Structural Synthon Approach to Predict the Possible Polytypes of Layered Double Hydroxides

The complete universe of possible polytypes of layered double hydroxides (LDH) is predicted on the basis of symmetry arguments. A single [MX₂] (X = OH) layer, also defined as a structural synthon, belongs to the layer group P$\bar{3}$ 2/m1. These layers can be stacked in such a way as to conserve the unique 3‐axis of the layer in the resultant crystal. The different stacking sequences that facilitate symmetry conservation, yield the different possible polytypes of rhombohedral and hexagonal symmetries. More polytypes can be envisaged by including stacking sequences that systematically destroy the principal symmetry elements of the structural synthon. Thereby, stacking sequences that destroy the 3‐axis, while retaining the 2‐axis, yield possible polytypes of monoclinic symmetry. The nitrate‐containing LDH of zinc and aluminum crystallizes in a faulted structure in which, the planar faults are shown to arise on account of stacking sequences whose local symmetry is monoclinic. This approach to polytype prediction expands on an earlier reported method by Bookin and Drits and is very general with important implications for other classes of layered materials.     

Polytype Transformations in the SO42– Containing Layered Double Hydroxides of Zinc with Aluminum and Chromium: The Metal Hydroxide Layer as a Structural Synthon

Solid–solid inter‐polytype transformations are observed during the thermal dehydration of sulfate‐containing layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The metal hydroxide layer behaves as a “structural synthon” and the interconversion of polytypes of rhombohedral and hexagonal symmetries takes place by rigid translations of successive layers by (± 1/3, ± 2/3) relative to one another in the ab plane. These translations are selected among the many possible, as they preserve the coincidence of the symmetry elements of the individual layers and thereby conserve the threefold symmetry of the crystal across the inter‐polytype conversions. As a result, these transformations are enthalpically not expensive. These translations are facilitated at near ambient temperatures (30–60 °C) by the reversible dehydration of the LDH, which involves the deinsertion/insertion of water molecules within the restricted space of the interlayer region.     

Synthesis of Nordstrandite and Nordstrandite-Derived Layered Double Hydroxides of Li and Al: A Comparative Study with the Bayerite Counterpart

The layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Li and Al can be synthesized from the four polymorphs of Al(OH)₃, namely gibbsite, bayerite, nordstrandite, and doyleite. The crystal structure of this class of compounds depends on the type of the precursor used due to their topotactic reaction mechanism. While the LDHs derived from gibbsite and bayerite yield different crystal structures, the incorporation of Li into nordstrandite was expected to yield new LDH structures different from those derived from gibbsite and bayerite. The structure of nordstrandite derived LDHs were however identical to that derived from the bayerite counterpart. The absence of symmetry in the interlayer of nordstrandite (C₁) makes it unsuitable to accommodate the intercalating anions with different molecular symmetries. To make the interlayer gallery suitable for the anions, the metal hydroxide layers of the nordstrandite translate, transforming nordstrandite to bayerite. The bayerite with site symmetries O_h and C₂ stabilizes the anions in the interlayer by hydrogen bonding. The transformation of nordstrandite to bayerite, when soaked in lithium salt solution is, therefore, a manifestation of the intercalating anions.     

Selective Lithium Adsorption of Silicon Oxide Coated Lithium Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocrystals and Their Regeneration

Silicon oxide-coated lithium aluminum layered double hydroxide (Li_xAl₂-LDH@SiO₂) nanocrystals (NCs) are investigated to selectively separate lithium cations in aqueous lithium resources. We directly synthesized Li_xAl₂-LDH NC arrays by oxidation of aluminum foil substrate under a urea and lithium solution. Various lithium salts, including Cl⁻, CO₃²⁻, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻, were applied in aqueous solution to confirm the anion effect on the captured and released lithium quantity of the Li_xAl₂-LDH NCs. In a 5% solution of sulfate ions mix with lithium chloride, the Li_xAl₂-LDH NCs separated a larger quantity of lithium than in other anion conditions. To enhance regeneration stability and lithium selectivity, thin layers of SiO₂ were coated onto the Li_xAl₂-LDH nanostructure arrays for inhibition of nanostructure destruction after desorption of lithium cations in hot water. The Li_xAl₂-LDH@SiO₂ nanostructures showed enhanced properties for lithium adsorption, including increase of stable regeneration cycles from three to five cycles, and they showed high lithium selectivity in the Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ cation mixed aqueous resource. Our nanostructured LDH lithium adsorbents would provide a facile and efficient application for cost-efficient and large-scale lithium production.     

层状双金属氢氧化物微观结构与性质的理论研究进展

总结了近年来理论计算方法在研究层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)结构与功能方面的应用现状. 结合LDHs材料的结构特点, 归纳了量子力学、分子力学、几何建模及物理静电模型相结合对LDHs材料进行结构模拟的思路, 比较了各种方法在LDHs结构模拟上的优势及存在的不足. 量子力学方法能够精确获得水滑石材料的层板构成及作用机制、简单阴离子插层水滑石主客体间的超分子作用实质以及电子性质、反应机理等方面的信息. 与量子力学相比较, 分子力学方法可以快速得到插层水滑石材料的层间阴离子排布及取向、水合膨胀特性及宏观力学性质等. 几何模型和物理静电模型能构建直观、形象的数学模型, 大大简化了计算量,因此能计算接近实际LDHs尺寸的体系, 为推测LDHs结构信息提供了可能性. 随着理论方法和计算机硬件水平的发展, 使得计算机模拟技术逐渐成为获得LDHs材料微观结构参数、电子性质和动力学性质的一种有效手段.     

Single-atom Catalysts Based on Layered Double Hydroxides

Single-atom catalysts(SACs) have attracted much attention for their superior catalytic performance in various fields. It has been widely accepted that the selection of appropriate substrates is crucial to the fabrication and application of SACs. Layered double hydroxides(LDHs) have been developed as one of the promising substrates for single-atoms due to their unique adjustable supramolecular structures. In this review, we comprehensively sort out the research of SACs based on LDHs. By analyzing the characteristics of LDHs and the single-atoms, respectively, the preparation strategies of SACs by using LDHs are summarized. Their applications as efficient catalysts in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and thermal catalysis are then discussed. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for the rational design and application expansion of SACs based on LDHs in the future.     

层状双金属氢氧化物的剥离方法及其应用

层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是由带结构正电荷的片层和层间阴离子有序组装而成的层状无机化合物, 近期其剥离研究受到关注. 剥离后的LDHs纳米片可被看做“无机高分子”, 具有纳米尺度的开放结构, 既可作为理论研究模型, 又可作为新型基元组装功能复合纳米结构或材料, 具有显著的应用潜力. 本文对LDHs的剥离方法、剥离产物的表征方法及其应用研究现状进行了综述, 并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

Studies on Synthesis and Properties of Mg-Al-nitrate Layered Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), or the so-called hydrotalcite-like compounds, are important clay materials owing to their intercalation ability of anionic species and other physicochemical properties for application as anion adsorbents, medicine stabilizers, ion-exchangers, ionic conductors, catalysts and catalyst supports 1-2. The general formula is, [MⅡ1-x MⅢx(OH)2]x+ [Xm-x/m·nH2O]x-, abbreviated by: [MⅡ-MⅢ-X]. The net positive charge, due to substitution of trivalent by divale…     

DFT Study of Polymorphism in Al(OH)3: A Structural Synthon Approach

All the known polymorphs of Al(OH)₃ comprise a stacking of charge neutral layers having the composition [Al_2/3□_1/3(OH)₂] (□: cation vacancy) and designated by the symbol P. Employing a single Al(OH)₃ layer (layer group p12₁/a1) as a structural synthon, the energy profile computed for the translations of P and $\bar{P}$ ($\bar{P}$ : mirror image of P) layers relative to each other within a bilayer model, not only show minima corresponding to the four known polymorphs of Al(OH)₃ but also predict three new polymorphs with energy minima at the stacking vectors (7/10, 5/18, 1) (polymorph B1), (1/2, 0, 1) (polymorph B2) and (2/5, 1/9, 1) (polymorph B4). Of these B1 and B2 are 0.30 eV and 0.23 eV below the energy of bayerite (B3), but 0.30 eV and 0.37 eV above the global minimum which corresponds to gibbsite. B4 is only 0.08 eV above the energy of bayerite. This quantitative structural synthon approach offers B1, B2, and B4 as legitimate targets for future synthetic efforts.     

Layered Double Hydroxides as Catalytic Materials: Recent Development

This report surveys the recent development of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as catalytic materials, which have attracted considerable attention in the past decade. A major challenge in the rapidly growing field is to improve the functionalities of these materials. Therefore, this article is mainly focused on the lately reported design and synthesis strategies for LDH materials and their catalytic applications as actual catalysts, catalyst precursors and catalyst supports.     

直接脱碳酸化制备有机离子插层的层状双氢氧化物

层状双氢氧化物(Layered double hydroxide, LDH)是一种具有阴离子可交换性质的层状无机材料, 由于其具有多种功能性质, 已被广泛应用于催化^[1~3]、酸吸附剂^[4]、传感器^[5]及聚合物填料^[6~8]等领域. 传统的共沉淀法制备的LDH结晶度低、尺寸小(直径通常小于100 nm). 1998年, Costantino等^[9]采用均匀沉淀法制备出了高结晶度、大尺寸(微米量级)且层间具有CO₃^2-的LDH(LDH-CO₃), 引起了人们的极大兴趣. 为解决LDH-CO₃难于交换和剥离的难题, Iyi等^[10,11]采用两步法制备了层间具有NO₃^- 或有机阴离子的LDH, 即首先采用 HCl-NaCl混合溶液将LDH-CO₃转化成为LDH-Cl, 然后再采用过量的阴离子进行交换制备LDH-NO₃或有机阴离子插层的LDH.     

铜镁铝三元水滑石的姜-泰勒效应

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),用CASTEP程序模块,对类水滑石(CuxMg3-xAl-LDHs,x=0-3)周期性模型进行几何全优化,通过分析各体系的结构参数、电子排布、氢键、Mulliken电荷布居、结合能,总结出体系中的姜-泰勒效应和结构稳定性规律.结果表明,姜-泰勒效应不仅存在于d轨道未排满的Cu2+中,在p轨道未排满的Mg2+中也可能存在,且未饱和的d、p轨道共同影响着金属离子姜-泰勒畸变的大小.在CuxMg3-xAl-LDHs(x=0-3)中,铝八面体和镁八面体分别以稳定的拉长的八面体形式存在.而随着Cu2+的增加,铜八面体逐渐从压扁的八面体向稳定的拉长的八面体形式转变,体系获得了逐渐增多的姜-泰勒稳定化能.总体上,随着Cu2+的增加,体系中姜-泰勒效应导致的畸变使主客体间的氢键和静电作用力均有减弱趋势,且体系的结合能绝对值逐渐减小,故体系稳定性下降.这有助于从理论上进一步认识含铜水滑石的姜-泰勒效应.     

Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase on Calcined Layered Double Hydroxides

A hydrotalcite-like Mg2 /Al3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) material was prepared by means of amodified coprecipitation method involving a rapid mixing step followed by a separate aging process. LDH calcined at 500℃ , denoted as CLDH, was characterized by XRD, IR and BET surface area measurements.CLDH has a poor crystalline MgO-like structure with a high surface area and porosity. CLDH was used as asupport for the immobilization of penicillin G acylase(PGA). The effect of varying the immobilization conditions, such as pH, contact time and the ratio of enzyme to support, on the activity of the immobilized enzymein the hydrolysis of penicillin G has been studied. It was found that the activity of the immobilized enzyme decreased slightly with decreasing pH and reached a maximum after a contact time of 24 h. The activity of theimmobilized enzyme increased with increasing the ratio of enzyme to support. It was found that the adsorption of PGA inhibited the expected reaction of CLDH with an aqueous medium to regenerate a LDH phase. Itsoriginal activity(36%) after 15 cycles of reuse of the immobilized enzyme was retained, but no further loss in the activity was observed.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanorods and Nanowires of Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of synthetic anion clays, characterized by the formula[MⅡ1-xMⅢx (OH)2]x (An- )x/n·yH2O (where M =metal and A = anion, usually carbonate)[1-3]. A large number of LDHs with a wide variety of M Ⅱ-M Ⅲ cation pairs including M Ⅰ-M Ⅲ ( e. g. , Li-Al ) and M Ⅱ-MⅣ( e. g. , Co-Ti) have been reported. Thus the identities of the cations(MⅠ , MⅡ , MⅢ and MⅣ) and the interlayer anion (An-) together with the value of the stoichiometric coefficient (x) may vary widely, giving rise to a large class of isostructural materials.     

铜锌铝三元水滑石畸变结构和稳定性的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论,用CASTEP程序模块构建水滑石(CuxZn3-xAl-LDHs)周期性计算模型,进行模型的几何全优化,对各体系的结构参数、氢键、Mulliken电荷布居及结合能等进行分析,探讨体系中的Jahn-Teller效应和结构稳定性.计算结果表明,层板中Cu2+与Zn2+交错排列的构型比较稳定.随着层板上Cu2+取代Zn2+的量增多,晶胞对称性变差,但Cu2+的Jahn-Teller效应对中心Al3+的影响较小.CuxZn3-xAl-LDHs(x=0～3)体系中离子键逐渐变强,共价键逐渐变弱,体系整体上由共价型晶体向离子型晶体转变.体系中Jahn-Teller效应导致的畸变使主-客体作用力增强,其中静电作用力减弱,氢键强度变大,且氢键作用占优势.总体上,体系的结合能绝对值逐渐减小,稳定性降低,这对于合成含铜的LDHs材料具有理论指导意义.     

Layered Double Hydroxides with Hydrotalcite—type Structure Containing Fe^3＋,Al^3＋ and Mg^2＋

IntroductionLayered double hydroxides( LDHs) with hy-drotalcite ( HT ) - type structure are composed oftrivalent and divalent metal ions and have the gen-eral formula[1] ,[M2 + 1-x M3 + x ( OH) 2 ]x+ An-x/ n· m H2 O,where M3 + is a trivalentmental ion,such as Al3 + ,Fe3 + ,La3 + ,Ni3 + ,Mn3 + etc.,M2 + is a divalentmetal ion,such as Mg2 + ,Zn2 + ,Ca2 + ,Cu2 + ,Co2 +etc.,An-is a charge compensating anion,such asOH-,Cl-,NO-3 ,CO2 -3 etc.,m is the number ofthe moles of co- intercalat…     

Influences of Synthesis Conditions on the Formation of Methotrexate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides by Exfoliation-reassembly Route

The intercalation of methotrexate(MTX) into layered double hydroxides(LDHs) via an exfoliation-reassembly process was performed and the resulting hybrids were then characterized by X-ray difEractiometry( XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry(TG) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), etc. In the synthesis procedure, LDHs particles were firstly delaminated, and the reassembly process was performed to get MTX intercalated LDH(MTX/LDHs) hybrids. Tlie reassembly conditions, such as reassembly time and diflerent reassembly solvent, were studied emphatically. It was fbimd that 20 min is the optimum time and formamide is the most suitable solvent in the reassembly process. At last, the controlled release property and the drug-loading capacity were examined emphatically to reveal that MTX/LDHs hybrids reassembled in fomiamide exhibit the highest drug-loading capacity. The cytotoxicity of the hybrids was estimated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-/7-tetrazolium bromide, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assays on the human lung cancer cells(A549), with the results showing that MTX/LDHs hybrids have effective suppress role on the proliferation of cancer cells, and tlie hybrids obtained from the formamide solution present much better anticancer efleet than the other samples.     

5-磺基水杨酸辅助水热法制备Co-Ni层状双氢氧化物及其超电容性能

采用5-磺基水杨酸(SSA)辅助水热法制备了Co-Ni层状双氢氧化物(CoxNi1-xLDHs),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究其结构与形貌.结果表明,通过调控反应体系中Co、Ni的配比,可以得到不同形貌的CoxNi1-xLDHs.在Co的摩尔分数为0.24时,形成了由纳米片组装的花瓣状纳米球.循环伏安和恒流充放电测试表明,这种花瓣状结构的双氢氧化物在1A·g-1电流密度下,比电容值达到1735F·g-1.     

Preparation of Cerium Dioxide Functionalized Magnetic Layered Double Hydroxides for High-efficiency Phosphopeptide Enrichment

In this work, we prepared a material with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) as core, layered double hydroxides(LDHs) as affinity shell, and cerium dioxide(CeO₂) as functional molecules(denoted as Fe₃O₄@LDH-CeO₂). On the basis of combined immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography(IMAC) and metal oxide affinity chromatography(MOAC), Fe₃O₄@LDH-CeO₂ was used to enrich phosphopeptides with high efficiency. The material exhibited high selectivity(α-casein:β-casein:BSA=1:1:5000, mass ratio), high recovery(95.87%), and good reusability of 10 times adsorption- desorption experiments. The feasibility of Fe₃O₄@LDH-CeO₂ was further investigated by extracting phosphopeptides from biological samples(nonfat milk, serum, saliva, and A549 cell lysate).     

钴钒水滑石纳米片用于电催化尿素氧化

电解水是一种常用的制氢方法,但高能耗的阳极析氧反应(OER)阻碍了其应用。尿素氧化反应(UOR)具有较低的热力学电势,是最有前景的OER替代反应之一。过渡金属基水滑石具有独特的层状结构和层间阴离子可交换等优点,被认为是性能优异的UOR催化剂,然而目前大多数研究主要聚焦于后过渡金属元素。该研究通过一步法制备了具有前/后过渡金属的CoV-LDHs纳米片。与相同方法制备的Co(OH)₂相比,CoV-LDHs纳米片具有以下优点：1)纳米片结构有利于暴露更多的活性位点。2) V的引入增强了CoV-LDHs的亲水性,提高了其本征电催化动力学。3) Co (3d⁷4s²)和V (3d³4s²)之间的d-电子补偿效应有利于促进尿素的吸附。因此,CoV-LDHs仅需要1.52 V (vs. RHE) 就可以达到10 mA∙cm⁻²的电流密度,比Co(OH)₂低了70 mV,同时CoV-LDHs较低的塔菲尔斜率表明了其较快的反应动力学。此外,CoV-LDHs在连续反应10 h后,驱动电位几乎没有增加,表明其具有良好的稳定性。该研究结果不仅证明了前/后过渡金属之间的d-电子补偿效应可以提高UOR催化性能,还为设计高效的UOR催化剂提供了可行的途径。