氯气的制取与性质实验绿色化设计

针对氯气有毒及其与金属反应易于泄露等实验不足,设计了氯气制取、氯气与金属反应和氯水成分探究的全封闭实验。其中,氯气与金属的反应采用原位电加热的方式,加热速度快,金属在氯气中的燃烧现象明显,且能快速识别产物,有效地消除了因加热带来的氯气泄露问题;氯水成分的探究是通过青霉素瓶在封闭条件下进行的。整个实验仪器常规,装置简单,药品用量少,操作容易,现象明显,安全无污染,非常适合课堂演示。     

甲烷与氯气的取代反应实验研究

综述了目前甲烷与氯气的取代反应实验存在的问题，对实验装置进行了改进，采用正交实验设计对影响该反应的温度、光照条件、气体比例、光照距离等4个因素进行系统探究，对实验条件进行优化，找出了甲烷与氯气取代反应的最佳实验条件。     

用DIS探究甲烷与氯气反应情况

借助DIS探究甲烷与氯气反应的类型以及外界条件对反应的影响。通过比较实验研究数据表明:甲烷与氯气发生了取代反应,光照有利于甲烷取代反应的进行。     

基于绿色化学的甲烷与氯气取代反应装置优化设计

针对传统甲烷与氯气取代反应实验装置存在环境不友好、实验装置较大、过于分散、反应难以定量化等缺陷,从绿色化学角度出发,对传统甲烷与氯气取代反应装置进行优化设计,实现了该实验过程的绿色化,实验装置的微型化、综合化和反应的可控化、定量化。     

谈甲烷与氯气反应的教学误区

通过对有机化合物和取代反应概念的建构分析, 表明甲烷与氯气反应在有机化学教学中有重要的地位。通过理论和实验手段, 对日常教学中存在的一些见解, 如反应条件(光源的选择)、反应产物种类数、产物的验证方法、反应物的比例、实验危险性等进行了剖析, 并提出了甲烷与氯气反应的实验方案。根据教学误区产生的原因, 提出了减少和消除教学误区的努力方向。     

气体性质实验装置的改进

在实验教学中,很多教师采取多步反应串联的方式来完成一种物质的多种性质实验,如图1,利用二氧化锰与浓盐酸反应制取氯气,并完成有关氯气性质的实验:这种装置固然很美观,但设计不够科学。     

基于自封袋和塑料点滴板的氯气性质实验设计

通过运用自封袋和塑料点滴板等微型装置设计实验,并选用浓度较稀的盐酸和次氯酸钠溶液反应来制取氯气,采用滤纸来扩大性质实验中溶液的接触面积,可以很好地完成氯气的氧化性、氯气与碱反应、氯水的漂白性以及氯离子的检验等实验。该微型实验设计绿色环保,操作简便。     

有关氯气化学性质的两个演示实验

氯气与钠化合:钠比锑的金属性强,为什么锑粉与氯气化合不用加热,而钠与氯气化合反而要加热呢?钠新切开的断面很快的与空气作用,表面形成化合物的薄层。怎样使学生观察到钠与氯气反应的真实的化学现象呢?为了达到这一目的,作者按如下的方法进行了实验。课前准备:用排气法收集干燥的浓氯气2瓶(1瓶     

用曲管实验氯气性质的经验

用下列的方法实验氯气性质,药品用量少,无须在通风橱中做。 (1)氯气与锑粉的反应     

在塑料袋里进行甲烷氯代反应

高中化学乙种本下册第137页有甲烷和氯气在光照下发生取代反应的演示实验,并讲明一氯甲烷等四种取代物在常温下后三种都是液体。按课本上的做法很难得到液态卤代物。我把这个反应移到塑料袋里进行,效果特别好。现把实验操作步骤简介如下:一、分别收集一塑料袋的甲烷和一塑料袋氯气,用玻管和胶管把它们连结起来,装置如下图。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。