H???π and π???π intermolecular interactions. Subsequent high‐pressure single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction at pressures of 0.15, 0.35, 0.45, 0.74, and 0.96 GPa revealed that it was not possible to trigger the phase transition (i.e., valence trapping) by a reduction of the unit‐cell volume, owing to this external pressure. We conclude that modulation of the ET process requires anisotropic changes in the intermolecular interactions, which occur when various directional chemical bonds are affected differently by changes in temperature, but not by the application of pressure. 相似文献
20.
Brown crystals of [NMe4]4[(Se4Br10)2(Se2Br2)2] ( 1 ) were obtained from the reaction of selenium and bromine in acetonitrile in the presence of tetramethylammonium bromide. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by X‐ray diffraction and refined to R = 0.0297 for 8401 reflections. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c with Z = 4 and a = 12.646(3) Å, b = 16.499(3) Å, c = 16.844(3) Å, β = 101.70(3)° (123 K). In the solid‐state structure, the anion of 1 is built up of two [Se4Br10]2– ions. Each shows a triangular arrangement of three planar SeBr4 units sharing a common edge through two μ3‐bridging bromine atoms, and one SeBr2 molecule, which is linked to the SeII atoms of two SeBr4 units; between the Se4Br102– ions a dimerized Se2Br2 molecule (Se4Br4) is situated and one SeI atom of each Se2Br2 molecule has two weak contacts [3.3514(14) Å and 3.3952(11) Å] to two bromine atoms of one SeBr4 unit. Four SeI atoms of a dimerized Se2Br2 molecule are in a almost regular planar tetraangular arrangement. Contacts between the SeII atom of the SeBr2 molecule and the SeII atoms of two SeBr4 units are 3.035(1) Å and 3.115(1) Å, and can be interpreted as donor‐acceptor type bonds with the SeII atoms of SeBr4 units as donors and the SeBr2 molecule as acceptor. The terminal SeII–Br and μ3‐Br–SeII bond lengths are in the ranges 2.3376(10) to 2.4384(8) Å and 2.8036(9) to 3.3183(13) Å, respectively. The bond lengths in the dimerized Se2Br2 molecule are: SeI–SeI = 2.2945(8) Å and 3.1398(12), SeI–Br = 2.3659(11) and 2.3689(10) Å. 相似文献