空间目标的可见光散射与红外辐射

利用Lowtran7大气传输模型计算了0．4～0．8μm可见光波段的太阳辐射、大气自身的热辐射以及天地背景辐射。利用粗糙面光散射理论与双向反射分布函数计算了空中目标表面对太阳辐射、云层对阳光反射的散射。并利用传热学和背景辐射理论，根据能量守恒定律建立了空间目标表面温度的热平衡方程。以气球为例，计算了不同表面涂层材料的气球在不同地理位置、不同高度、不同时间、温度及辐射功率的变化。分析了空间目标红外辐射特性的一般规律和特征。     

银薄膜对光学基底表面粗糙度及光散射的影响

为了研究金属银薄膜与光学基底表面粗糙度和光散射的关系,提出了通过对光学薄膜矢量散射公式积分来获得界面粗糙度完全相关模型和完全非相关模型下其表面的总反射散射的方法.理论计算了光学基底上两种模型在不同厚度银膜下的总反射散射和双向反射分布函数.结果表明,当沉积在光学基底上的银薄膜的厚度大于80 nm后,两种模型下计算的银薄膜的表面总反射散射都等于基底的总积分散射,银薄膜能较好地复现出基底的粗糙度轮廓.实验研究表明为了复现基底的粗糙度,银薄膜的最佳厚度应在80~160 nm之间.     

空间目标的可见光散射与红外辐射

利用Lowtran7大气传输模型计算0.4～0.8μm可见光波段的太阳辐射、大气自身的热辐射以及天地背景辐射.依据粗糙面光散射理论与双向反射分布函数计算空中目标表面对太阳辐射和云层对阳光反射的散射.利用传热学和背景辐射理论,根据能量守恒定律建立空间目标表面温度的热平衡方程.以气球为例,计算不同表面涂层材料的气球,在不同地理位置、不同高度和不同时间条件下,其温度及辐射功率的变化.分析空间目标红外辐射特性的一般规律和特征.     

Light Scattering and Visibility Condition of Spatial Objects

Considering background radiation of different wave band at different typical time by using Modtran soft, the characteristic of light scattering and the visibility condition of spatial object are discussed. Using bi-directional reflectance distribution function, combining geometry modeling with orbit theory, we numerical calculate light scattering radiation of spatial objects and compare it with the background radiation. The best observation time and station can be obtained by analyzing the conditions of visibility.     

Determination of the Asymmetry Parameter and Scattering Coefficient of Turbid Media from Spatially Resolved Reflectance Measurements

We present a technique for determining the asymmetry parameter and scattering coefficient of turbid media from spatially resolved reflectance measurements. This technique will contribute to the development of medical applications in which it is necessary to predict the distribution and propagation of light in tissue. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, we derived correlations which relate the reduced scattering coefficient and the asymmetry parameter to the relative reflectance curve. Initial estimates of the optical properties are obtained from these correlations. Final values are obtained by adjusting the optical parameters and repeating the Monte Carlo simulations until the simulated reflectance pattern matches the measured reflectance pattern. Preliminary experimental results indicate that this technique can be used to determine the asymmetry parameter to within 10% and the reduced scattering coefficient to within 5%.     

Optical tomography using the time-independent equation of radiative transfer—Part 2: inverse model

Optical tomography is a novel imaging modality that is employed to reconstruct cross-sectional images of the optical properties of highly scattering media given measurements performed on the surface of the medium. Recent advances in this field have mainly been driven by biomedical applications in which near-infrared light is used for transillumination and reflectance measurements of highly scattering biological tissues. Many of the reconstruction algorithms currently utilized for optical tomography make use of model-based iterative image reconstruction (MOBIIR) schemes. The imaging problem is formulated as an optimization problem, in which an objective function is minimized. In the simplest case the objective function is a normalized-squared error between measured and predicted data. The predicted data are obtained by using a forward model that describes light propagation in the scattering medium given a certain distribution of optical properties.In part I of this two-part study, we presented a forward model that is based on the time-independent equation of radiative transfer. Using experimental data we showed that this transport-theory-based forward model can accurately predict light propagation in highly scattering media that contain void-like inclusions. In part II we focus on the details of our image reconstruction scheme (inverse model). A crucial component of this scheme involves the efficient and accurate determination of the gradient of the objective function with respect to all optical properties. This calculation is performed using an adjoint differentiation algorithm that allows for fast calculation of this gradient. Having calculated this gradient, we minimize the objective function with a gradient-based optimization method, which results in the reconstruction of the spatial distribution of scattering and absorption coefficients inside the medium. In addition to presenting the mathematical and numerical background of our code, we present reconstruction results based on experimentally obtained data from highly scattering media that contain void-like regions. These types of media play an important role in optical tomographic imaging of the human brain and joints.     

粗糙表面激光散射统计建模的遗传算法

首先利用简单几何光学与概率统计的原理，根据粗糙面激光散射特性，对双向反射分布函数进行了简化和数学统计建模。然后通过遗传算法对实验测量数据的拟合，获得更多的物体粗糙表面的光散射信息。最后提出了几种简化的数学统计模型，对实验数据进行优化拟合，均取得了良好的效果。     

银薄膜对光学基底表面粗糙度及光散射的影响

为了研究金属银薄膜与光学基底表面粗糙度和光散射的关系,提出了通过对光学薄膜矢量散射公式积分来获得界面粗糙度完全相关模型和完全非相关模型下其表面的总反射散射的方法．理论计算了光学基底上两种模型在不同厚度银膜下的总反射散射和双向反射分布函数．结果表明,当沉积在光学基底上的银薄膜的厚度大于80nm后．两种模型下计算的银薄膜的表面总反射散射都等于基底的总积分散射,银薄膜能较好地复现出基底的粗糙度轮廓．实验研究表明为了复现基底的粗糙度,银薄膜的最佳厚度应在80～160nm之间．     

空间目标可见光散射特性与可视条件研究

采用椭偏法和总体积分散射法分别测量和计算了空间目标包层材料和太阳能板的材料参数,以及相应的双向反射分布函数。并根据此参数对空间简单体目标可见光谱散射特性进行了理论计算和实验校模。结合目标的几何建模和轨道理论,利用Modtran大气传输模型计算了不同时刻的背景辐射,以及在不同地面观测站观测时空间目标的亮度变化以及背景辐射的影响,并分析了目标的可视条件。计算表明,清晨或傍晚,背景辐射小于空间目标的散射,是观测的最佳时段。     

基于粗糙样片光谱BRDF的空间目标可见光散射研究

实验测量了某种卫星包覆材料和太阳能电池板样片在可见光波段(400~780 nm)的光谱双向反射分布函数.将样片的光谱双向反射分布函数对可见光波段内的太阳谱辐射照度加权平均,获得了可见光入射时目标样片表面的平均双向反射分布函数,并利用遗传算法建立了其参量化统计模型.应用此模型,结合目标的几何建模、消隐,计算了可见光入射时某卫星散射光强度的空间分布,并分析了其与卫星的几何形状、表面材料等的关系.     

Measurement of bidirectional reflectance distribution function with a linear light source

This paper proposes a practical measurement system for bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) of a three-dimensional (3D) object with a linear light source. Using the linear light source, the proposed system can reduce the number of image acquisitions which are necessary for an estimation of the spatially-varying BRDFs of the object. Furthermore, the size of the proposed system is much smaller than a conventional system which uses a parallel light. In this proposed system, the light field of the linear light source is previously measured to determine direction and radiance of incident rays to each point of the object, because the direction and radiance are not constant at each point. Using the proposed system, the BRDF of a point of flat objects was experimentally measured, and results showed validation of the estimation accuracy of the proposed system. Measurement efficiency of the proposed system was also evaluated by comparing reflectance model parameters estimated by the conventional and proposed systems. For the estimation, the reflectance function of a 3D object was measured by both systems. The estimation accuracy of the proposed method was also evaluated by comparing among a real image and rendered 3D objects of the conventional and proposed methods.     

Imaging through scattering media using characteristics of the temporal distribution of transmitted laser pulses

An object consisting of small inhomogeneities embedded in a highly scattering solution was imaged using measurements of the time-resolved transmitted intensity of picosecond pulses of near-infrared light. Data acquisition involved translating the object in two orthogonal directions across the beam, and recording the temporal distribution of transmitted light at a series of discrete positions. Images were constructed from the total transmitted light, the first four moments of the temporal distribution, and from parameters derived from a comparison of the distribution with an analytical model, based on the diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer theory. The results show that the optical properties along a line-of-sight between source and detector influence some of these characteristics more than others.     

空间目标观测辐照度特性建模及仿真

为提高对空间目标的探测与识别能力,从电磁散射理论出发,利用基尔霍夫近似法及双向反射分布函数,求出目标面元的辐射亮度,结合空间目标几何外形分析目标的散射特性,从而建立空间目标在天基空间观测系统入瞳处的观测辐照度模型.通过典型实例,仿真分析了某空间目标相对于某天基观测系统的最佳观测部位和弧段.研究结果表明,该方法能够有效地...     

散射光谱的目标材质及比例反演研究

研究了基于散射光谱的点目标在远距离条件下表面材质及比例反演方法,旨在为空间碎片探测及预报提供数据参考。首先根据散射光谱的远距离目标探测物理模型,建立了基于散射光谱的目标参数反演物理模型,给出了基于最小二范数理论方法的目标表面材质及比例信息的反演算法,结合光源照射特性、目标材料表面光学反射特性、入射、反射及探测角等信息,利用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的多级融合模型,表征复杂材料表面的光学反射特性,将BRDF中对应的面积量作为待反演参数,给出了目标表面材质及比例信息的反演算法;其次进行了实验验证,搭建了室内散射光谱探测及采集系统,进行了单一材质及多种材质不同比例的目标散射光谱探测及数据采集,经过对散射光谱数据进行预处理,截取有效波长范围为400～800 nm;结合理论分析及反演算法,对于四种材质组合的样品,进行了相同和不同比例组合的材质及比例反演,等比例反演结果最小误差为0.8%。最大误差为13.6%,平均误差为4.9%;不等比例反演结果最小误差为6%,最大误为12%,平均误差为9.25%;综合以上测试结果可以得出,反演平均误差最大为9.25%,考虑到入射光源稳定性有2.89%的误差,反...     

光在水中吸附膜层气泡上的散射特性

光在水中大尺度气泡上散射特性的研究多是基于Davis模型.该模型没有考虑到吸附膜层对光在气泡上散射的影响,而海水中的大多数气泡都有膜层附着,这些膜层会影响到气泡的光散射特性.本文从几何光学的角度出发,建立了吸附膜层气泡的体积散射函数简化公式.在此理论基础上,模拟计算了尺度远大于入射光波长的大气泡散射光强分布曲线,得出光照射下气泡上散射光强的远场特性,讨论了影响气泡散射光强分布的主要因素.并与无膜气泡光散射分布曲线比较,讨论了油膜膜厚、折射率等参量对气泡的光散射特性影响.得出结论:吸附膜层气泡的光强分布曲线与无膜气泡相似,但吸附膜层会削弱前向散射光,增强后向散射光.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.     

Diffuse reflectance of TiO2 pigmented paints: Spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and the forward scattering ratio

Diffuse reflectance spectra of paint coatings with different pigment concentrations, normally illuminated with unpolarized radiation, have been measured. A four-flux radiative transfer approach is used to model the diffuse reflectance of TiO₂ (rutile) pigmented coatings through the solar spectral range. The spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and of the forward scattering ratio for diffuse radiation, are explicitly incorporated into this four-flux model from two novel approximations. The size distribution of the pigments has been taken into account to obtain the averages of the four-flux parameters: scattering and absorption cross sections, forward scattering ratios for collimated and isotropic diffuse radiation, and coefficients involved in the expansion of the single particle phase function in terms of Legendre polynomials.     

Estimates of the albedo of powderlike surfaces in the geometrical optics approximation

Results of computer simulation of light scattering by powderlike media composed of large semitransparent particles of different shapes are presented. The geometrical optics approach is used. The cases of particles of spherical, cubic, and random shapes are considered. The one-dimensional geometrical optics model of light scattering by powderlike media, which finds application in investigations of planetary surfaces, meteorites, and lunar samples, is briefly described. The numerical simulation allowed us to estimate the error of this model, which turned out to be within the limits of several percent. The albedo calculated by using the one-dimensional model is shown to be closest to the “three-dimensional” reflectance of the surfaces at a phase angle of about 60°. This albedo also approximates fairly well the integrated reflectance, which in laboratory measurements is determined with the help of an integrating sphere.     

粗糙目标样片光谱双向反射分布函数的实验测量及其建模

实验测量了紫红色和白色涂漆板在400～780 nm内的光谱双向反射分布函数(光谱BRDF),分析了光谱双向反射分布函数随波长及散射角的变化趋势与目标样片光学特性的关系.应用改进的粒子群算法,结合双向反射分布函数五参量模型,获得了测量光谱范围内各波长(间隔1 nm)对应的共381组五参量值.利用五参量模型计算了目标样片的光谱双向反射分布函数及其方向半球反射率(DHR),并与实验测量数据相比较,两者吻合良好,表明目标光谱双向反射分布函数建模方法与结果的可行性和可靠性.目标样片的光谱双向反射分布函数可以用来研究目标的光谱散射特性,对目标的探测、跟踪、识别和特征提取等具有重要的应用价值.     

双向反射模型反演沙地表粗糙度研究

由于沙地通常处在半干旱地区,在风蚀作用下表面结构特征会有所改变,同时,沙地表面粗糙度与组成成分的时间与空间变化也是研究风蚀模型所必须的输入信息。作为一种非接触的探测手段,遥感技术有助于实现对沙地表面粗糙程度在时空尺度上的研究。为了利用反射特性描述沙地表面结构特征,以人为模拟的粗糙沙地表面为研究对象,基于野外实测多角度高光谱反射信息,分析了沙地表面粗糙度变化对反射信息分布的影响,并且结合双向反射模型,试图利用模型参数反演粗糙度特征。通过研究发现,如果按照入射方向与沙地表面沙垄方向分类来看,与入射方向平行或者垂直均会对沙地表面反射分布特性有所改变。当沙垄方向与入射光方向垂直时,会使后向散射的反射峰值增加;而沙垄方向与入射光平行时,会使后向散射峰值向主平面两侧扩张。双向反射模型可以模拟沙地表面的反射特性,根据模型参数的变化也可以表示出沙地表面的粗糙度变化特性。这表明双向反射信息可以用于量化沙地表面结构特征,而且有助于了解结构特征对沙地光学特性的影响,也为研究颗粒介质固有光学特性以及反演沙地表面结构特征提供依据。