An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for aconitine-type alkaloids using an anti-aconitine monoclonal antibody

3-Succinylaconitine was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for use as an immunogen for the preparation of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against aconitine (Aco). Splenocytes from mice immunized with the Aco-BSA conjugate were fused with an aminopterin-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line, P3-X63-Ag8-653, and a hybridoma secreting a MAb against Aco was successfully obtained. The MAb cross-reacted with mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which are Aco-type alkaloids, but not with any other compounds examined. The full measurement range of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed using the new MAb extended from 100 ng mL⁻¹ to 1.5 μg mL⁻¹ of Aco. The concentrations of Aco-type alkaloids in various Aconiti radixes assayed using the new ELISA method showed good agreement with previous reports.     

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for naringin

Among the currently used immunoassay techniques, sandwich ELISA exhibits higher specificity, lower cross-reactivity, and a wider working range compared to the corresponding competitive assays. However, it is difficult to obtain a pair of antibodies that can simultaneously bind to two epitopes of a molecule with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da. Naringin (Nar) is a flavonoid with a molecular mass of 580 Da. The main aim of this study was to develop a sandwich ELISA for detecting Nar. Two hybridomas secreting anti-Nar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced by fusing splenocytes from a mouse immunised against Nar-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated with a hypoxanthine–aminopterin–thymidine (HAT)-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line; a sandwich ELISA for detecting Nar was developed using these two well-characterised anti-Nar mAbs. The performance of the sandwich assay was further evaluated by limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, and interference analyses. A dose-response curve to Nar was obtained with an LOD of 6.78 ng mL⁻¹ and an LOQ of 13.47 ng mL⁻¹. The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 4.32% and 7.48%, respectively. The recovery rate of Nar from concentrated Fructus aurantii granules was 83.63%. A high correlation was obtained between HPLC and sandwich ELISA. These results demonstrate that the sandwich ELISA method has higher specificity for Nar than indirect competitive ELISA.     

Determination of beta-conglycinin in soybean and soybean products using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Soybean protein has long been recognized as a source of dietary allergens for humans and animals with β-conglycinin being the major allergen. This paper presents a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that allows for the detection of trace amount of β-conglycinin in soybean and soybean products. In the sandwich ELISA, mouse anti-β-conglycinin monoclonal antibody (Mab 5C5) was used as coating antibody, and rabbit anti-β-conglycinin polyclonal antibody (Pab) was used as secondary antibody. The assay showed high specificity for β-conglycinin with minimum cross-reactions with other soy proteins. The practical working range for the determination of β-conglycinin using the developed assay was 3–100 ng mL⁻¹ and the limit of determination (LOD) was 1.63 ng mL⁻¹. The recoveries of β-conglycinin in spiked soybean samples were between 88.1% and 106.6% with relative standard deviation less than 8.9% (intra-day) and 13.1% (inter-day). The developed method was used to analyze 469 soybean seed samples from different sources as well as five soybean products treated with different processing techniques. The data showed that the concentration of β-conglycinin decreased significantly after processing, especially for soybean protein isolation, where the concentration of β-conglycinin dropped to nearly zero. The assay provides a specific and sensitive method for the screening of β-conglycinin and allows for further investigation into hypersensitive mechanisms of soybean proteins and development of soybean processing techniques to reduce their negative effects.     

S,S-氰戊菊酯间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析方法研究

合成了S,S-氰戊菊酯的半抗原S-2-(4-氯苯基)-3-甲基丁酸-α-S-(N-丁酸基)-甲酰氨-(3-苯氧基)苄酯(Efvb).半抗原通过混合酸酐法与卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联作为包被抗原,活泼酯法与牛血清蛋白(BSA)偶联作为免疫抗原.用免疫抗原免疫新西兰大白兔,得到抗S,S-氰戊菊酯多克隆抗体.通过异源分析及检测条件优化,确立了间接竞争酶联免疫分析方法的最佳检测条件为pH 7.4,0.4 mol/L Na+、40％甲醇-PBS溶液,建立了S,S-氰戊菊酯酶联免疫分析方法.方法的抑制中浓度(IC50)值为(3.16±0.01)mg/L;检出限(IC10)为(0.0053±0.0012) mg/L.对甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯及其代谢物戊菊酸没有明显交叉反应.在自来水、河水和土壤样品中添加S,S-氰戊菊酯,其回收率分别为82.3％～108.2％,83.1％～109.2％和72.0％～91.2％.     

吡虫啉的酶联免疫吸附分析方法研究

通过碳二亚胺法将吡虫啉交联于牛血清蛋白(BSA)作为免疫抗原,混合酸酐法将吡虫啉交联于卵清蛋白(OVA)作为包被抗原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,采用B细胞杂交瘤技术,经免疫、融合、筛选、克隆,得到抗吡虫啉单克隆抗体,抗体亚类为IgG1,制备的单克隆抗体效价达1×107,确定了吡虫啉酶联免疫吸附分析方法(ELISA)的最佳工作条件,建立了定量测定吡虫啉的间接竞争ELISA方法。本方法的IC50为(15.12±1.28)μg/L,检出限为(1.76±0.02)μg/L。与其它吡虫啉结构类似物无交叉反应。批内相对标准偏差为4.5%;批间相对标准偏差5.1%,饮用水、重庆理工大学地下水和重庆市花溪河地表水平均添加回收率分别为102%,97%和85%。本研究建立了一种快速检测环境水中吡虫啉残留的方法。     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using highly-specific monoclonal antibodies against plumbagin

Plumbagin (PL; 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a natural compound mainly isolated from Plumbago zeylanica. This plant is distributed in Southeast Asia, and well known as Ayurvedic medicine in India for its medicinal properties. PL has been shown to have various pharmacological activities. We have successfully prepared monoclonal antibodies against PL, and developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system for determination of PL. 3-(5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-3-yl) propanoic acid was synthesized and purified to prepare PL-bovine serum albumin conjugate (PL-BSA), which was used as an immunogen. PL-BSA conjugate was administered into BALB/c male mice for production of monoclonal antibodies against PL. The monoclonal antibody against PL which is secreted from established hybridoma cell line 3A3 (MAb 3A3) has been proven to have highly-specific to PL resulting from cross-reactivities test. The range for calibration of PL by ELISA was 0.2-25 μg mL⁻¹. Based on validation analysis, this analytical method by ELISA is a precise, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of PL in plant.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the insecticide fenitrothion. Influence of hapten conformation and sample matrix on assay performance

This study aimed at developing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide fenitrothion using a monoclonal antibody. The hapten used to obtain the antibody had an ideal structural feature that allowed minimal functional group sacrifice. By using the antibody and a coating antigen, a competitive indirect ELISA was developed, which showed an IC₅₀ of 14 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 3.0 ng mL⁻¹. A competitive direct ELISA using an enzyme tracer was also developed, which showed an IC₅₀ of 17 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1.6 ng mL⁻¹. The antibodies in both assays showed negligible cross-reactivity with the metabolites of fenitrothion and other OP pesticides except with the insecticides parathion-methyl and parathion-ethyl. Recoveries of fenitrothion from fortified rice and lettuce samples were determined and the bias in the recovery values was rationalized by using the standard curves obtained in the matrix extract.     

Preparation,Identification, and Preliminary Application of Monoclonal Antibody Against Pyrethroid Insecticide Fenvalerate

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate were achieved, identified, and applied in environmental water. Mice were immunized with a novel synthesized hapten conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Three positive clones of MAbs were obtained after cell fusion and hybridoma selection, among them MAb-2 (5B10) showed the highest reactivity toward fenvalerate. The IC₅₀ of MAb-2 was 94.5 ng mL^?1; moreover, it showed lower cross-reactivity with other pyrethroids such as bifenthrin, tetramethrin, deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin. Optimization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was studied. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was 8.8 ng mL^?1 and the detection range was 0.017–27.33 μg mL^?1. For preliminary application, addition recovery experiments in water samples were performed. The mean recoveries of three kinds of samples varied from 90.6% to 108.7% and the coefficients of variation ranged from 0.5% to 5.3%. The results showed that MAb-2 could be used for the detection of fenvalerate contamination in environmental water.     

烯效唑酶联免疫吸附分析方法研究

合成了半抗原烯效唑琥珀酸半酯,分别将半抗原与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联制备了免疫抗原和包被抗原,并成功建立了水和土壤中烯效唑残留的酶联免疫吸附分析法。用免疫抗原免疫新西兰大白兔得到多克隆抗体,抗体的效价达到1.02×106。方法的线性范围为0.005～10mg/L,检出限为1.82±0.83μg/L。除烯唑醇有一定的交叉反应外,与大部分三唑类杀菌剂都没有明显的交叉反应。在水和土壤中添加不同浓度的烯效唑,回收率分别在82.40%～105.92%和92.42%～100.08%之间。     

Effect of hapten structures on specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for N-methylcarbamate insecticide metolcarb

Five different haptens of the N-methylcarbamate insecticide metolcarb were designed and synthesized. All of the haptens were conjugated with ovalbumin (OVA) for the coating antigen, and one hapten containing all of the structure of metolcarb was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for the immunogen. Two polyclonal antisera were raised against the BSA conjugate, and ten antibody/coating conjugate combinations were selected for studies of assay sensitivity and specificity for metolcarb. A class-specific combination was found, with the I₅₀ of the assay ranged from 0.64 to 20.98 μg mL⁻¹ for seven tested N-methylcarbamate insecticides except for pirimicarb. Considering titer, I₅₀ and cross-reactivity of all combinations of antibody/coating conjugate, a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a homologous system, whose limit of detection (LoD) reached 1.4 ng mL⁻¹, was presented. The results of competitive ELISAs indicated that coating hapten structure can significantly affect not only assay sensitivity but also its specificity.     

A highly sensitive and specific polyclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibiotic olaquindox in animal feed samples

The use of olaquindox (OLA) as an additive in animal feedstuffs has been prohibited in the European Union and many other countries. In this study, a highly sensitive and specific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of OLA in animal feed samples was developed. OLA was activated by N′N-carbonyldiimidazole and coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA). It was found that the sensitivity and specificity of the two antisera were very similar, with the IC₅₀ values of 16 ng mL⁻¹ and 19 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Cross-reactivity was less than 35% for four structurally related compounds and no recognition of five other antibiotics was observed. The better antiserum I was selected for further experiments, for example testing stability, solvent effect, accuracy, and precision. The IC₅₀ value for eight standard curves was in the range 12–18 ng mL⁻¹ and the LOD at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N = 3) was 0.31 ± 0.11 ng mL⁻¹. The ELISA tolerated 5% methanol without significant influence on IC₅₀ value. The recoveries of spiked OLA in five different animal feed types including auxin, pig complex feed, fish complex feed, broiler concentrated feed, and pig premix feed were in the range 88.3–119.0% and the intra-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) was within 4.7–33.5% (n = 3). The ELISA for unspiked feed samples was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a high correlation coefficient of 0.9862 (n = 5). The proposed ELISA could be a feasible quantitative/screening method for OLA analysis in feed samples with the properties of high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity of sample pretreatment, high sample throughput, and low expense. Figure Polyclonal antibody based ELISA for detection of olaquindox     

精吡氟禾草灵酶联免疫吸附分析方法研究

建立了定量测定精吡氟禾草灵的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析方法(ic-ELISA)。将精吡氟禾草灵在碱性条件下水解制得半抗原,再将半抗原与蛋白质偶联形成抗原后免疫新西兰大白兔,获得多克隆抗体。对其进行条件优化后,得到了精吡氟禾草灵的ic-ELISA方法的标准曲线。该方法的Ic50为0.553mg/L。检出限为0.0062mg/L。方法对其他芳氧苯氧基丙酸酯类除草剂没有明显交叉反应。精吡氟禾草灵在样品中的回收率为86.80%～103.41%,变异系数为3.96%～12.32%。表明本研究建立的精吡氟禾草灵的ELISA方法符合农药残留分析的要求。     

Development of an immunoassay for rapid screening of vardenafil and its potential analogues in herbal products based on a group specific monoclonal antibody

Vardenafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Undeclared vardenafil and related analogues adulterated in herbal products are a threat to public health. To screen vardenafil and its analogues in herbal matrix rapidly, an immunoassay based on a group specific monoclonal antibody (McAb) was developed.Glutaraldehyde was used to link vardenafil to immunogen and coating-antigen, respectively. Through the assessment of the structural specificity of eight anti-vardenafil McAbs, the McAb of 4B9 was characterized as being specific to the common structure of vardenafil and its analogues. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established based on this McAb, the limit of detection of vardenafil was 5.0 ng mL⁻¹, the calibration curve was linear from 5.0 to 40 ng mL⁻¹ (R² = 0.952) with an IC₅₀ value of 18.2 ng mL⁻¹. In the extracts of 20 Chinese traditional drugs, the detection capability (CCβ) of vardenafil was 0.08 mg g⁻¹, the recoveries were 76-116% and the coefficients of variation (CV%) were 9.7%-16.2%. The ic-ELISA was in good agreement with LC-UV when detected herbal products containing vardenafil and its analogue.The method is a suitable tool for screening vardenafil and its analogues as illegal additives in herbal products.     

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Hyodeoxycholic Acid in Pharmaceutical Products Using a Monoclonal Antibody

Herein is reported an immunochemical approach to determine hyodeoxycholic acid using hybridoma-secreting monoclonal antibodies. The hyodeoxycholic acid-specific antibody was produced by fusing splenocytes immunized with a hyodeoxycholic acid-bovine serum albumin conjugate with a hypoxanthine–aminopterin–thymidine-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line (SP2/0). The antibody was highly specific for hyodeoxycholic acid, with less than 0.05 percent cross-reactivity to over fifty structurally related compounds. The antihyodeoxycholic acid monoclonal antibody was then used to develop a rapid, specific, and sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for the determination of hyodeoxycholic acid in pharmaceutical compounds. The linear dynamic range was from 0.48 to 62.5 nanograms per milliliter with an IC₅₀ value of 8 nanograms per milliliter. The icELISA results correlated well with a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of hyodeoxycholic acid (R² = 0.9982). This study shows that the icELISA method was successfully applied to the quantification of hyodeoxycholic acid in pharmaceutical products.     

A highly specific immunoassay for microcystin-LR detection based on a monoclonal antibody

Microcystins (MC) are cyanobacterial hepatotoxins responsible for animal-poisoning and human health incidents. Immunoassays provide a sensitive and fast means to detect these toxins, but cross-reactivity (CR) characteristic of different antibodies was variable. Here, we have produced and characterized a monoclonal antibody (Clone MC8C10) with highly specificity against the most frequent and most toxic variant of microcystins, MC-LR. MC8C10 is more specific against MC-LR among the reported antibodies before. The immunogen was synthesized from the modified MC-LR and bovine serum albumin (BSA). An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) with MC8C10 was established to detect the MCs in waters, which showed highly specificity with MC-LR, and have a detection limit for MC-LR 0.1 μg L⁻¹, the 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) for MC-LR was 1.8 ± 0.1 μg L⁻¹ and the quantitative detection range was from 0.3 to 10 μg L⁻¹. The [4-arginine] microcystins and the nodularin-R showed lower cross-reactivates (CR < 10%), and other MCs such as MC-LF and MC-LW are not recognized (CR < 10⁻⁴). The analysis results of real water samples with ic-ELISA showed that all the coefficients of variation were less than 15%, and the recovery was (100.3 ± 5.9)%. So the highly specific ic-ELISA will commendably suit for sensitive analysis for MC-LR in surface water as well as drinking water.     

噻虫嗪单克隆抗体制备及酶联免疫吸附分析方法的建立

通过化学修饰合成了噻虫嗪人工半抗原,采用碳二亚胺法将该半抗原与牛血清蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联,成功制备了分子结合比合理的免疫原和包被原。经过免疫原免疫6周龄Balb/c小鼠、PEG介导免疫鼠脾细胞和骨髓瘤细胞的融合和阳性杂交瘤细胞的筛选和克隆化,获得了效价高达1∶6.4×105的抗噻虫嗪单克隆抗体,抗体亚类为IgG1型。优化了ELISA实验条件,建立了基于单克隆抗体技术的噻虫嗪残留间接竞争ELISA方法。本方法的抑制中浓度(IC50)为0.0255mg/L,检测灵敏度(IC20)为0.0022mg/L,检出限(IC10)为0.001mg/L。除噻虫胺外,该抗体与其它噻虫嗪结构类似物无交叉反应。以自来水为基质的噻虫嗪添加回收实验显示,0.01,0.5和10.0mg/L添加水平的回收率均大于75%,且各添加水平重复测定8次的相对标准偏差均小于8%,说明所建立的间接竞争ELISA准确度高,重复性好,适合水中噻虫嗪残留的检测。     

呋喃唑酮代谢物单克隆抗体制备及酶联免疫吸附分析方法

本研究针对呋喃唑酮代谢物(AOZ),设计合成了系列半抗原,进一步通过偶联牛血清白蛋白(BSA)免疫Balb/c小鼠、细胞融合、筛选和亚克隆等过程成功获得了源于新颖半抗原H3的具有高亲和力(亲和力常数6.68× 1010L/mol)和高特异性(与其它功能类似物交叉反应小于0.1％)抗AOZ单克隆抗体.同时,基于设计合成的系列同/异源半抗原/包被抗原,考察了不同结构包被原对ELISA方法灵敏度的影响.另外,采用最佳的特征结构异源包被原H5 -OVA,建立了以对硝基苯甲醛(p-NP)为衍生剂的AOZ间接竞争ELISA(icELISA)和直接竞争ELISA(deELISA)检测方法.结果表明:icELISA模式的AOZ检测IC50为0.503 μg/L,定量检测线性范围(IC20～IG80)为0.06～14.0 μg/L,检出限(IC10)达0.017 μg/L; dcELISA模式的AOZ检测IC50为1.19 μg/L,定量检测线性范围为0.14～23.6 μg/L,检出限为0.056 μg/L.两种方法对AOZ的检测灵敏度和定量线性范围均达到相关检测限量要求,可满足不同需求的实际样品检测.     

Biological monitoring of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in urine by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was employed for determination of the pyrethroid biomarker, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in human urine samples. The optimized coating antigen concentration was 0.5 ng/mL with a dilution of 1:4000 for the 3-PBA antibody and 1:6000 for the enzyme conjugate. Urine samples were hydrolyzed with concentrated hydrochloric acid; extracted with dichloromethane and solvent-exchanged into a methanol/buffer solution, prior to analysis in a 96-microwell plate immunoassay. Quantitative recoveries of 3-PBA were obtained for fortified urine samples by ELISA (92 ± 18%) as well as by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (90 ± 13%). The overall method precision of these samples was within ±20% for both the ELISA and GC/MS methods. Analytical results from over one hundred urine samples showed that the ELISA and GC/MS data were highly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. At the 10 ng/mL comparative concentration level, the false positive rate was 0% and the false negative rate was 0.8% for ELISA when using GC/MS as the reference method. The ELISA method has a suitable low detection limit for 3-PBA to assess pyrethroid exposures in non-occupational settings.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for metolcarb residue analysis and investigation of matrix effects from different agricultural products

The development of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on polyclonal antibodies for N-methylcarbamate insecticide metolcarb is described. Two new haptens for the metolcarb were designed and synthesized. Both haptens were conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin to form the immunogens. Four rabbits were immunized with the immunogens for production of polyclonal antibodies against metolcarb. Antisera titers were tested on the homologous coating antigens using a noncompetitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The high titer antisera were used to develop the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of metolcarb. The antibody–antigen combination with the highest selectivity for metolcarb was further optimized and its tolerance to changes in chemical conditions (ionic strength, pH value, and organic solvent) was studied. Under optimum conditions, the sensitivity and the limit of detection were determined to be 22 μg L⁻¹ and 1.2 μg L⁻¹ respectively. Determination of metolcarb in fruit juices and vegetables was accomplished by simple, rapid, and efficient extraction methods. Recoveries of metolcarb from spiked samples ranged from 80.5% to 109.5%. Validation of the developed immunosorbent assay was conducted by comparison of results from high-performance liquid chromatography. The correlation between the data obtained using developed immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography was high (R ² = 0.9884). Therefore, the developed immunosorbent assay in this study was suitable for the rapid quantitative determination of metolcarb in agricultural products.     

High performance enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of miroestrol,a potent phytoestrogen from Pueraria candollei

Pueraria candollei associated preparation is widely applied in folk Thai medicine for rejuvenating purpose in aged people, which correlated with its pharmacological activities reported by pre-clinical and clinical trials. Therefore, standardized products of this plant are needed by consumers and health care personnel. Miroestrol, a potent and stable phytoestrogen in P. candollei, exhibited potential to be biomarker for quality control of P. candollei samples in research or industrial levels. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for miroestrol determination was developed and validated by using polyclonal antibody from rabbit immunization. The polyclonal antibody recognized specifically to miroestrol, which exhibited cross-reactivity to deoxymiroestrol and isomiroestrol with 6.68% and 1.05%, respectively. The linearity range of measurement was 0.73–3000 ng mL⁻¹, which coefficient of variation (CV) of both intra- and inter-plate determination was less than 5%. With spiked samples of known amount miroestrol, the percentages of recovery were 98.80–104.37% and 98.31–106.69% in P. candollei and its involved product samples, respectively. Validated ELISA was comparable with published HPLC method (R² = 0.9996) (Yusakul et al. [18]) in samples with various miroestrol contents. For application, the P. candollei involved preparations contained miroestrol 0.695 ± 0.037–12.108 ± 0.285 μg g⁻¹ dry wt. The developed ELISA was high performance for miroestrol determination, which could be applied for P. candollei quality control in research fields and industrial productions.