Homolytic reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compounds V. The reaction of pentafluorophenyl radicals with fluorobenzene

The arylation of fluorobenzene with pentafluorophenyl radicals obtained by the reaction of the corresponding aniline with pentyl nitrite is described. The reaction involves attact at the 2t?-,3t?-and 4t?-positions. The composition of the mixture and the nature of its components were determined by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy and were confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography.     

Homolytic reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compound. Part XI. Confirmation of the proposed mechanism of phenylation of polyfluoroaromatic substrates

The derivatives of dihydrobiphenyl, which were predicted [1,2] to be formed in the thermolysis of benzoyl peroxide in polyfluoroaromatic compounds and which arose from transesterification, have been identified in the reactions of hexafluorobenzene and of octafluorotoluene with this peroxide. The presence of 1,4-dihydro-1,2,3,4,4,5,6-heptafluorobiphenyl (or its positional isomer, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,2,3,4,5,6-heptafluorobiphenyl) in such reaction mixtures also explains the formation of 3,4′-$\text{bis}$(phenyl)-octafluorobiphenyl in the dehalogenation products of the polynuclear residue from the reaction in hexafluorobenzene. Fluorine migration [3] does not need to be postulated.The yield of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobiphenyl from the thermal decomposition of phenylazotriphenylmethane (PAT) in hexafluorobenzene at 80° is generally increased by the presence of a variety of hydrogen donors. Larger amounts of additive increase the yield of biaryl with respect to PAT, but not usually with respect to the additive.These results are consistent with the mechanism of arylation of polyfluoroaromatic compound previously suggested [1,2].     

Generation of alkyl radicals from alkylsilyl peroxides and their applications to C-N or C-O bond formations

This article describes a novel method for the generation of alkyl radicals from alkylsilyl peroxides and their applications to the Cu-catalyzed mono-N-alkylation of amides or arylamines, and to the O-alkylation of carboxylic acids. The use of alkylsilyl peroxides as alkyl radical sources includes the following synthetic advantages: i) various alkylsilyl peroxides can be readily synthesized from the corresponding alcohols and be stored at bench, and ii) a variety of alkyl radicals can be generated efficiently under mild conditions.     

Homolytic reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compounds IX. Abstraction reactions of some p-substituted tetra-fluorophenyl radicals

The decomposition of pentafluoroaniline, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline and its 4-bromo and 4-methoxy analogues by pentyl nitrite gives the corresponding aryl radicals which, when generated in the presence of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or bromotrichloromethane, remove atoms from these solvents to give substituted benzenes. The ease of removal of X from XCCl₃ decreases in the order X = Br,H > Cl.The yield of substituted benzene product depends upon the p-substituent of the polyfluoroaniline and is greatest for tetrafluoro-p-anisidine.     

Interaction of perfluoropolyether peroxide PFPEP-4 with polyfluoroaromatic compounds

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The interaction of perfluoropolyether peroxides with perfluoro- and polyfluoroaromatic compounds (C6F6, C6F5H, C6F5Cl, and C6F5CF3) was investigated. It was found that...     

含氧光敏引发体系的研究——II.BP/TEA/O_2引发体系中氧的加速作用

研究了二苯酮(BP)/三乙胺(TEA)/氧体系引发MMA聚合反应中氧的加速作用。体系中保持比较大的TEA/O_2浓度比值,是实现氧加速作用的必要条件。实验结果得出:系统中氧通过光氧化生成过氧化物的速度Vo_2=K[BP][TEA]~(0.8)。由于过氧化物的光敏分解,使初级自由基得到增殖。从测定的K_p/K_t~(1/2)值,说明存在初级自由基的终止作用。测定了光氧化动力学方程的数据并讨论了机理。     

Interaction of polyfluoroaromatic compounds with o-aminophenol. The Smiles rearrangement in the polyfluoroaromatic series

The reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compounds containing an electron-attracting substituent other than fluorine in the aromatic ring with o-aminophenol proceed at the amino or hydroxy group and lead to the corresponding hydroxydiarylamines (in neutral media) or aminodiaryl ethers (in alkaline media). The latter compounds, unlike 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro- 2'-aminodiphenyl ether, are transformed in dimethylformamide (DMFA) to isomeric polyfluoro-2-hydroxydiarylamines (the Smiles rearrangement). The increased electron-attracting capacity of substituent leads to the decreased activation energy and increased rearrangement rate constants.     

Homolytic reactions of polyfluoroaromatic compounds Part VII. Products and relative rates of phenylation of pentafluorobenzene,bromopentafluorobenzene and octafluorotoluene with benzoyl peroxide

Competitive rates of arylation of the title compounds were measured using hexafluorobenzene as reference. The results suggest that the species responsible for intermolecular discrimination and those responsible for intramolecular selection are not the same. The significance of this observation is discussed.     

自由基氧净电荷对过氧化物引发剂活性的影响

采用分子力学和半经验量子化学的方法 ,计算出了数十种有机过氧化物氧氧键均裂的键离解能 ,以及过氧化物生成的自由基的氧净电荷及其校正值 .数据的多重线性回归证明 ,影响有机过氧化物引发剂活性(常用 1 0h HLT表示 )的主要因素为自由基的电性和空间效应 ,这两者可以用自由基的氧净电荷及其校正值来表征 .在同种溶剂中 ,过氧化物生成的两个自由基的氧净电荷及其校正值 ,这四个因素与其半分解温度之间有较好的相关性 .这种相关性可以用来预测过氧化物的 1 0h HLT值 .     

Phosphorylation of polyfluoroaromatic compounds

Conclusions Polyfluoroaromatic compounds react with Na dimethyl and diethyl phosphites and diethyl thiophosphite in the Michaelis-Becker reaction with formation of the corresponding methyl and ethyl polyfluoroarylphosphonates and thiophosphonates.For Communication 2, see [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 867–869, April, 1981.     

Free-radical selective functionalization of 1,4-naphthoquinones by perfluorodiacyl peroxides

Perfluoroalkyl radicals, generated by thermal decomposition of perfluorodiacyl peroxides, react selectively with quinone rings of 1,4-naphthoquinones. In the presence of a non-conjugated alkene such as 1-hexene, perfluoroalkyl radicals add to the double bonds of the olefin forming a radical adduct, which selectively adds to the naphthoquinone ring. Several perfluorodiacyl peroxides have been synthesized and used for the direct and alkene-mediated functionalization of naphthoquinones. Geometrical parameters and electron density topology of all perfluorodiacyl peroxides have been calculated by the density functional formalism and quantum theory of atoms in molecules to attempt a rationalization of the experimental reactivity.     

The Dual Role of Benzophenone in Visible‐Light/Nickel Photoredox‐Catalyzed C−H Arylations: Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer and Energy Transfer

A dual catalytic protocol for the direct arylation of non‐activated C(sp³)?H bonds has been developed. Upon photochemical excitation, the excited triplet state of a diaryl ketone photosensitizer abstracts a hydrogen atom from an aliphatic C?H bond. This inherent reactivity was exploited for the generation of benzylic radicals which subsequently enter a nickel catalytic cycle, accomplishing the benzylic arylation.     

Oxidation of white phosphorus by peroxides in water

A mixture of hypophosphorous, phosphorous, and phosphoric acids is formed during the anaerobic oxidation of white phosphorus by peroxides [ROOН; R = Н, 3-ClC₆H₄CO, (СН₃)₃С] in water. The rate of reactions grows considerably upon adding nonpolar organic solvents. The activity series of peroxides and solvents are determined experimentally. NMR spectroscopy shows that the main product of the reaction is phosphorous acid, regardless of the nature of the peroxide and solvent. A radical mechanism of oxidation of white phosphorus by peroxides in water is proposed. It is initiated by the homolysis of peroxide with the formation of НO^? radicals that are responsible for the homolytic opening of phosphoric tetrahedrons. Further oxidation and stages of the hydrolysis of intermediate phosphorus-containing compounds yield products of the reaction.     

Aging and degradation of polyolefins. I. Peroxide-initiated oxidations of atactic polypropylene

Efficiencies of polymer radical production by thermal decomposition of di-tert-butylperoxy oxalate (DBPO) have been measured in bulk atactic polypropylene (PP) at 25–55°C; they range from 1 to 26%, depending on [DBPO], temperature, and presence of oxygen. Most of the polymer radicals thus produced disproportionate in the absence of oxygen but form peroxy radicals in its presence. Most of the pairs of peroxy radicals interact by a first-order reaction in the polymer cage. The fraction that escapes gives hydroperoxide in a reaction that is half order in rate of initiation. In interactions of polymer peroxy radicals, in or out of the cage, about one-third give dialkyl peroxides and immediate chain termination, two-thirds give alkoxy radicals. About one-third of the later cleave at 45°C; the rest abstract hydrogen to give hydroxy groups and new polymer and polymer peroxy radicals. The primary peroxy radicals from cleavage account for the rest of the chain termination. Cleavage of alkoxy radicals and crosslinking of PP through dialkyl peroxides nearly compensate. Up to 70% of the oxygen absorbed has been found in hydroperoxides. The formation of these can be completely inhibited, but cage reactions are unaffected by inhibitors. Concentrations of free polymer peroxy radicals have been measured by electron spin resonance and found to be very high, about 10^?3M at 58–63°C. Comparison with results on 2,4-dimethylpentane indicate that rate constants for both chain propagation and termination in the polymer are much smaller than those for the model hydrocarbon but that the ratio, k_p/(2k_t)^½, is about the same.     

Aryl Oxalate Derivatives as Convenient Precursors for Generation of Aryloxyl Radicals

The use of aryloxy oxalyl chlorides (AOCs), aryloxy oxalyl tert-butyl peroxides (AOBs), and diaryl oxalates (DAOs) for unimolecular generation of phenoxyl-based radicals under solution and rigid matrix conditions is described. AOCs are usable for photochemical generation of phenoxyl radicals, but are only conveniently stable as precursors when 2,6-di-tert-butylated derivatives are used. AOBs may be used as thermal precursors to aryloxyl radicals, since they typically decompose within 2-3 h at 60-85 degrees C to give phenols. (1)H-NMR solution kinetic studies find that DeltaH() = 31 kcal/mol, and DeltaS() = +3.4 cal/mol-K for decomposition of phenoxyoxalyl tert-butyl peroxide, consistent with substantial concertedness in peroxide bond cleavage. AOBs and the more stable DAOs are also convenient photochemical phenoxyl radical precursors. AOBs yield phenoxyl radicals more readily by photolysis than do corresponding DAOs, but the DAOs have fewer side reactions that can quench the product phenoxyl radicals.     

Reactions following electron transfer: Origins of selectivity in the reaction of radicals with carbanions

The regiochemistry observed upon arylation of ambident carbanions by phenyl radicals can be readily explained by consideration of the site of greatest basicity. Thus 1,3-diphenylindenyl anion is arylated to give predominantly 1,1,3-triphenylindene despite the presumed greater stability of the intermediate leading to 1,2,3-triphenyl indene, that is, the 1,2,3-triphenylisoindene radical anion. This explanation may also account for the preference of C-alkylation rather than O-alklation of nitrocarbanions and for the absence of O-arylation in the S_RN1 arylation of enolates. The lack of reactivity of other carbanions is rationalized on thermodynamic grounds.     

Light emission on heating polymer networks formed by radical polymerization

Organic-inorganic hybrid monomers based on alkoxysilanes bearing methacrylate groups, or the pure organic dimethacrylate monomers were photo-polymerized to densely cross-linked networks. Storage of the polymer samples in nitrogen and at ambient laboratory temperature was associated with a slow decay of trapped free radicals and formation of new cross-links. In air, reactions with oxygen lead competitively to formation of peroxides due to easier diffusion in the polymer matrix. The formation and existence of peroxides in samples stored in air was shown by the chemiluminescence (CL) induced at elevated temperatures. The peroxide accumulation proceeds in three stages. At first, approximately up to 6 weeks, a high rate of accumulated peroxides activated by long living radicals is assumed. During the next 20 weeks a steady state oxidation stage is observed before another accumulation of peroxides occurs. The glass transition temperature (T_g) changes were used to estimate variation of cross-link density during ageing the networks. As far as the entirely organic network is concerned the main portion of precursors giving rise to cross-links in the post-curing period was deactivated within 9 weeks under the influence of oxygen. Contrary to this finding in networks based on organic-inorganic hybrid monomers and a copolymer of the inorganic and organic monomers the additional cross-linking is considerably less influenced by oxygen. It is anticipated that a pronounced network structure favours further cross-linking over oxygen addition.     

Understanding and Controlling Fluorinated Diacyl Peroxides and Fluoroalkyl Radicals in Alkene Fluoroalkylations

The demand for practical methods for the synthesis of novel fluoroalkyl molecules is increasing owing to their diverse applications. Our group has achieved efficient difunctionalizing fluoroalkylations of alkenes using fluorinated carboxylic anhydrides as user-friendly fluoroalkyl sources. Fluorinated diacyl peroxide, prepared in situ from carboxylic anhydrides, enables the development of novel reactions when used as a radical fluoroalkylating reagent. In this account, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the structure, bonding, and reactivity of fluorinated diacyl peroxides and radicals as well as their control in fluoroalkylation reactions. In the first part of this account, the physical properties and reactivity of diacyl peroxides and fluoroalkyl radicals are described. In the subsequent part, we categorize the reactions into copper-catalyzed and metal-free methods utilizing the oxidizing properties of fluorinated diacyl peroxides. We also outline examples and mechanisms.     

The reaction of acyl peroxides with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy

Benzoyl ana lauroyl peroxides undergo induced decomposition by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy to form acyloxy radicals and carboxylic acid in equimolar amounts. Formation of the carboxylic acid does not involve free acyloxy radicals.     

Estimation of Enthalpies of Alkoxy Radical Formation and Bond Strengths in Alcohols and Ether

Kinetic data on the thermal decomposition of peroxides were analyzed, and energies of the O–O bond dissociation were calculated. Enthalpies of formation of various alkoxy radicals and peroxides were determined. The dissociation energies for the O–H bonds in alcohols and C–O bonds in ethers were estimated. Comparative analysis of literature and obtained data was performed.