Can tetra‐tert‐butylethylene be formed by ion–ion recombination or ion–molecule reaction of two di‐tert‐butylcarbene units?—a DFT study

The reaction channels of di‐tert‐butylcarbene ( 2 ), its radical anion, ( 3 ) and its radical cation ( 4 ) were investigated theoretically by using DFT/B3LYP with 6‐31+G(d) basis set and 6‐311+G(2d,p) for single point energy calculations. Conversion of the neutral carbene 2 to the charged species 3 and 4 results in significant geometric changes. In cation 4 two different types of C? (CH₃)₃ bonds are observed: one elongated sigma bond called “axial” with 1.61 Å and two normal sigma bonds with a bond length of 1.55 Å. Species 2 and 4 have an electron deficient carbon center; therefore, migration of CH₃ and H is observed from adjacent tert‐butyl groups with low activation energies in the range of 6–9 kcal/mol like similar Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements in the neopentyl‐cation system. Neutral carbene 2 shows C? H insertion to give a cyclopropane derivative with an activation energy of 6.1 kcal/mol in agreement with former calculations. Contrary to species 2 and 4 , the radical anion 3 has an electron rich carbon center which results in much higher calculated activation energies of 26.3 and 42.1 kcal/mol for H and CH₃ migrations, respectively. NBO charge distribution indicates that the hydrogen migrates as a proton. The central issue of this work is the question: how can tetra‐tert‐butylethylene ( 1 ) be prepared from reaction of either species 2 , 3 , or 4 as precursors? The ion–ion reaction between 3 and 4 to give alkene 1 with a calculated reaction enthalpy of 203.5 kcal/mol is extremely exothermic. This high energy decomposes alkene 1 after its formation into two molecules of carbene 2 spontaneously. Ion–molecule reaction of radical anion 3 with the neutral carbene 2 is a much better choice: via a proper oriented charge–transfer complex the radical anion of tetra‐tert‐butylethylene (11) is formed. The electron affinity of 1 was calculated to be negligible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is 4‐nitrobenzenethiol converted to p,p′‐dimercaptoazobenzene or 4‐aminothiophenol by surface photochemistry reaction?

For the first time, the experimental and theoretical evidence for the conversion of 4‐nitrobenzenethiol (4‐NBT) to p,p′‐dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) in Ag and Cu sols by surface photochemistry reaction is obtained with surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The SERS spectrum of 4‐NBT in Cu sol is identical to that of DMAB produced from 4‐aminothiophenol in Ag sol as reported in recent literature, thereby providing direct spectral evidence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intra‐ and intermolecular N?H···O hydrogen bonds in pyrrolyl derivatives of indane‐1,3‐dione – experimental and theoretical study

2‐(Pyrrol‐2‐ylmethylene)‐1,3‐indandione ( 4 ) and 2‐(pyrrol‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3‐dicyanomethylidene‐1‐indanone ( 5 ) were synthesized. Multinuclear and 2D‐NMR, IR, UV spectroscopic investigations as well as quantum chemical calculations showed the presence of strong hydrogen bonding in these molecules. For both molecules, the presence of two conformers, with and without H‐bond, was experimentally detected in the basic solvents (DMSO, acetone, pyridine) and the solvate complexes were theoretically calculated. Specific behavior of the intramolecular H‐bonded complexes different from that of the intermolecular H‐complexes is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self‐trapped N?H vibrational states in the polymorphs of glycine,L‐ and DL‐alanine

The polarized Raman spectra of the oriented single crystals of L ‐ and DL ‐alanine, α‐, β‐ and γ‐polymorphs of glycine have been studied at 3–300 K. Regularly spaced band packets have been observed in the spectral range of 2500–3000 cm⁻¹, with intensity decreasing noticeably on heating. These band packets were interpreted as the manifestations of the existence of N H self‐trapped states in these systems at low temperatures. The analysis of the polarized spectra has shown that the self‐trapping is observed exclusively for the NH stretching vibration of the amino groups, which is related to the NH···O hydrogen bonds along the head‐to‐tail chains of zwitterions in the crystal structures. The wavenumber of this NH stretching vibration, however, was proposed to depend not solely on the length of this NH···O hydrogen bond, but also on the lengths of all the other NH···O hydrogen bonds formed by the NH₃⁺ and the COO⁻ groups in the structure linking the head‐to‐tail chains with each other. The arguments in favor of the hypothesis that the self‐trapping in these systems can be mediated by zero‐point quantum motions, and not by lattice phonons, are considered. The unusually low wavenumber (2500 cm⁻¹) observed for the NH stretching vibration and indicating at the formation of a very strong NH···O bond is interpreted based on considering the effect of the crystalline environment on the formation and properties of the NH···O bonds in the head‐to‐tail chains of amino acid zwitterions. The results are interesting for understanding the factors determining the dynamics and structural instability of crystalline amino acids and also for biophysical chemistry, as the hydrogen bonded chains formed by amino acid zwitterions in the crystals can mimic the peptide chains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computational study of singlet and triplet sulfonylnitrenes insertion into 1,3‐butadienes: 1,2‐ or 1,4‐cycloaddition?

The formation of N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2‐vinylaziridine and N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐3‐pyrroline by the reaction of the singlet and triplet trifluoromethanesulfonylnitrenes with s‐cis‐ and s‐trans‐1,3‐butadienes was studied theoretically at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) and M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) levels of theory. The singlet trifluoromethanesulfonylnitrene adds to s‐cis‐ and s‐trans‐1,3‐butadiene exothermally in one step to give the product of 1,2‐cycloaddition, N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2‐vinylaziridine, the energy decreasing by 88.5 and 86.2 kcal/mol at the B3LYP level and by 105.2 and 103.0 kcal/mol at the M06‐2X level, respectively. The formed 2‐vinylaziridine can undergo rotation about the C(2)–C_sp2 bond with the barrier not exceeding 3.5 kcal/mol and to rearrange into N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐3‐pyrroline. The triplet trifluoromethanesulfonylnitrene reacts with s‐cis‐ and s‐trans‐1,3‐butadiene in two steps. The first exothermic step is the formation of the triplet diradical adducts. The second step is the spin inversion with the energy raising by 5.8 and 17.8 kcal/mol at the B3LYP level and by 11.0 and 20.8 kcal/mol at the M06‐2X level for the adducts to s‐cis‐ and s‐trans‐1,3‐butadiene, respectively. Recombination of the radical centers occurs selectively to give N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2‐vinylaziridine that is exothermally rearranged into N‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐3‐pyrroline with the energy barrier of 40 kcal/mol at the B3LYP level and of 50 kcal/mol at the M06‐2X level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What are the correct L‐subshell photoionization cross sections for quantitative X‐ray spectroscopy?

For fundamental parameter‐based, quantitative X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy or Auger electron spectroscopy, it is crucial to accurately know the photoionization cross sections (PCS). This atomic probability to absorb the exciting photon and eject a photoelectron, in general, followed by a subsequent decay resulting in the emission of a fluorescence photon or an Auger electron, strongly depends on the electron configuration and photon energy. Two contrary models for the photon energy dependence of the L‐subshell PCS, or the 2s, 2p ½ and 2p 3/2; energy levels, respectively, exist in the literature, and an experimental verification was not available until recently. In this work, the two models for calculating the PCS are discussed, and their influence on quantitative experiments is demonstrated by means of the fluorescence production cross sections for the three L shells. Depending on the excitation conditions, these fluorescence production cross sections and, thus, the derived quantitative results can differ significantly if the wrong PCS model is employed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assignment of pre‐edge peaks in K‐edge x‐ray absorption spectra of 3d transition metal compounds: electric dipole or quadrupole?

The characteristics of pre‐edge peaks in K‐edge x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of 3d transition metals were reviewed from viewpoints of the selection rule, coordination number, number of d‐electrons, and symmetry of the coordination sphere. The contribution of the electric dipole and quadrupole transition to the peaks was discussed on the basis of the group theory, polarized spectra, and theoretical calculations. The pre‐edge peak intensity for T_d symmetry is larger than those for O_h symmetry for all 3d elements. The intense pre‐edge peak for tetrahedral species of 3d transition metals is not due to 1s–3d transition, but transition to the p component in d–p hybridized orbital. The mixing of metal 4p orbitals with the 3d orbitals depends strongly on the coordination symmetry, and the possibility is predictable by group theory. The transition of 1s electron to d orbitals is electric quadrupole component in any of the symmetries. The d–p hybridization does not occur with regular octahedral symmetry, and the weak pre‐edge peak consists of 1s–3d electric quadrupole transition. The pre‐edge peak intensity for a compound with a tetrahedral center changes as a function of the number of 3d electrons regardless of the kind of element; it is maximized at d⁰ and gradually decreases to zero at d¹⁰. The features of pre‐edge peaks in K‐edge XANES spectra for 4d elements and the L₁‐edge for 5d elements are analogous with those for 3d elements, but the pre‐edge peak is broadened due to the wide natural width of the core level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Involvement of weak C?H···X hydrogen bonds in metal‐to‐semiconductor regime change in one‐dimensional organic conductors (o‐DMTTF)2X (X = Cl,Br, and I): combined IR and Raman studies

We report on the infrared (IR) and Raman studies of the three isostructural quasi‐one‐dimensional cation radical salts of 3,4‐dimethyl‐tetrathiafulvalene (o‐DMTTF)₂X (X = Cl, Br, and I), which all exhibit metallic properties at room temperature and undergo transitions to a semiconducting state in two steps: a soft metal‐to‐semiconductor regime change in the temperature region T_ρ = 5–200 K and then a sharp phase transition at about T_MI = 50 K. Polarized IR reflectance spectra (700–16 000 cm⁻¹) and Raman spectra (50–3500 cm⁻¹, excitation λ = 632.8 nm) of single crystals were measured as a function of temperature (T = 5–300 K) to assess the eventual formation of a charge‐ordered state below 50 K. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the IR absorption spectra of powdered crystals in KBr discs was also studied. The Raman spectra and especially the bands related to the CC stretching vibration of o‐DMTTF provide unambiguous evidence of uniform charge distribution on o‐DMTTF down to the lowest temperatures, without any modification below 50 K. However, the temperature dependence of Raman spectra indicates a regime change below about 200 K. Temperature dependence of both electronic dispersion and vibrational features observed in the IR spectra also clearly confirms the regime change below about 200 K and shows the involvement of C H···X hydrogen bonds in the electronic localization; some spectral changes can be also related with the phase transition at 50 K. Additionally, using density functional theory methods, the normal vibrational modes of the neutral o‐DMTTF⁰ and cationic o‐DMTTF⁺ species, as well as their theoretical IR and Raman spectra, were calculated. The theoretical data were compared with the experimental IR and Raman spectra of neutral o‐DMTTF molecule. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Remote substituent effects on homolytic Fe?C bond energies of p‐G‐C6H4CH2Fe(CO)2(η5‐C5H5) and p‐G‐C6H4(H)(CN)CFe(CO)2(η5‐C5H5) studied by Hartree–Fock and density functional theory methods

In general, both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions of organometallic complexes involve breaking and forming metal–ligand bonds. Therefore, an evaluation of the thermodynamics of such reactions requires the knowledge of metal–ligand bond energies (BDEs). The homolytic Fe? C bond dissociation energies [i.e., ΔH_homo(Fe? C)s] of 12 para‐substituted benzyldicarbonyl(η⁵‐cyclopentadienyl)iron, p‐G‐C₆H₄CH₂Fp [1,G = NO₂, CN, COMe, CO₂Me, CF₃, Br, Cl, F, H, Me, MeO, NMe₂; Fp = (η⁵‐C₅H₅)(CO)₂Fe] and 12 para‐substituted α‐cyanobenzyldicarbonyl (η⁵‐cyclopentadienyl)iron, p‐G‐PANFp [2,PAN = C₆H₄CH(CN)] were studied using Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) methods with large basis sets. The results show that BP86 and TPSSTPSS can provide the best price/performance ratio and more accurate predictions in the study of ΔH_homo(Fe? C)s. The B3LYP method satisfactorily predicts the α and remote substituent effects on ΔH_homo(Fe? C)s [ΔΔH_homo(Fe? C)s]. The fair correlations [r = 0.97 (g, 1), 0.99(g, 2)] of ΔΔH_homo(Fe? C)s of series 1 and 2 with the substituent σ constants imply that the para substituent effects on ΔH_homo(Fe? C)s originate mainly from polar effects, but those on radical stability originate from both spin delocalization and polar effects. The molecule stabilization effects (MEs) causes that not only the magnitude of ΔΔH_homo(Fe? C)s(1) varies significantly but also the direction changes from S‐pattern to O‐pattern. ΔΔH_homo(Fe? C)s(2) were found to conform to the Capto‐dative Principle. The detailed knowledge of the factors that determine the Fp? C bond strengths would greatly aid in understanding reactivity patterns in many processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relics in medieval altarpieces? Combining X‐ray tomographic,laminographic and phase‐contrast imaging to visualize thin organic objects in paintings

X‐ray radiography is a common tool in the study of old master paintings. Transmission imaging can visualize hidden paint layers as well as the structure of the panel or canvas. In some medieval altarpieces, relics seem to have been imbedded in the wooden carrier of paintings. These are most probably thin organic fibrous materials such as paper or textile, which in traditional radiography are shadowed by the more absorbing surrounding material. This paper studies the application potential of synchrotron‐based tomographic and laminographic imaging complemented with phase‐contrast imaging for detection of such relics. The techniques are applied to a dummy painting. The results demonstrate that by using these imaging methods it is possible to three‐dimensionally visualize hidden cavities in panels and detect thin fibrous low‐Z materials sandwiched between a high‐Z paint layer and a thick wooden panel.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering study of human serum on PVA?Ag nanofilm prepared by using electrostatic self‐assembly

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐protected silver nanoarchitecture (PVA Ag nanofilm) on the surface of the glass substrate was prepared by using electrostatic self‐assembly at a proper voltage. The two‐dimensional morphology of the PVA Ag nanofilm has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of human serum (HS) on PVA Ag nanofilms were recorded. The results show that the Raman scattering of HS can be enhanced efficiently based on these PVA Ag nanofilms. However, it also can be seen that the effect of sodium citrate (SC) acting as anticoagulant on the SERS spectrum of HS is unnegligible, which has not been discussed adequately in the previous reports. To discuss the effect of SC on the SERS spectrum of HS, we have studied the normal Raman spectra of solid SC and the SERS spectra of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mol/l aqueous solution of SC adsorbed on the PVA–Ag nanofilms. Meanwhile, Raman wavenumbers of the SC molecule were calculated by using the method of DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G*, and the dominant assignations of the calculated wavenumbers were performed. It was found that the density functional theory (DFT) calculation of SC Raman spectrum matches well with the experimental results. With the perfect reproducibility and high SERS activity, this method will be useful in the development of HS detection methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

To what extent can a conjugation between two pairs of peri‐nitro and peri‐amino groups be realized through the naphthalene core?

Through‐conjugation for a wide range of 1,8‐diamino‐4,5‐dinitronaphthalenes (N‐acylated, N‐alkylated, N,N′‐bridged, N‐heterocyclic, and N‐deprotonated compounds) was for the first time quantified in solution by means of ultraviolet–visible and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and compared with that of the simpler naphthalene and benzene push‐pull systems. Surprisingly, an extent of conjugation in 1,8‐diamino‐4‐nitro‐ and 1,8‐diamino‐4,5‐dinitronaphthalenes measured in dimethyl sulfoxide is commensurable. On the whole, the repulsive peri‐interactions between the amino groups in systems with N‐alkylated and N‐deprotonated amino groups are more favorable for an effective D‐π‐A charge transfer than in N,N′‐bridged compounds (perimidines, 2,3‐dihydroperimidines and perimidin‐2‐ones). The best electron donors from peri‐positions are pyrrolidin‐1‐yl and methylamido groups. The conclusions obtained from solution studies were deepened by solid‐ state X‐ray experiments for a number of push–pull naphthalenes, including 6,7‐dinitroperimidine N‐anion and two representatives of 4,5‐diaminonaphthalene‐1,8‐dicarbaldehydes. In particular, they helped to trace changes in the bond order redistribution and twisting of the naphthalene core. The latter reaches a record value of 27° for 4,5‐dinitro‐1,8‐di(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)naphthalene. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Do gravitational waves carry energy‐momentum and angular momentum?

We show that gravitational waves which possess a non‐vanishing Riemann tensor R_iklm ≠ 0 always carry energy‐momentum and angular momentum. Our proof uses canonical superenergy and supermomentum tensors for the gravitational field.     

Can 2‐acylpyrroles form an intramolecular hydrogen bond?

The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding by certain N‐substituted 2‐acylpyrroles has been demonstrated by B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVDZ calculations, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and the natural bond orbital method. Total electron energy densities H_BCP at the bond critical point of the H?O bond were applied to analyze the strength of these interactions. The relations between quantum theory of atoms in molecules, carbonyl stretching vibrational modes ν_{C = O}, and natural bond orbital parameters associated with the formation of the C–H?O interaction have been established. The short contacts were found experimentally in the crystal structure of a new 2‐acylpyrrole derivative 5‐chloro‐2‐oxopentyl‐1‐(5‐chloro‐2‐oxopentyl)pyrrolo‐2‐carboxylate. The influence of 2‐ and N‐substitution of 2‐acylpyrroles on C‐H?O interaction energy is discussed. It was found that the methylene group may act as a proton donor leading to a red‐shift or blue‐shift phenomenon of the ν_C–H stretching mode. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Do formalin fixation and freeze‐thaw affect near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy of cartilaginous tissue? A preliminary ex vivo analysis of native human articular cartilage

Near‐infrared (NIR) Raman microprobe spectroscopy has been applied to the non‐invasive characterization of the biochemical structure of extracellular matrix in articular cartilage, a step forward along the path of in vivo diagnostic application of chondropathy. In most studies handling ex vivo cartilage specimens, formalin fixation or freeze‐thaw treatments have been applied in order to stabilize tissue and cell constituents prior to spectroscopic measurements. However, these pre‐processing manipulations might significantly affect certain target bands of the cartilage spectra, thus introducing biases in the characterizations, and potentially leading to data misinterpretation. In this study, we evaluated how formalin fixing and freeze‐thaw processes affect Raman spectra from human femur cartilage. Healthy cartilage specimens were fixed/stored either in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution or in a deep freezer set at −80 °C. The results of this study show that formalin fixation significantly affects the NIR Raman spectra of cartilage specimens due to concurrent formalin absorption and water dehydration within both collagen and glycosaminoglycan macromolecules. Water dehydration was also confirmed in the amide I structure in the frozen‐thawed specimen, but to a much lesser extent. Furthermore, soaking the tissues in phosphate‐buffered saline solution minimized the storage‐induced Raman artifacts, but its immersion had limited effectiveness in formalin‐fixed specimens, predominantly due to an overlap of signals from the formalin liquid (i.e. emitting at 1046 and 1492 cm⁻¹). Therefore, to provide a highly accurate biochemical evaluation of extracellular matrix using NIR Raman spectroscopy, freeze‐thaw processes are more suitable for ex vivo samples of human cartilage than formalin fixation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

O<Subscript>2</Subscript> photodesorption from AuO<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript></Stack> and Au<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript></Stack>

Using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, the decay channels of AuO₂⁻ and Au₂O₂⁻ following photoexcitation with 3.1-eV photons have been studied. For AuO₂⁻, a state with a rather long lifetime of 30 ps has been identified. Its decay path could not be determined but photodesorption can be excluded. For Au₂O₂⁻, the spectra indicate O₂ desorption after 3.1-eV photoexcitation on a time scale of 1 ps. While comparing these results on Au _n O₂⁻ with analogous data on Ag _n O₂⁻ clusters, a discernible pattern emerges: for dissociatively bound O₂(AuO₂⁻, Ag₃O₂⁻), there are long-living excited states which do not decay by oxygen desorption, while for molecular chemisorption (Au₂O₂⁻, Ag₂O₂⁻, Ag₄O₂⁻, Ag₈O₂⁻), the 3.1-eV photoexcitation triggers fast O₂ desorption with a high quantum yield.     

Magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>FeMoO<Subscript>6–δ</Subscript>–Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanoheterostructures

A method has been developed for fabricating nanoporous matrices based on anodic aluminum oxide for the deposition of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in them. The modes of deposition of strontium ferromolybdate thin films prepared by the ion-plasma method have been worked out, and the magnetic and magnetoresistive properties, structure, and composition of the films have been investigated. It has been revealed that the microstructure and properties of the strontium ferromolybdate films deposited by ionplasma sputtering depend on the deposition rate and the temperature of the substrate. Based on the measurement of the electrical resistivity of nanoheterostructures in a magnetic field, it has been found that the magnetoresistance reaches 14% at T = 15 K and B = 8 T, which is due to the manifestation of tunneling magnetoresistance.     

Zn$lt;sub$gt;1-$lt;i$gt;x$lt;/i$gt;$lt;/sub$gt;Mg$lt;sub$gt;$lt;i$gt;x$lt;/i$gt;$lt;/sub$gt;O薄膜的光致发光特性研究

采用脉冲激光沉积方法在单晶Si（100）衬底上制备出c轴取向的Zn_1-xMg_xO单晶薄膜,通过荧光光谱仪研究了薄膜的光致发光特性.实验结果表明,Mg含量增加,Zn_1-xMg_xO单晶薄膜的紫外发光峰蓝移,发光峰强度减弱,缺陷发光强度增强.同时发现,由于Mg的掺杂,引入了一些束缚能较大的局域束缚态.对于氧气氛下制备的样品,实验发现紫外峰和绿光带发光峰同时增强,但是R值减小,紫外峰红移.对绿光发光机理研究发现,绿光发光带主要与锌空位、氧间隙（O_i）或锌位氧（O_Zn）等缺陷有关,它是由多个缺陷发光峰组成,各缺陷发光峰强度相对变化导致了绿光发光带的整体移动. 关键词： 1-xMg_xO薄膜')" href="#">Zn_1-xMg_xO薄膜 光致发光 脉冲激光沉积