The Importance of Precursors and Modification Groups of Aerogels in CO2 Capture

The rapid growth of CO₂ emissions in the atmosphere has attracted great attention due to the influence of the greenhouse effect. Aerogels’ application for capturing CO₂ is quite promising owing to their numerous advantages, such as high porosity (~95%); these are predominantly mesoporous (20–50 nm) materials with very high surface area (>800 m²∙g⁻¹). To increase the CO₂ level of aerogels’ uptake capacity and selectivity, active materials have been investigated, such as potassium carbonate, K₂CO₃, amines, and ionic-liquid amino-acid moieties loaded onto the surface of aerogels. The flexibility of the composition and surface chemistry of aerogels can be modified intentionally—indeed, manipulated—for CO₂ capture. Up to now, most research has focused mainly on the synthesis of amine-modified silica aerogels and the evaluation of their CO₂-sorption properties. However, there is no comprehensive study focusing on the effect of different types of aerogels and modification groups on the adsorption of CO₂. In this review, we present, in broad terms, the use of different precursors, as well as modification of synthesis parameters. The present review aims to consider which kind of precursors and modification groups can serve as potentially attractive molecular-design characteristics in promising materials for capturing CO₂.     

Trends on CO2 Capture with Microalgae: A Bibliometric Analysis

The alarming levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) are an environmental problem that affects the economic growth of the world. CO₂ emissions represent penalties and restrictions due to the high carbon footprint. Therefore, sustainable strategies are required to reduce the negative impact that occurs. Among the potential systems for CO₂ capture are microalgae. These are defined as photosynthetic microorganisms that use CO₂ and sunlight to obtain oxygen (O₂) and generate value-added products such as biofuels, among others. Despite the advantages that microalgae may present, there are still technical–economic challenges that limit industrial-scale commercialization and the use of biomass in the production of added-value compounds. Therefore, this study reviews the current state of research on CO₂ capture with microalgae, for which bibliometric analysis was used to establish the trends of the subject in terms of scientometric parameters. Technological advances in the use of microalgal biomass were also identified. Additionally, it was possible to establish the different cooperation networks between countries, which showed interactions in the search to reduce CO₂ concentrations through microalgae.     

Elucidation of the Roles of Ionic Liquid in CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to Value-Added Chemicals and Fuels

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂ER) is amongst one the most promising technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since carbon dioxide (CO₂) can be converted to value-added products. Moreover, the possibility of using a renewable source of energy makes this process environmentally compelling. CO₂ER in ionic liquids (ILs) has recently attracted attention due to its unique properties in reducing overpotential and raising faradaic efficiency. The current literature on CO₂ER mainly reports on the effect of structures, physical and chemical interactions, acidity, and the electrode–electrolyte interface region on the reaction mechanism. However, in this work, new insights are presented for the CO₂ER reaction mechanism that are based on the molecular interactions of the ILs and their physicochemical properties. This new insight will open possibilities for the utilization of new types of ionic liquids. Additionally, the roles of anions, cations, and the electrodes in the CO₂ER reactions are also reviewed.     

ZrO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized using Ionic Liquid Microemulsion

The water‐in‐ionic liquid (W/IL) microemulsion has been used to prepare the tetragonal ZrO₂ nanoparticles. A number of anomalous spherical dispersed particles have been obtained. However, the ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized using traditional water‐in‐xylene (W/O) microemulsion show an obvious fusion trace, indicating that the congregation takes place when the precursor was calcined. High thermostable ionic liquid may act as a protector to prevent the congregation of product. The samples are further characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The results suggest that the obtained product has high degree of crystallinity and a narrow size distribution (15–40 nm). The XRD pattern has indicated a typical tetragonal crystal structure of ZrO₂. Moreover, the UV‐Vis absorption of the samples also shows the otential advantage in an application of screening ultraviolet radiation.     

咪唑基离子液体固定分离CO2的研究进展

以咪唑基离子液体为代表,综述了近期普通咪唑基离子液体、功能咪唑基离子液体、支撑咪唑基离子液体和聚合咪唑基离子液体在分离固定CO2方面的研究进展,说明了各类咪唑基离子液体分离固定CO2的可行性及优缺点,并总结了离子液体固定CO2的影响因素和分离机制.     

Absorption and Capture of Methane into Ionic Liquid

A reversible storage-release process switched by a temperature difference of 10℃around room temperature can be realized. This fast, recyclable, energy efficient, low cost and green system within a wide range of temperature and pressure is reported here for the first time. The system is believed to open up a new route for the storage and homogeneous utilization of methane.     

Oxidation of Thiols Using K 2 S 2 O 8 in Ionic Liquid

A green, straightforward, and novel method for oxidation of thiols to the corresponding disulfides is reported using K ₂ S ₂ O₈ in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [(bmim)Br] at 65–70°C. The corresponding disulfides were obtained in excellent yield and short reaction time.     

CO2 Capture from High-Humidity Flue Gas Using a Stable Metal–Organic Framework

The flue gas from fossil fuel power plants is a long-term stable and concentrated emission source of CO₂, and it is imperative to reduce its emission. Adsorbents have played a pivotal role in reducing CO₂ emissions in recent years, but the presence of water vapor in flue gas poses a challenge to the stability of adsorbents. In this study, ZIF-94, one of the ZIF adsorbents, showed good CO₂ uptake (53.30 cm³/g), and the calculated CO₂/N₂ (15:85, v/v) selectivity was 54.12 at 298 K. Because of its excellent structural and performance stability under humid conditions, the CO₂/N₂ mixture was still well-separated on ZIF-94 with a separation time of 30.4 min when the relative humidity was as high as 99.2%, which was similar to the separation time of the dry gas experiments (33.2 min). These results pointed to the enormous potential applications of ZIF-94 for CO₂/N₂ separation under high humidity conditions in industrial settings.     

CO2在非质子溶剂与铁基离子液体复合体系中的吸收

选用非质子型有机溶剂聚乙二醇二甲醚(NHD)与N, N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC), 分别与BmimFeCl₄复配, 构建了BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合铁基离子液体体系. 考察了温度、 BmimFeCl₄/溶剂的质量 比以及压力对CO₂在复合铁基离子液体体系中溶解行为的影响. 结果表明, 高压低温的吸收条件更利于CO₂ 的溶解, 当BmimFeCl₄/DMAC质量比为7∶3时, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合体系中的亨利系数为0.9181 MPa·L·mol^-1, 低于同等条件下BmimFeCl₄/NHD体系的亨利系数. 在常压、 363.2 K条件下进行再生, 经5次循环后, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC中的溶解度分别为初次吸收量的92.53%和99.04%. 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明, 铁基离子液体复配体系吸收CO₂为物理吸收过程. 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算与IRI分析的结果表明, 在复配DMAC的体系中, CO₂更倾向与阳离子和溶剂分子作用, 而在复配NHD的体系中, CO₂则更容易与阴离子和溶剂分子作用.     

MWCNT Decorated Rich N-Doped Porous Carbon with Tunable Porosity for CO2 Capture

Designing of porous carbon system for CO₂ uptake has attracted a plenty of interest due to the ever-increasing concerns about climate change and global warming. Herein, a novel N rich porous carbon is prepared by in-situ chemical oxidation polyaniline (PANI) on a surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and then activated with KOH. The porosity of such carbon materials can be tuned by rational introduction of MWCNTs, adjusting the amount of KOH, and controlling the pyrolysis temperature. The obtained M/P-0.1-600-2 adsorbent possesses a high surface area of 1017 m² g⁻¹ and a high N content of 3.11 at%. Such M/P-0.1-600-2 adsorbent delivers an enhanced CO₂ capture capability of 2.63 mmol g⁻¹ at 298.15 K and five bars, which is 14 times higher than that of pristine MWCNTs (0.18 mmol g⁻¹). In addition, such M/P-0.1-600-2 adsorbent performs with a good stability, with almost no decay in a successive five adsorption-desorption cycles.     

Poly(Ionic Liquid)-Derived Carbon with Site-Specific N-Doping and Biphasic Heterojunction for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Sensing

CO₂ capture is a pressing global environmental issue that drives scientists to develop creative strategies for tackling this challenge. The concept in this contribution is to produce site-specific nitrogen doping in microporous carbon fibers. Following this approach a carbon/carbon heterojunction is created by using a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) as a “soft” activation agent that deposits nitrogen species exclusively on the surface of commercial microporous carbon fibers. This type of carbon-based biphasic heterojunction amplifies the interaction between carbon fiber and CO₂ molecule for unusually high CO₂ uptake and resistive sensing.     

Controllable Construction of Amino-Functionalized Dynamic Covalent Porous Polymers for High-Efficiency CO2 Capture from Flue Gas

The design of high-efficiency CO₂ adsorbents with low cost, high capacity, and easy desorption is of high significance for reducing carbon emissions, which yet remains a great challenge. This work proposes a facile construction strategy of amino-functional dynamic covalent materials for effective CO₂ capture from flue gas. Upon the dynamic imine assembly of N-site rich motif and aldehyde-based spacers, nanospheres and hollow nanotubes with spongy pores were constructed spontaneously at room temperature. A commercial amino-functional molecule tetraethylenepentamine could be facilely introduced into the dynamic covalent materials by virtue of the dynamic nature of imine assembly, thus inducing a high CO₂ capacity (1.27 mmol·g⁻¹) from simulated flue gas at 75 °C. This dynamic imine assembly strategy endowed the dynamic covalent materials with facile preparation, low cost, excellent CO₂ capacity, and outstanding cyclic stability, providing a mild and controllable approach for the development of competitive CO₂ adsorbents.     

离子液体捕集CO2

CO₂是导致温室效应的最主要成分,因此碳捕集技术的研究受到学术界和产业界的高度重视。离子液体具有不挥发、不燃烧、热稳定性好、溶解能力强、结构和性质可调节并可循环使用等特性,在CO₂的吸收/分离领域展现了广阔的应用前景。本文系统地综述了近年来常规离子液体、功能化离子液体、支撑离子液体膜、聚合离子液体以及离子液体与分子溶剂的混合物在捕集CO₂方面的研究进展;讨论了离子液体的阳离子结构、阴离子类型、烷基链长度、阴/阳离子的氟化程度和功能化、离子液体的负载作用和聚合效应以及体系的温度和压力对CO₂选择性捕集性能的影响;分析了可能的捕集机理以及各种捕集方法的优点和缺点;提出了目前需要进一步研究的若干重要问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Experimental Investigation on Thermophysical Properties of Ammonium-Based Protic Ionic Liquids and Their Potential Ability towards CO2 Capture

Ionic liquids, which are extensively known as low-melting-point salts, have received significant attention as the promising solvent for CO₂ capture. This work presents the synthesis, thermophysical properties and the CO₂ absorption of a series of ammonium cations coupled with carboxylate anions producing ammonium-based protic ionic liquids (PILs), namely 2-ethylhexylammonium pentanoate ([EHA][C5]), 2-ethylhexylammonium hexanoate ([EHA][C6]), 2-ethylhexylammonium heptanoate ([EHA][C7]), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium pentanoate ([BEHA][C5]), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium hexanoate ([BEHA][C6]) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium heptanoate ([BEHA][C7]). The chemical structures of the PILs were confirmed by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while the density (ρ) and the dynamic viscosity (η) of the PILs were determined and analyzed in a range from 293.15K up to 363.15K. The refractive index (n_D) was also measured at T = (293.15 to 333.15) K. Thermal analyses conducted via a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) indicated that all PILs have the thermal decomposition temperature, T_d of greater than 416K and the presence of glass transition, T_g was detected in each PIL. The CO₂ absorption of the PILs was studied up to 29 bar at 298.15 K and the experimental results showed that [BEHA][C7] had the highest CO₂ absorption with 0.78 mol at 29 bar. The CO₂ absorption values increase in the order of [C5] < [C6] < [C7] anion regardless of the nature of the cation.     

一种基于乙二胺-丁二醇体系的新颖的二氧化碳捕集利用方法

在温和条件下,发展了一种以丁二醇-乙二胺体系新颖、高效地固定CO₂的方法。在此方法中,CO₂被快速激活并转化为一种固态的CO₂储集材料（CO₂SM）,通过XPS、XRD、FTIR和¹³C NMR等技术表征证实为烷基碳酸胺。基于TGA结果,CO₂SM的水溶液可以与Ca（OH）₂和Ba（OH）₂反应制备CaCO₃和BaCO₃微粒,还可用于循环吸收和解吸CO₂的过程。此外,丁二醇-乙二胺水溶液在20 ℃下吸收CO₂并在98.6 ℃下解吸CO₂,没有明显的溶液损失。因此,丁二醇-乙二胺体系提供了一种绿色、高效、低成本的二氧化碳捕集利用方法。     

一种基于乙二胺-丁二醇体系的新颖的二氧化碳捕集利用方法

在温和条件下,发展了一种以丁二醇-乙二胺体系新颖、高效地固定CO₂的方法。在此方法中,CO₂被快速激活并转化为一种固态的CO₂储集材料(CO₂SM),通过XPS、XRD、FTIR和¹³C NMR等技术表征证实为烷基碳酸胺。基于TGA结果,CO₂SM的水溶液可以与Ca(OH)₂和Ba(OH)₂反应制备CaCO₃和BaCO₃微粒,还可用于循环吸收和解吸CO₂的过程。此外,丁二醇-乙二胺水溶液在20℃下吸收CO₂并在98.6℃下解吸CO₂,没有明显的溶液损失。因此,丁二醇-乙二胺体系提供了一种绿色、高效、低成本的二氧化碳捕集利用方法。     

Divergent Products Obtained from the Reactions of Salicylaldehyde and 4-Hydroxycoumarin in TEBAC-H2O,KF-Al2O3-EtOH,and Ionic Liquid

Controlling selectivity of the reactions of salicylaldehydes and 4-hydroxycoumarin in triethylbenzylammonium chloride–H₂O, ionic liquid, or KF-Al₂O₃-EtOH systems, respectively, resulted in the syntheses of three series of different coumarin derivatives.     

Novel MCM-41 Supported Dicationic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Catalyzed Greener and Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Oxazolidinones from Aziridines and Carbon Dioxide

A type of MCM-41 supported dicationic imidazolium ionic liquid nanocatalyst has been synthesized and found to be competent for the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones through the sustainable chemical conversion of CO₂ with aziridines. It was shown that the highest efficiency was achieved in the cycloaddition of a series of aziridines and CO₂ in the presence of a catalytic amount of the solid catalyst MCM-41@ILLaCl₄ under mild conditions. Merits of this meticulously designed protocol are the use of a novel supported ionic liquid catalyst, the easy work-up process, good to excellent yields, a short reaction time, and purification without column chromatography. Overall, the present protocol of synthesizing 2-oxazolidinones under cocatalyst- and solvent-free conditions using MCM-41@ILLaCl₄ is promising for industrial applications.     

双功能离子液体的合成及二氧化碳捕集性能

采用两步法合成了新型功能化离子液体1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑甘氨酸([C_3O_1mim][Gly]),并研究了其对CO_2的吸收性能.利用核磁共振、红外光谱及热重分析等手段进行表征,验证了该离子液体的结构,且发现其具有较高的热稳定性.对比单乙醇胺(MEA),考察了[C_3O_1mim][Gly]在不同温度下对CO_2的捕集能力,结果表明,[C_3O_1mim][Gly]在40℃下的吸收容量可达1.26 mol CO_2/mol IL,远高于MEA,这表明[C_3O_1mim][Gly]对CO_2具有良好的吸收能力,吸收容量随着温度升高而降低.该离子液体同时具有良好的循环稳定性,进行5次吸收解吸操作后仍可保持较高的CO_2吸收量.对该离子液体吸收CO_2进行了动力学研究,结果表明,Pseudo-second-order模型能够较好地描述该吸收过程.     

Dry Potassium-Based Sorbents for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Capture

Dry potassium-based sorbents were prepared by impregnation with potassium carbonate on supports such as activated carbon (AC), TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, CaO, SiO₂ and various zeolites. The CO₂ capture capacity and regeneration property of various sorbents were measured in the presence of H₂O in a fixed bed reactor, during multiple cycles at various temperature conditions (CO₂ absorption at 50–100 °C and regeneration at 130–400 °C). The KAlI30, KCaI30, and KMgI30 sorbents formed new structures such as KAl(CO₃)₂(OH)₂, K₂Ca(CO₃)₂, K₂Mg(CO₃)₂, and K₂Mg(CO₃)₂·4(H₂O), which did not completely convert to the original K₂CO₃ phase at temperatures below 200 °C, during the CO₂ absorption process in the presence of 9 vol.% H₂O. In the case of KACI30, KTiI30, and KZrI30, only a KHCO₃ crystal structure was formed during CO₂ absorption. The formation of active species, K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O, by the pretreatment with water vapor and the formation of the KHCO₃ crystal structure after CO₂ absorption are important factors for absorption and regeneration, respectively, even at low temperatures (130–150 °C). In particular, the KTiI30 sorbent showed excellent characteristics with respect to CO₂ absorption and regeneration in that it satisfies the requirements of a large amount of CO₂ absorption (87 mg CO₂/g sorbent) without the pretreatment with water vapor, unlike KACI30, and a fast and complete regeneration at a low temperature condition (1 atm, 150 °C). In addition, the higher total CO₂ capture capacity of KMgI30 (178.6 mg CO₂/g sorbent) than that of the theoretical value (95 mg CO₂/g sorbent) was explained through the contribution of the absorption ability of MgO support. In this review, we introduce the CO₂ capture capacities and regeneration properties of several potassium-based sorbents, the changes in the physical properties of the sorbents before/after CO₂ absorption, and the role of water vapor and its effects on CO₂ absorption.