含吡啶基的EDT-TTF的合成、结构及性质研究

以亚磷酸三乙酯为偶合剂,得到两个吡啶基修饰的四硫富瓦烯衍生物1和2。利用1H NMR、MS和单晶X-衍射对化合物进行表征,化合物1属单斜晶系,空间群P21/c,其晶胞参数为a=0.4261(1)nm,b=1.2291(1)nm,c=2.8556(3)nm,Z=4,V=1.4935(3)nm3,Dc=1.653 g/cm3,F(000)=760,R=0.043,!R=0.0827(I>2σ(I))。化合物1和2的电化学性质表现出TTF体系特有的两对氧化可逆的单电子峰,与其他含吡啶基团的TTF衍生物的电化学性质相类似,是一类新的电子给体。     

纳米TiO_2膜修饰电极异相电催化还原马来酸

通过电化学合成前驱体和溶胶 -凝胶法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO2 膜 ,SEM ,XRD测试表明晶型为锐钛矿型 ,晶粒平均尺寸为 2 5nm .采用循环伏安法、循环方波伏安法和电解合成法研究了纳米TiO2 膜电极在硫酸介质中的氧化还原行为以及对马来酸 (maleicacid)还原的电催化活性 .结果表明 ,纳米TiO2 膜电极在阴极扫描时有两对可逆氧化还原峰 ,可逆半波电位Er1/ 2 分别为 -0 .5 3V和 -0 .92V (vs .SCE ,扫描速度 0 .0 5V·s-1) ,对应于TiO2 /Ti2 O3 和TiO2 /Ti(OH) 3 两个氧化还原电对的可逆电极过程 .其中TiO2 /Ti2 O3 电对对马来酸具有异相电催化还原活性 ,纳米TiO2 膜中的TiⅣ/TiⅢ 氧化还原电对作为媒质间接电还原马来酸为丁二酸 (butanediacid) ,反应机理为电化学偶联随后化学催化反应 (EC′)机理 .     

取代苯醌在乙腈中的电化学和光谱电化学研究

研究了含有甲基、甲氧基、氟或氯等不同取代基的对苯醌衍生物在乙腈中的电化学和紫外-可见光谱电化学性质,并探讨了取代基对化合物电化学性质的影响.结果表明,每个化合物均可以发生两步可逆的单电子还原反应,分子中的供电子基能使还原反应电位发生负移,而吸电子基则可使电位发生正移.还原电位的变化值(ΔE)与取代基哈密特常数(∑σ)之间呈线性关系,其方程为:ΔE1=0.386 9∑σ-0.073 5(V),R2=0.996,ΔE2=0.280 3∑σ-0.114 5(V),R2=0.981.在控制电位还原时化合物的紫外可见光谱具有明显的变化,表明两步还原反应的产物分别为阴离子自由基(R)nQ.-和负二价阴离子(R)nQ2-(R=—CH3,—OCH3,—Cl,—F;n=0～4).     

基于四硫富瓦烯新型弯曲电子给体的合成、结构与氧化还原性质

四硫富瓦烯(TTF)和其衍生物是优良的电子给体.利用TTF的衍生物在甲醇钠的条件下,和氯化锌以及四丁基溴化铵生成锌盐,再和二硒唑的四氟化硼化合物在低温下生成化合物1.化合物1经元素分析、核磁共振氢谱、质谱和X衍射单晶结构确定.化合物为正交晶系,空间群Pna21,晶胞参数:a=1.8011(7) nm,b=2.0351(7) nm,c=0.4067(2) nm,Z=4,V=1.4907(10)nm3,Dc=2.176 g·cm-3,F(000)=944,μ=5.655 mm-1,2762个可观测点[I＞2o( I)],精修的最终残余因子为:R=0.0773,wR=0.1779.循环伏安结果表明化合物1有两对可逆氧化还原峰.     

纳米TiO_2膜修饰电极异相电催化还原马来酸

通过电化学合成前驱体和溶胶-凝胶法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO_2膜，SEM， XRD测试表明晶型为锐钛矿型，晶粒平均尺寸为25 nm。采用循环伏安法、循环方波 伏安法和电解合成法研究了纳米TiO_2膜电极在硫酸介质中的氧化还原行为以及对 马来酸（maleic acid）还原的电催化活性。结果表明，纳米TiO_2膜电极在阴极扫 描时有两对可逆氧化还原峰，可逆半波电位E_(1/2)~r分别为-0.53 V和-0.92 V（ sv. SCE，扫描速度0.05 V·s~(-1)），对应于TiO_2/Ti_2O_3和TiO_2/Ti(OH)_3两 个氧化还原电对的可逆电极过程。其中TiO_2/Ti_2O_3电对对马来酸具有异相电催 化还原活性，纳米TiO_2膜中的Ti~(IV)/Ti~(III)氧化还原电对作为媒质间接电还 原马来酸为丁二酸（butane diacid），反应机理为电化学偶联随后化学催化反应 （EC'）机理。     

NaxMyFe（CN）6（M=Fe,Co,Ni）:一类新颖的钠离子电池正极材料

应用化学沉淀法合成了3种普鲁士蓝类化合物NaxMyFe(CN)6(M=Fe,Co,Ni),并研究了以此类化合物作钠离子电池正极材料的可行性.XRD和SEM分析表明,合成的3种目标产物均具有典型的立方晶型结构,粒子尺寸为20～50 nm.循环伏安扫描和恒电流充放电测试表明,这类化合物均能实现可逆的钠离子嵌入-脱嵌反应,但不同的金属表现出不同的电化学性质.如M为Fe或Co,材料中的Fe(CN)64+和Fe2+/Co2+离子这两个电化学活性中心都能参与氧化还原反应,NaFeFe(CN)6和Na2CoFe(CN)6的首周可逆容量分别为113和120mAh.g-1,且循环性能比较稳定.由于这类结构中Ni离子不能参与氧化还原反应,Na2NiFe(CN)6的可逆容量仅为64 mAh.g-1,但循环性能非常优异.本工作的初步结果证明了普鲁士蓝类化合物具有良好的钠离子脱嵌能力,有望成为一类价格低廉、环境友好的钠离子电池正极材料.     

基于2-氯-6-甲基苯甲酸和N-甲基咪唑铜(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、晶体结构和电化学性能(英文)

合成了标题配合物Cu(Cmba)2(Mim)2(Cmba为2-氯-6-甲基苯甲酸阴离子,Mim为N-甲基咪唑),并用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了其晶体结构。晶体属单斜晶系,P21/n空间群,晶胞参数为:a=0.7389(15)nm,b=2.1379(4)nm,c=0.8150(16)nm,β=112.41(3)°,V=1.1902(4)nm3,Z=2,Dc=1.582g.cm-3。最后精修结果为:R1=0.0682,wR2=0.1740。在配合物结构中每个Cu髤原子分别与来自2个羧酸根离子中的2个氧原子、2个N-甲基咪唑分子中的2个N原子进行配位,形成了1个平面四边形结构。电化学研究显示配合物中的Cu2+/Cu+对的氧化还原是一个准可逆的过程。     

NanoTiO2-CNT复合膜电极在DMF溶液中对糠醛的异相电催化还原

通过在乙醇中电化学溶解Ti金属阳极合成前驱体Ti(OEt)4和溶胶-凝胶法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO2-碳纳米管(nanoTiO2-CNT)复合膜, 采用循环伏安和电解合成法研究了nanoTiO2-CNT复合膜电极在N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的氧化还原行为以及对糠醛(furfural)还原的电催化活性. 结果发现, nanoTiO2-CNT电极在阴极扫描时有两对氧化还原峰, 可逆半波电位E r1/2 分别为－1.27 V和－2.44 V(vs SCE, 扫描速度100 mV•s-1), 分别对应于TiO2/Ti2O3氧化还原电对的可逆电极过程和TiO2/Ti(OH)3电对的准可逆电极过程；在DMF电解液中nanoTiO2-CNT复合膜中的Ti(IV)/Ti(III)氧化还原电对作为媒质间接电还原糠醛为糠醇, 反应机理为电化学偶联随后化学催化反应(EC′)机理.     

二(1-烯丙基)咪唑二异硫氰酸铜的合成、结构和电化学性能

合成了配合物Cu(Aim)2(NCS)2(Aim为1-烯丙基咪唑),并用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了其晶体结构。晶体属三斜晶系,P1空间群,晶胞参数为:a=0.8490(17)nm,b=1.1596(2)nm,c=1.9568(4)nm,α=74.15(3)°,β=87.44(3)°,γ=76.23(3)°,V=1.8008(6)nm3,Z=4,Dc=1.461 g.cm-3。最后精修结果为:R1=0.065 4,wR2=0.170 9。在配合物结构中每个Cu(Ⅱ)原子分别与2个1-烯丙基咪唑N原子、2个异硫氰酸基团N原子进行配位,形成了一个平面四边形构型。配合物的循环伏安图显示了一对具有扩散控制特征的准可逆氧化还原峰。大的电子转移速率常数(ks=6.12 s-1)表明配合物与电极表面之间电子传输良好的便利性。     

硝酸钍氧化膦取代杯芳烃配合物的合成与结构

合成了一种硝酸钍与氧化膦取代杯芳烃衍生物的配合物 ,[L·Th(OH2 ) (NO3 ) 2 ] [Th(NO3 ) 6]·CH3 CN {L =四 (亚甲基二苯基氧化膦 )杯 [4 ]芳烃 }.通过元素分析和红外光谱对配合物进行了表征 .用X射线单晶衍射法测定了其晶体结构 .晶体属三斜晶系 ,P 1空间群 ,晶胞参数a =1 990 ( 7)nm ,b =2 2 17( 8)nm ,c =2 890 ( 10 )nm ;α =10 4 92 ( 12 )° ,β =10 0 76( 14 )° ,γ =93 13 ( 10 )° ,Z =4;V =12 0 3 3 ( 7)nm3 ,R1=0 0 90 1,wR2 =0 190 7.此配合物由配阳离子和配阴离子构成 .配阳离子中 ,1个Th4+ 与杯芳烃中的 4个磷氧键上的氧原子 ,2个双齿配位的硝酸根中的 4个氧原子 ,以及 1个水分子的氧原子配位 ,构成 1个九配位的单帽四方反棱柱体 ;配阴离子中 ,1个Th4+ 与 6个双齿配位的硝酸根离子配位     

Molecular and electronic structures of one-electron oxidized Ni(II)-(dithiosalicylidenediamine) complexes: Ni(III)-thiolate versus Ni(II)-thiyl radical states

The dithiosalicylidenediamine Ni II complexes [Ni(L)] (R=tBu, R'=CH2C(CH3)2CH2 1, R'=C6H4 2; R=H, R'=CH2C(CH3)2CH2 3, R'=C6H4 4) have been prepared by transmetallation of the tetrahedral complexes [Zn(L)] (R=tBu, R'=CH2C(CH3)2CH2 7, R'=C6H4 8; R=H, R'=CH2C(CH3)2CH2 9, R'=C6H4 10) formed by condensation of 2,4-di-R-thiosalicylaldehyde with diamines H2N-R'-NH2 in the presence of Zn II salts. The diamagnetic mononuclear complexes [Ni(L)] show a distorted square-planar N2S2 coordination environment and have been characterized by 1H- and 13C NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies and by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Cyclic voltammetry and coulombic measurements have established that complexes 1 and 2, incorporating tBu functionalities on the thiophenolate ligands, undergo reversible one-electron oxidation processes, whereas the analogous redox processes for complexes 3 and 4 are not reversible. The one-electron oxidized species, 1+ and 2+, can be generated quantitatively either electrochemically or chemically with 70 % HClO4. EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies and supporting DFT calculations suggest that the SOMOs of 1+ and 2+ possess thiyl radical character, whereas those of 1(py)2 + and 2(py)2 + possess formal Ni III centers. Species 2+ dimerizes at low temperature, and an X-ray crystallographic determination of the dimer [(2)2](ClO4)2.2 CH2Cl2 confirms that this dimerization involves the formation of a S-S bond (S...S=2.202(5) A).     

Synthesis and electrochemical studies of diiron complexes of 1,8-naphthyridine-based dinucleating ligands to model features of the active sites of non-heme diiron enzymes

A bis(mu-carboxylato)(mu-1,8-naphthyridine)diiron(II) complex, [Fe2(BPMAN)(mu-O2CPhCy)2](OTf)2 (1), was prepared by using the 1,8-naphthyridine-based dinucleating ligand BPMAN, where BPMAN = 2,7-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-1,8-naphthyridine. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of this complex in CH2Cl2 exhibited two reversible one-electron redox waves at +296 mV (DeltaE(p) = 80 mV) and +781 mV (DeltaE(p) = 74 mV) vs Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe, corresponding to the FeIIIFeII/FeIIFeII and FeIIIFeIII/FeIIIFeII couples, respectively. This result is unprecedented for diiron complexes having no single atom bridge. Dinuclear complexes [Fe2(BPMAN)(mu-OH)(mu-O2CPhCy)](OTf)2 (2) and [Mn2(BPMAN)(mu-O2CPhCy)2](OTf)2 (3) were also synthesized and structurally characterized. The cyclic voltammogram of 2 in CH2Cl2 exhibited one reversible redox wave at -22 mV only when the potential was kept below +400 mV. The CV of 3 showed irreversible oxidation at potentials above +900 mV. Diiron(II) complexes [Fe2(BEAN)(mu-O2CPhCy)3](OTf) (4) and [Fe2(BBBAN)(mu-OAc)2(OTf)](OTf) (6) were also prepared and characterized, where BEAN = 2,7-bis(N,N-diethylaminomethyl)-1,8-naphthyridine and BBBAN = 2,7-bis[2-[2-(1-methyl)benzimidazolylethyl]-N-benzylaminomethyl]-1,8-naphthyridine. The cyclic voltammograms of these complexes were recorded. The M?ssbauer properties of the diiron compounds were studied.     

Rapid-scan time-resolved FT-IR spectroelectrochemistry studies on the electrochemical redox process

The electron transfer to or from molecules containing multiple redox centers has been extensively investigated. Rapid scan time-resolved FT-IR-RAS spectroelectrochemistry was used to investigate the electron-transfer mechanism in this report. The electron transfer of two typical compounds, 1,4-benzoquinone and 1,4-bis(2-ferrocenylvinyl)benzene, was examined with this method. Although the two compounds show two-electron transfer in the redox process, 1,4-benzoquinone exhibits two single electron waves while 1,4-bis(2-ferrocenylvinyl)benzene exhibits a single wave in cyclic voltammetric experiments. The IR absorption of the intermediate, BQ*- and p-(Fc-CH=CH)+2-benzene, at 1506 and 1589 cm(-1), respectively, appeared and disappeared on the experimental time scale in the oxidation and reduction process was observed. In the oxidation process of the p-(Fc-CH=CH)2-benzene molecule, one Fc was oxidated to Fc+ first and the electron-withdrawing ability of Fc+ was stronger than that of Fc, which resulted in the D-pi-A structure and the band at 1589 cm(-1) becoming visible. Then as the oxidation continues, the other Fc was oxidated to Fc+ too, which resulted in the reforming of the symmetry of the benzene ring A-pi-A, so the band at 1589 cm(-1) disappeared. Similar phenomenon can be elucidated in the reduction process but the configuration type changed from A-pi-A to D-pi-A and finally to D-pi-D. Hence, not only 1,4-benzoquinone but also 1,4-bis(2-ferrocenylvinyl)benzene show two consecutive one-electron processes. In addition, it is observed that the existing time of the electrochemical reaction intermediate (BQ*- and p-(Fc-CH=CH)+2-benzene) is prolonged at low temperatures due to slow reaction kinetics.     

Imaging CH3SH photodissociation at 204 nm: the SH + CH3 channel

The SH + CH(3) product channel for the photodissociation of CH(3)SH at 204 nm was investigated using the sliced velocity map ion imaging technique with the detection of CH(3) products using state selective (2+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). Images were measured for CH(3) formed in the ground and excited vibrational states (v(2) = 0, 1, and 2) of the umbrella mode from which the correlated SH vibrational state distributions were determined. The vibrational distribution of the SH fragment in the SH + CH(3) channel at 204 nm is clearly inverted and peaks at v = 1. The highly negative anisotropy parameter of the CH(3) (v(2) = 0, 1, and 2) products is indicative of a fast dissociation process for C-S bond cleavage. Two kinds of slower CH(3) products were also observed (one of which was partly vibrationally resolved) that are assigned to a two-step photodissociation processes, in which the first step is the production of the CH(3)S (X(2)E) radical via cleavage of the S-H bond in CH(3)SH, followed by probe laser photodissociation of nascent CH(3)S radicals yielding CH(3)(X(2)A(1), v(2) = 0-2) + S((3)P(j)/(1)D) products.     

Strong interfullerene electronic communication in a bisfullerene-hexarhodium sandwich complex

Reaction of Rh(6)(CO)(12)(dppm)(2) (dppm = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) with 1.4 equiv. of C(60) in chlorobenzene at 120 degrees C affords a face-capping C(60) derivative Rh(6)(CO)(9)(dppm)(2)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60)) (1) in 73% yield. Treatment of 1 with excess CNR (10 equiv., R = CH(2)C(6)H(5)) at 80 degrees C provides a bisbenzylisocyanide-substituted compound Rh(6)(CO)(7)(dppm)(2)(CNR)(2)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60)) (2) in 59% yield. Reaction of 1 with excess C(60) (4 equiv.) in refluxing chlorobenzene followed by treatment with 1 equiv. of CNR at room temperature gives a bisfullerene sandwich complex Rh(6)(CO)(5)(dppm)(2)(CNR)(micro(3)-eta(2),eta(2),eta(2)-C(60))(2) (3) in 31% yield. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 have been characterized by spectroscopic and microanalytical methods as well as by X-ray crystallographic studies. Electrochemical properties of 1, 2, and 3 have been examined by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of 1 and 2 show two reversible one-electron redox waves, a reversible one-step two-electron redox wave, and a reversible one-electron redox wave, respectively, within the solvent cutoff window. This observation suggests that compounds 1 and 2 undergo similar C(60)-localized electrochemical pathways up to 1(5)(-) and 2(5)(-). Each redox wave of 2 appears at more negative potentials compared to that of 1 because of the donor effect of the benzylisocyanide ligand. The CV of compound 3 reveals six reversible well-separated redox waves due to strong interfullerene electronic communication via the Rh(6) metal cluster bridge. The electrochemical properties of 1, 2, and 3 have been rationalized by molecular orbital calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) method. In particular, the molecular orbital (MO) calculation reveals significant contribution of the metal cluster center to the unoccupied molecular orbitals in 3, which is consistent with the experimental result of strong interfullerene electronic communication via the Rh(6) metal cluster spacer.     

Cobalt-containing silicotungstate sandwich dimer [{Co3(B-beta-SiW9O33(OH))(B-beta-SiW8O29(OH)2)}2]22-

The 6-cobalt-substituted [{Co3(B-beta-SiW9O33(OH))(B-beta-SiW8O29(OH)2)}2]22- has been characterized by IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, magnetic studies, electrochemistry, and gel filtration chromatography. A single-crystal X-ray analysis was carried out on K10Na12[{Co3(B-beta-SiW9O33(OH))(B-beta-SiW8O29(OH)2)}2].49H2O (KNa-1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, with a=19.9466(8) A, b=24.6607(10) A, c=34.0978(13) A, beta=102.175(1) degrees, and Z=2. Polyanion 1 represents a novel class of asymmetric sandwich-type polyanions. It contains three cobalt ions, which are encapsulated between an unprecedented (B-beta-SiW9O34) fragment and a (B-beta-SiW8O31) unit. Polyanion 1 is composed of two sandwich species via two Co-O-W bridges in the solid state and almost certainly in solution as well based on gel filtration chromatography. UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry also confirmed its stability. Two well-separated groups of waves appeared in the voltammetric pattern: the wave observed in the negative potential range versus a saturated calomel electrode features the redox processes of WVI centers; the two reversible redox couples observed in the positive potential domain are attributed to the redox processes of Co2+ centers and indicated that the two types of Co2+ centers in the structure are oxidized in separate waves. Such reversibility of Co2+ centers within multi-Co-substituted polyoxometalates is uncommon. The magnetic properties of KNa-1 are also discussed. The ferromagnetic ground state has been studied by magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements and fitted according to an anisotropic exchange model.     

Octahedral non-heme non-oxo Fe(IV) species stabilized by a redox-innocent N-methylated cyclam-acetate ligand

The ligand 1,4,8-tri-N-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-11-acetic acid (Me3cyclam-acetic acid) has been synthesized by Eschweiler-Clarke methylation of cyclam-acetic acid, and the iron(III) complex [(Me3cyclam-acetate)FeN3]PF6, 1, has been synthesized, which has been found to have significantly different properties than its unmethylated analogue, [(cyclam-acetate)FeN3]PF6, 2. Whereas the iron ion in 2 is low spin with S = 1/2, 1 is found to be high spin at temperatures above 100 K, though low-spin species are observed at lower temperatures, indicating a spin crossover phenomenon. The iron(II) species 1red is electrochemically more accessible than 2red since the Fe2+/3+ redox wave in 1 appears approximately 350 mV more positive than the corresponding wave in 2. Also, 1 displays a reversible Fe3+/4+ redox wave, which is irreversible in 2, denoting that the Fe(IV) species 1ox is kinetically stable. 1red and 1ox have been generated electrochemically in solution and studied spectroscopically. M?ssbauer spectroscopy has confirmed that, in both reduction and oxidation, iron is the redox center, that 1red is high spin (S = 2), and that 1ox is low spin (S = 1), in contrast to 2red which is low spin and 2ox which could not be isolated.     

Electrochemical behavior of copper complexes with substituted polypyridinic ligands: an experimental and theoretical study

Experimental redox potentials of the couples [Cu(R-L ( n ))(CH 3CN)] (2+,+), where L (1) is bis-(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-benzylamine, L (2) is (pyridine-2-ylethyl)(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)-benzylamine, and R is H, Me, or CF 3, were determined in dichloromethane solution. The compounds exhibited one simple quasi-reversible wave over the measured potential range of -500 to +1200 mV, and the E 1/2 values varied from +200 to +850 mV versus SCE. These experimental values were correlated with redox potentials calculated using density functional theory. The optimized geometries and the predicted redox potentials were obtained using the BP86 functional and a combination of the basis sets LACV3P** (for Cu) and cc-pVTZ(-f) (for light atoms). A distortion analysis of all of the optimized geometries for both oxidation states was performed using the generalized interconversion coordinate phi. A linear relation was obtained between this parameter and the redox potentials. However, the [Cu(CF 3-L (1))(CH 3CN)] (+) complex showed the largest deviation, which was explained by the more-rigid structure of the ligand.     

Syntheses, structures, and redox properties of dimeric triruthenium clusters bridged by bis(diphenylphosphino)acetylene and -ethylene

Reactions of oxo-centered triruthenium acetate complexes [Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2(CH3OH)](PF6) (py = pyridine, OAc = CH3COO-) (1) with nearly equimolar amounts of dppa [bis(diphenylphosphino)acetylene] or dppen [trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene] gave [Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2(L)](PF6) (L = dppa, 2; dppen, 3). With 2.4 equiv of 1, the reactions provided diphosphine-linked triruthenium dimers, [[Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2]2(L)](PF6)2 (L = dppa, 4; L = dppen, 5), respectively. Similarly, the reactions of [Ru3O(OAc)6(L')2(MeOH)]+ [L' = dmap (4-(dimethylamino)pyridine), 1a; L' = abco (1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), 1b] with dppen gave dppen-linked dimers, [[Ru3O(OAc)6(dmap)2]2(dppen)](SbF6)2 (6) and [[Ru3O(OAc)6(abco)2]2(dppen)](BF4)2 (7), respectively. The chemical reduction of 2, 4, and 5 by hydrazine afforded one- or two-electron-reduced, neutral products, Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2(dppa) (2a), [Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2]2(dppa) (4a), and [Ru3O(OAc)6(py)2]2(dppen) (5a), respectively. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, ES-MS, UV-vis, IR, and 31P NMR spectroscopies, and cyclic and differential-pulse voltammetries. The molecular structures of compounds 2, 4, 5, 5a, 6, and 7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In 0.1 M (Bu4N)PF6-acetone, the monomers and dimers of triruthenium clusters show reversible and multistep redox responses. The two triruthenium cluster centers in dimers undergo stepwise reductions and oxidations due to the identical redox processes of the individual Ru3O cluster cores, suggesting the presence of electronic communications between them through the conjugated diphosphine spacer. The redox wave splitting mediated by dppa containing an ethynyl group (C triple bond C) is found to be more extensive than that by dppen containing an ethenyl (C=C) one. It appears that the redox wave splitting is enhanced by the introduction of electron-donating substituents on the auxiliary pyridine rings.     

Tuning the redox chemistry of 4-benzoyl-N-methylpyridinium cations through para substitution. Hammett linear free energy relationships and the relative aptitude of the two-electron reduced forms for H-bonding

In anhydrous CH3CN a series of nine 4-(4-substituted-benzoyl)-N-methylpyridinium cations (substituent: -OCH3, -CH3, -H, -SCH3, -Br, -Ctbd1;CH, -CHO, -NO2, and -(+)S(CH3)2) demonstrate two chemically reversible, well-separated one-electron (1-e) reductions in the same potential range as other main stream redox catalysts such as quinones and viologens. Hammett linear free energy plots yield excellent correlation between the E(1/2) values of both waves and the substituent constants sigma(p)(-)(X). The reaction constants for the two 1-e reductions are rho(1) = 2.60 and rho(2) = 3.31. The lower rho(1) value is associated with neutralization of the pyridinium ring, and the higher rho(2) value with the negative charge developing during the 2nd-e reduction. Structure-function correlations point to a purely inductive role for substitution in both 1-e reductions. The case of the 4-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-N-methylpyridinium cation is particularly noteworthy, because the 4-nitrobenzoyl moiety undergoes reduction before the 2nd reduction of the 4-benzoyl-N-methylpyridinium system. Correlation of the third wave of this compound with the 2nd-e reduction of the others yields sigma(p)(-NO)2*- = -0.97 +/- 0.02, thus placing the -NO2-* group among the strongest electron donors. Solvent deuterium isotope effects and maps of the electrostatic potential (via PM3 calculations) as a function of substitution support that 2-e reduced forms develop H-bonding with proton donors (e.g., CH3OH) via the O-atom. The average number of CH3OH molecules entering the H-bonding association increases with e-donating substituents. H-bonding shifts the 2nd reduction wave closer to the first one. This has important practical implications, because it increases the equilibrium concentration of the 2-e reduced form from disproportionation of the 1-e reduced form.