Synthetic and structural studies of the diiron toluenedithiolate carbonyl complexes with monophosphine ligands

Four diiron toluenedithiolate complexes 2–5 with monophosphine ligands are reported. Treatment of [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₆ (1) with tris(3-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine or 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde, and Me₃NO?2H₂O in MeCN resulted in the formation of [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[P(3-C₆H₄Cl)₃] (2), [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[P(4-C₆H₄Cl)₃] (3), [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[P(4-C₆H₄CH₃)₃] (4), and [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[Ph₂P(2-C₆H₄CHO)] (5) in 64–82% yields. Complexes 2–5 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR, ³¹P{¹H} NMR, ¹³C{¹H} NMR and further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structures show that 2–5 contain a butterfly diiron toluenedithiolate cluster coordinated by five terminal carbonyls and an apical monophosphine.     

Structural studies of diiron complexes with monophosphine ligands tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine or diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine

Four diiron dithiolate complexes with monophosphine ligands have been prepared and structurally characterized. Reactions of (μ-SCH₂CH₂S-μ)Fe₂(CO)₆ or [μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₆ with tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphine or diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine in the presence of Me₃NO·2H₂O afforded diiron pentacarbonyl complexes with monophosphine ligands (μ-SCH₂CH₂S-μ)Fe₂(CO)₅[P(4-C₆H₄Cl)₃] (1), (μ-SCH₂CH₂S-μ)Fe₂(CO)₅[Ph₂P(2-C₅H₄N)] (2), [μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[P(4-C₆H₄Cl)₃] (3), and [μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅[Ph₂P(2-C₅H₄N)] (4) in good yields. Complexes 1–4 were characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H NMR, ³¹P{¹H} NMR and ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the molecular structures of 1–4 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography.     

Synthesis,characterization, and electrochemistry of phosphine-substituted diiron butane-1,2-dithiolate complexes

Abstract

The reactions of the starting complex, [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-SCH₂CH (CH₂CH₃)S}] (1), with the phosphine ligands tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine, diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine, tris(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine, 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde, or benzyldiphenylphosphine in the presence of the decarbonylating agent Me₃NO·2H₂O yielded the corresponding phosphine-substituted diiron butane-1,2-dithiolate complexes [Fe₂(CO)₅(L){μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)S}] (L?=?P(4-C₆H₄CH₃)₃, 2; Ph₂P(2-C₅H₄N), 3; P(4-C₆H₄F)₃, 4; Ph₂P(2-C₆H₄CHO), 5; Ph₂PCH₂Ph, 6) in 75%–87% yields. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H, and ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy, as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, the electrochemistry of 2–4 was studied by cyclic voltammetry, suggesting that they can catalyze the reduction of protons to H₂ in the presence of HOAc.     

2-(Diphenylphosphino)benzoate-functionalized diiron ethane-1,2-dithiolate complexes with uncoordinated or coordinated phosphine ligand

Abstract

Treatment of the starting complex [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂OH)S}] (1) with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid in the presence of N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine gave the corresponding ester derivative [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂O₂CC₆H₄PPh₂-2)S}] (2) in 92% yield. Further treatment of complex 2 with one equivalent of Me₃NO · 2?H₂O as the decarbonylating agent yielded diphenylphosphino-substituted complex [Fe₂(CO)₅{μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂O₂CC₆H₄PPh₂-2)S}] (3) in 79% yield. Both complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, as well as by X-ray crystallography. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of these complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry.     

Synthesis,characterization and electrochemistry of diiron 1,2-dithiolate complexes with a trans-cinnamate ester

Three diiron 1,2-dithiolate complexes with a trans-cinnamate ester have been characterized. Esterification of [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂OH)S}] (1) with trans-cinnamic acid in the presence of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine afforded [Fe₂(CO)₆[μ-SCH₂CH(CH₂O₂CCH?=?CHPh)S}] (2) in 94% yield. Carbonyl substitution of 2 with a monophosphine ligand tris(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine or tris(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine in the presence of Me₃NO·2H₂O resulted in formation of the corresponding monophosphine-substituted complexes [Fe₂(CO)₅ {P(C₆H₄F-4)₃}{µ-SCH₂CH(CH₂O₂CCH?=?CHPh)S}] (3) and [Fe₂(CO)₅{P (C₆H₄OCH₃-2)₃}{µ-SCH₂CH(CH₂O₂CCH?=?CHPh)S}] (4) in 79% and 84% yields, respectively. Complexes 2-4 were structurally characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Moreover, electrochemical properties of 2-4 were investigated.     

Phosphine-substituted diiron 1,2-dithiolate complexes as the models for the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases

Abstract

In this article, five diiron 1,2-dithiolate complexes containing phosphine ligands are reported. Treatment of complex [Fe₂(CO)₆(μ-SCH₂CH₂S)] (1) with the phosphine ligands tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tris(3-chlorophenyl)phosphine, tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine, or 2-(diphenylphosphino)biphenyl in the presence of Me₃NO·2H₂O as the decarbonylating agent afforded the target products [Fe₂(CO)₅(L)(μ-SCH₂CH₂S)] [L?=?P(4-C₆H₄CH₃)₃, 2; P(4-C₆H₄OCH₃)₃, 3; P(3-C₆H₄Cl)₃, 4; P(3-C₆H₄CH₃)₃, 5; Ph₂P(2-C₆H₄Ph), 6] in 80–93% yields. Complexes 2–6 have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Additionally, the electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry.     

Reaction of the diiron toluenedithiolate hexacarbonyl complex with 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane

Reaction of [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₆ (1) with 1.5 equivalents of 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) in toluene at reflux gave monosubstituted [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅(dppm) (2) and disubstituted [μ-SC₆H₃(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₄(dppm)₂ (3) in 27 and 37% yields, respectively. Complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Synthesis,characterization, and electrochemistry of diiron ethane-1,2-dithiolate complexes with monosubstituted ethyldiphenylphosphine or dicyclohexylphenylphosphine

Abstract

In this contribution, two diiron ethane-1,2-dithiolate complexes with one ethyldiphenylphosphine or dicyclohexylphenylphosphine ligand have been synthesized and characterized as mimics for the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Treatment of complex [Fe₂(CO)₆(μ-SCH₂CH₂S)] (1) with ethyldiphenylphosphine or dicyclohexylphenylphosphine and Me₃NO · 2?H₂O as decarbonylating agent gave complexes [Fe₂(CO)₅(Ph₂PCH₂CH₃)(μ-SCH₂CH₂S)] (2) and [Fe₂(CO)₅{PhP(C₆H₁₁)₂}(μ-SCH₂CH₂S)] (3) in 93% and 86% yields, respectively. Complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic studies confirmed the molecular structures of complexes 2 and 3, indicating that they contain a butterfly diiron ethane-1,2-dithiolate cluster with five terminal carbonyl ligands and an apically-coordinated phosphine ligand. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of these complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, suggesting that they can be regarded as electrocatalysts for the reduction of protons to H₂ in the presence of HOAc. A possible mechanism for the proton reduction was proposed.     

The effect of a pendant amine in phosphine ligand on the structure and electrochemical property of diiron dithiolate complexes

Abstract

In order to explore the effect of a pendant amine on a phosphine ligand on the structure and electrochemical properties of diiron dithiolate complexes, this work reports the crystallographic and electrocatalytic comparisons of three diiron monophosphine complexes Fe₂(μ-pdt)(CO)₅{Ph₂P(NHR)} [pdt?=?propanedithiolate (SCH₂CH₂CH₂S); R?=?para-methoxycarbonylphenyl (C₆H₄CO₂Me-p) (1), para-methoxyphenyl (C₆H₄OMe-p) (2) and phenyl (Ph) (3)] with a pendant amine and one reference analogue Fe₂(μ-pdt)(CO)₅{Ph₂P(CH₂Ph)} (4). While the new complex 4 has been characterized by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques, the molecular structures of 3 and 4 were further determined by X-ray crystallography. In addition, the electrochemical properties of 1–4 were studied in acetonitrile (MeCN) in the absence and presence of acetic acid (HOAc) as a mild proton source using cyclic voltammetry (CV). This may demonstrate that they are found to be active electrocatalysts for proton reduction to hydrogen (H₂).     

Synthesis and characterization of diiron(I) 1,2-dimethylethanedithiolate complexes with bridging or chelating 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene

The reaction of complex [μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₆ (1) with trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (trans-dppv) in the presence of Me₃NO?2H₂O in CH₂Cl₂/CH₃CN afforded complex {[μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₅}₂(trans-dppv) (2) with a bridging dppv. Complex [μ-SCH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)S-μ]Fe₂(CO)₄(cis-dppv) (3) was prepared by the reaction of 1 with cis-dppv and Me₃NO?2H₂O. The new complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.     

含膦配体二铁二硫五羰基配合物的合成、表征及电催化产氢性能

本文报道了4个含膦配体二铁二硫五羰基配合物的合成和结构表征。起始配合物[Fe₂(CO)₆(μ-SCH₂CH (CH₂OOCH) S)](1)与三苯基膦、三环己基膦、三(2-甲氧基苯基)膦或三(4-三氟甲基苯基)膦和脱羰试剂Me₃NO·2H₂O反应,以59%~88%的产率制备了目标产物[Fe₂(CO)₅(L)(μ-SCH₂CH (CH₂OOCH) S)](L=PPh₃(2)、PCy₃(3)、P (2-C₆H₄OCH₃)₃(4)、P (4-C₆H₄CF₃)₃(5))。配合物2~5以元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振以及单晶X射线衍射进行了表征。电化学性质研究表明配合物1~5均可以实现电化学催化质子还原产生氢气的功能,其中配合物1的催化产氢效率明显优于其它配合物。     

Synthesis,structures and electrochemical properties of hydroxyl- and pyridyl-functionalized diiron azadithiolate complexes

The hydroxyl- and pyridyl-functionalized diiron azadithiolate complexes [{(μ-SCH₂)₂N(CH₂CH₂OH)}Fe₂(CO)₆] (1) and [{(μ-SCH₂)₂N(CH₂CH₂OOCPy)}Fe₂(CO)₆] (Py = pyridyl) (2) were prepared as biomimetic models of the active site of Fe-only hydrogenases. Both complexes were characterized by MS, IR, ¹H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. A network is constructed by intermolecular H-bonds in the crystals of 1. An S?O intermolecular contact was found in the crystals of 2, which is scarcely found for organometallic complexes. Cyclic voltammograms of 1 and 2 were studied to evaluate their redox properties.     

Synthesis and characterization of carboxy-functionalized diiron model complexes of [FeFe]-hydrogenases: Decarboxylation of Ph2PCH2COOH promoted by a diiron azadithiolate complex

Two carboxy-functionalized diiron complexes [{(μ-SCH₂)₂X}{Fe(CO)₃}{Fe(CO)₂L}] (X = NC₃H₇, L = Ph₂PCH₂CH₂COOH, 4; X = CH₂, L = Ph₂PCH₂COOH, 5) were prepared, as biomimetic models of the [FeFe] hydrogenase active site, from the CO-replacement of [{(μ-SCH₂)₂NC₃H₇}Fe₂(CO)₆] (1) and (μ-pdt)Fe₂(CO)₆ (2) by phosphine ligands in CH₃CN at 40 °C, respectively. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with Ph₂PCH₂COOH under the same condition afforded complex [{(μ-SCH₂)₂NC₃H₇}{Fe(CO)₃}{Fe(CO)₂(Ph₂PCH₃)}] (3) with a decarboxylated phosphine ligand. The molecular structures of complexes 3-5 were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses, which show that they have similar frameworks with the phosphine ligand on the apical position. The interesting C-H···S contacts between the methylene hydrogen atoms of the PhCH₂COOH ligand and the μ-S atoms of the pdt-bridge are found in the crystal of 5. According to the experimental evidence, a plausible mechanism, via sequential phosphine coordination, N-protonation, and decarboxylation steps, is proposed for the formation of 3 and for explanation of the contrastive reactivities of the adt- (2-aza-1,3-propanedithiolato) and the pdt- (1,3-propanedithiolato) bridged diiron complexes toward decarboxylation of the Ph₂PCH₂COOH ligand.     

Synthesis and electrochemistry of phenyl-functionalized diiron propanedithiolate complexes with bidentate phosphine ligands

Carbonyl substitution reactions of [μ-(SCH₂)₂CHC₆H₅]Fe₂(CO)₆ with bidentate phosphine ligands, cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)ethylene (cis-dppv) and N,N-bis(diphenylphosphine)propylamine [(Ph₂P)₂N-Pr-n], yielded an asymmetrically substituted chelated complex [(μ-SCH₂)₂CHC₆H₅]Fe₂(CO)₄(k ²-dppv) and a symmetrically substituted bridging complex [(μ-SCH₂)₂CHC₆H₅]Fe₂(CO)₄[μ-(PPh₂)₂N-Pr-n] under different reaction conditions. Both complexes were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and by X-ray crystallography. Their electrochemical behaviors were observed by cyclic voltammetry, and the catalytic electrochemical reduction of protons from acetic or trifluoroacetic acid to give dihydrogen mediated by complex [(μ-SCH₂)₂CHC₆H₅]Fe₂(CO)₄(k ²-dppv) was investigated.     

Tertiary phosphine induced migratory carbonyl insertion in cyclopentadienyl complexes of iron(II)

Cyclopentadienyldicarbonylmethyliron, [CpFe(CO)₂Me] (1), undergoes migratory carbonyl insertion under the influence of isosteric phosphine ligands P(4-FC₆H₄)₃ and P(4-MeC₆H₄)₃. The products of the reaction, [CpFe(CO)(COMe)P(4-FC₆H₄)₃] (2a) and [CpFe(CO)(COMe)P(4-MeC₆H₄)₃] (2b), were characterised by X-ray crystallography. In both structures, the iron atom adopts a pseudo octahedral coordination geometry. Fe-P bond distances are the same at 2.1932(8) Å in 2a and 2b, respectively. Thus, contrary to what was expected, X-ray data could not be used to quantitatively differentiate between the two phosphine ligands in 2a and 2b. Therefore, additional spectroscopic techniques such as IR and NMR were employed. Similarly, the Fe-C bond lengths of the carbonyl (Fe-CO) and acetyl (Fe-COMe) are 1.748(3) and 1.955(3) in 2a, and 1.744(3) and 1.951(3) Å in 2b, respectively.The migratory carbonyl insertion was studied by NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopies to determine the mechanism and the rate law. Results from NMR spectroscopy show that the formation of the product is accompanied by oxidation of the corresponding phosphine ligand. An increase in the reactivity of migratory carbonyl insertion for P(4-MeC₆H₄)₃ was observed when the solvent was changed from CH₂Cl₂ to MeCN. The kinetic data showed that P(4-MeC₆H₄)₃ reacts faster than P(4-FC₆H₄)₃.     

An approach to water-soluble hydrogenase active site models: Synthesis and electrochemistry of diiron dithiolate complexes with 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ligand(s)

In order to improve the hydro- and protophilicity of the active site models of the Fe-only hydrogenases, three diiron dithiolate complexes with DAPTA ligand(s) (DAPTA = 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane), (μ-pdt)[Fe(CO)₃][Fe(CO)₂(DAPTA)] (1, pdt = 1,3-propanedithiolato), (μ-pdt)[Fe(CO)₂(DAPTA)]₂ (2) and (μ-pdt)[Fe(CO)₂(PTA)][Fe(CO)₂(DAPTA)] (3), were prepared and spectroscopically characterized. The water solubility of DAPTA-coordinate complexes 1-3 is better than that of the PTA-coordinate analogues. With complexes 1-3 as electrocatalysts, the overvoltage is reduced by 460-770 mV for proton reduction from acetic acid at low concentration in CH₃CN. Significant decrease, up to 420 mV, in reduction potential for the Fe(I)Fe(I) to Fe(I)Fe(0) process and the curve-crossing phenomenon are observed in cyclic voltammograms of 2 and 3 in CH₃CN/H₂O mixtures. The introduction of the DAPTA ligand to the diiron dithiolate model complexes indeed makes the water solubility of 2 and 3 sufficient for electrochemical studies in pure water, which show that the proton reduction from acetic acid in pure water is electrochemically catalyzed by 2 and 3 at ca. −1.3 V vs. NHE.     

Synthesis and structure of lanthanide complexes with large-bite diphosphine dioxide ligands

Three large-bite diphosphine dioxide ligands were reacted with lanthanide salts to yield either molecular or polymeric complexes. The two flexible ligands gave bischelate complexes of general formulae [Ln(dppfO₂)₂Cl_x(NO₃)_2−x][FeCl₄] and [Ln(dppdO₂)₂(NO₃)₂]NO₃, where dppfO₂ and dppdO₂ are bis(diphenylphosphoryl)ferrocene and bis(diphenylphosphoryl)diphenyl ether, respectively. Reactions of the rigid bis(diphenylphosphoryl)benzene (dppbO₂) with lanthanide salts yielded linear coordination polymers of a 1:1.5 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry. The compounds were studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and TG/DSC techniques.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of diiron azadithiolate complexes relevant to the active site of [FeFe] hydrogenases

Two N-functionally substituted diiron azadithiolate complexes, [(µ-SCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂OC(O)C₆H₄I-p]Fe₂(CO)₆ (1) and {[(µ-SCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂OC(O)C₆H₄I-p]Fe₂(CO)₅Ph₂PCH}₂ (2) as models for the active site of [FeFe] hydrogenases, have been prepared and fully characterized. Complex 1 was prepared by the reaction of [(µ-SCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂OH]Fe₂(CO)₆ with p-iodobenzoic acid in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in 78% yield. Further treatment of 1 with 1 equiv. of Me₃NO?·?2H₂O followed by 0.5 equiv. of trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (dppe) affords 2 in 60% yield. The new complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by IR and ¹H (¹³C, ³¹P) NMR spectroscopic techniques and their molecular structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecular structure of 1 has two conformational isomers, in one isomer its N-functional substituent is axial to its bridged nitrogen and in the other isomer its N-functional substituent is equatorial. The crystal structure of 2 revealed that its N-functional substituents are equatorial to its nitrogens and dppe occupies the two apical positions of the square-pyramidal irons.     

Synthesis,structures, and electrochemistry of diiron toluene-3,4-dithiolate complexes containing phosphine ligands

Transition Metal Chemistry - In this paper, four diiron toluene-3,4-dithiolate complexes with phosphine ligands were synthesized and characterized. Treatment of complex...     

Synthesis,crystal structures and electrocatalytic properties of bridgehead-C-functionalized diiron dithiolate complexes

To investigate the influence of bridgehead-C functionality in diiron dithiolate complexes on the molecular structure and electrocatalytic properties of [FeFe]-hydrogenase models, three new bridgehead-C-functionalized model complexes 1–3 have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Treatments of parent complex [(μ-SCH₂)₂CHCO₂H][Fe₂(CO)₆] (A) with the esterification agents o-MeC₆H₄OH, p-ClC₆H₄OH, or p-HOC₆H₄CHO in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature resulted in formation of [(μ-SCH₂)₂CHCO₂R][Fe₂(CO)₆] (R = o-MeC₆H₄–, 1; p-ClC₆H₄–, 2; p-OHCC₆H₄–, 3) in 53–55% yields. The new complexes 1–3 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and especially determined by X-ray crystallography. The electrochemical properties of 1–3 and the electrocatalytic H₂ evolution catalyzed by 1 have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, where 1 is a catalyst for HOAc proton reduction to H₂ under electrochemical conditions.