能耗强度与能源结构优化对内生经济增长影响研究

本文在垂直创新模型框架下,将能耗强度和碳减排比例引入生产函数,将人们对气候变化的警惕意识引入效用函数,建立了一个动态的内生低碳经济增长模型。通过求解所建动态优化模型,找到了经济长期均衡增长的最优路径,讨论了能源强度和能源消费结构变化与经济均衡增长的相互关系,分析了各参数对经济最优增长路径的影响,比较了化石能源内部消费结构不变和逐年清洁两种情景下的经济最优增长路径的异同。长期来看,能源强度、二氧化碳减排速率与经济增长率有相互的负向线性关系,缩小反映化石能源内部消费结构的综合碳排放系数对经济增长有促进作用。非化石能源比例越高,低碳技术应用越广泛,研发成果对技术积累的贡献率越大,消费者对当前消费的偏好程度越小,人们对气候变化的警惕意识越强,则越有利于经济的低碳发展。     

Modelling energy-economy interactions

A model is developed to enable policy analysis for coping with changes in the price and/or availability of energy. A simulation approach is used and the model is validated for the Turkish economy. The model allows the evaluation of tax/subsidy policies, effects of foreign borrowing, etc. on near and medium term macroeconomic factors such as GNP, consumption, capital stock, energy, and non-energy imports.     

带有风能的智能电网多周期买电策略研究

本文研究带有风能随机供给的智能电网中传统能源的多周期买电问题,假设存在一个能源运营商集中负责智能电网传统能源的购买和消费。通过构建并求解动态规划模型,找到能源运营商在风能供给不确定性下的传统能源最优多周期买电策略。在最优买电策略下,能源运营商只有在当期电价足够小时才购买传统能源,其买电量与风能分布、价格信息和时间信息有关。在实际数据的基础之上,提供详实的数值实验对比研究了本文的最优买电策略和其他两种策略(实践中只考虑风能估计的策略和放弃利用风能的策略)在最小化总成本方面的效果,并验证了本文的最优买电策略在真实风能数据中的鲁棒性。     

A mixed integer nonlinear optimization model for gas sale company

In this paper the authors propose an optimisation model, called OMoGaS (Optimisation Modelling for Gas Seller), to assist companies dealing with gas retail commercialisation. The model takes into account the limits on price imposed by law on small consumers as well as the gas company policies in order to explore the commercial consequences of different policies. The GAMS framework is used for the optimisation of the defined MINLP model where the profit function is based on the number of contracts with the final consumers, on the tipology of consumers and on the cost supported to meet the final demand while the constraints include information on a maximum daily gas consumption, on yearly maximum and minimum comsumption in order to avoid penalties and on consumption profiles. A case study is presented.     

基于IPAT模型的长株潭城市群经济增长与能源消耗的实证研究

基于IPAT方程,通过设定不同的情景来分析长株潭城市群2008年-2013年期间经济增长与资源消耗之间的定量关系．实证结果表明：GDP年增长率为12％,单位GDP能耗年下降4％这种组合是合理和适当的。符合长株潭城市群能源消耗的实际．以此为目标,能平稳推进长株潭城市群资源节约型社会建设进程,保持国民经济快速、健康、稳定的发展．     

经济增长、金融发展、对外贸易与能源消费动态关系研究

基于我国1978-2013年的统计数据,运用ARDL边限协整检验技术和VECM格兰杰因果检验方法,对经济增长、金融发展、对外贸易与能源消费之间的关系进行了系统地研究.实证结果表明,经济增长、金融发展、对外贸易与能源消费之间存在长期协整关系.经济增长和能源消费不满足EKC假设,两者之间呈现正"U"型变化,目前我国经济位于曲线右边,即能源消费随着经济的增长而增加.金融发展对能源消费存在显著的正向效应,对外贸易的发展也会增加能源消费.格兰杰因果检验表明存在从经济增长到能源消费、金融发展和对外贸易的单向因果关系.金融发展和能源消费之间存在长期双向因果关系,同样的,这种关系也被发现在对外贸易和能源消费、金融发展和对外贸易之间.     

交通运输设备制造业能源消耗效率的投入产出分析

基于投入产出模型来研究中国交通运输设备制造业的能源消耗效率.首先构造了一个引入能源消耗的投入产出模型.然后利用该投入产出模型对中国交通运输设备制造业的能源消耗效率进行了实证分析,结果表明:1995~2002年间中国交通运输设备制造业的能源直接消耗效率不断提高;1997年比1992年的能源完全消耗效率也明显提高.为进一步提高我国交通运输设备制造业的能源消耗效率,政策的重点应放在提高交通运输设备制造业的间接消耗效率和提高所有产业能源的直接消耗效率.     

“新常态”下的中国天然气消费分析及预测

作为一种优质、高效的绿色能源,天然气在中国能源结构中所占比重逐渐增加。但可再生能源的崛起使得天然气成为过渡能源的选择,天然气消费量的增长趋势不明晰,因此相关企业及部门需要合理、准确的天然气需求预测模型为未来的工作提供指导性信息。基于此,本文首先从经济水平、产业结构、能源结构、天然气价格等方面选取影响天然气消费的12个因素。其次,运用贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)法构建了一个包含相关文献中常用的6个影响因素的基准模型,针对该模型,围绕影响天然气消费量的各种因素,以逐个添加的方式建立对比模型,从备选模型中选出预测精度最高的对未来天然气消费量进行预测。最后,将BMA模型与ARIMA模型、ETS模型、BVAR模型、逐步回归模型以及等权重加权平均模型的预测精度进行对比。结果表明,最优的BMA模型包含了涉及经济水平、产业结构、能源结构、人口因素、天然气价格、天然气供给六个方面9个影响因素,其预测精度优于对比预测模型,且该模型预测 2022年天然气消费量将达到3254.153亿立方米,年均增长率为8%。     

优化能源消费结构对河北省碳强度目标实现的贡献潜力分析

本文首先运用情景预测方法预测河北省未来地区生产总值和能源消费总量;然后构建马尔科夫链模型预测河北省未来能源消费结构,并对计算的平均转移概率矩阵进行优化;最后分不同组合情景评估能源消费结构优化对河北省二氧化碳排放强度目标的贡献潜力。结果表明:各种组合情景能源消费结构调整都能在不同程度上促进碳强度下降,对实现碳强度目标具有不同程度的贡献潜力。但是,在最理想状态下贡献潜力也只有16.7%~17.8%。因此,能源消费结构优化对碳强度目标贡献潜力作用有限,仅依靠能源结构优化无法完全实现碳强度目标,必须靠政府、企业以及社会各界一致努力,采取一系列对策才能顺利实现河北省“十三五”能源规划中制定的碳强度目标。     

A GIS-based decision support system for planning urban transportation policies

A decision support system (DSS) integrated in a geographical information system (GIS) for the analysis and evaluation of different transport policies is presented. The objective of the tool is to assist transport administrators enhance the efficiency of the transportation supply while improving environmental and energy indicators. The DDS works on three levels. The first performs the transport network analysis, the second assesses the energy consumption and pollutant emissions and the third evaluates the several policies selected. Road traffic is simulated using a deterministic, multi-modal traffic assignment model with capacity constraints. The model allows the estimation of traffic flow patterns within each link of the road network starting from the knowledge of the network characteristics and traffic demand. Energy consumption and pollutant emission calculations are based on the methodology developed by the CORINAIR working group. The evaluation of each policy scenario is based on a number of traffic, environmental and energy indicators. A multi-criteria analysis, where decision is based upon judging over appropriate weighted criteria, is adopted. Models are integrated in a GIS environment, which serves as the repository of the data as well as the user interface of the tool. The use of the tool is demonstrated through characteristic case studies on the Greater Athens Area in Greece. Two policy measures, one concerning the extension of the region where half of the private cars are prohibited from entering to the Municipality of Athens and the other the reduction of parking places in the same region by 50% are evaluated.     

基于最优组合赋权法的我国能源效率评价及影响因素研究

本文总结我国能源效率的主要影响因素,具体包括产业结构、技术进步、能源消费结构、经济发展水平、市场化程度和开放程度,构建我国能源效率影响因素的指标体系。基于最优组合赋权法建立能源效率评价模型,并对2000~2011年我国能源效率及影响因素进行实证分析。实证结果表明:我国能源效率整体呈上升趋势,能源效率显著提高;第二产业产值占国内生产总值比重、重工业占工业产值比重、第二产业增长值比重、R&D投入、第三产业产值占国内生产总值比重和煤炭消费量占能源消费总量比重是我国能源效率最主要的影响指标,而天然气消费量占能源消费总量比重和水、核、风消费量占能源消费总量比重对我国能源效率影响相对较小。     

基于计量经济模型的煤炭消费与经济增长关系实证研究——以世界主要煤炭消费国为例

经济的发展和能源(包括煤炭)的利用有着密不可分的关系.运用国际上研究能源消费与经济增长之间关系的重要工具-协整分析、格兰杰因果关系检验对世界主要煤炭消费国家(中国、美国、印度、俄罗斯、日本和南非)1981-2005的煤炭消费与GDP之间因果关系及其内在规律进行了分析和研究.实证研究结果表明,这些国家能源消费结构、经济政策不同,煤炭消费同经济增长之间的因果关系也不完全一致,中国、日本和南非存在经济增长对煤炭消费的因果关系,俄罗斯存在煤炭消费对经济增长的因果关系,而印度煤炭消费和经济增长之间则不存在因果关系.据此各国根据自身能源国情及国际比较形势,制定科学的能源战略与政策.     

关于湖北省节能的投入产出分析

运用投入产出法,对湖北省达成"十一五"节能目标的万元GDP综合能耗进行了分能源品种的分解,对湖北省未来五年的能源经济指标进行了预测和分析.首先,本文把64部门的2002年湖北省投入产出表整理成6部门的投入产出表,推测出2005年湖北省能源生产和消费指标,分析了湖北省能源供需的基本形势.其次,本文以实现"十一五"期间万元GDP综合能耗降低20%为目标,对不同GDP增长率下的能源需求情景进行了预测,计算了湖北省2010年分品种的万元GDP综合能耗、能源消费弹性系数等指标,分析了不同能源品种对单位GDP综合能耗下降的贡献程度.最后本文提出了政策建议,并指出模型的发展方向.     

Explaining shopping behavior in a market economy country: A short-term mathematical model applied to the case of Spain

In recent decades, pathological consumption has become a growing behavioral misbehavior. Impulsive consumption is governed by two internal behavioral mechanisms that respond fundamentally to the hedonism or Pascal effect and to the emulation or Veblen effect. Today's development of technology acts as a catalyst of consumption by increasing access and availability to products, as well as the advertisement impact. This paper presents a compartmental discrete matrix mathematical model that allows short-term estimates of ordinary, impulsive, and pathological buyers in Spain in three different economic scenarios. The results show that impulsive and pathological buyers will increase in all the economic scenarios. Notable differences in the number of ordinary buyers are found for the group aged over 65 years.     

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

Abstract Few studies have empirically examined climate change impacts on managed forests in the southern United States. In this paper, we use the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Database to fit two growth models across the South and apply the four Hadley III climate scenarios developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report to project future growth and site productivity on loblolly pine plantations. The static growth model provides a direct test of whether a significant climate influence on forest growth can be statistically derived, while the dynamic growth model estimates climate effects through site productivity. Results indicate considerable spatial variation in potential future growth and productivity change on loblolly pine plantations due to climate change in the southern United States, while overall regional effects are projected to be marginal. The pattern of climate change impacts is consistent across the growth models and climate scenarios. These findings have several implications for climate change adaptation policies.     

天然气需求影响因素分析及未来需求预测

不同的影响因素对天然气需求的影响程度存在差异,为充分认识上述差异,利用相对关联度定量刻画天然气需求量与影响因素之间的关联程度。依据重要性优先原则,采用逐步回归法逐次地对影响因素的统计显著性进行检验,深度挖掘有效驱动因素,构建“最佳”逐步回归C-D生产函数模型预测未来天然气需求走势。结果表明:(1)GDP是影响中国天然气需求的最主要因素,能源消费结构也是重要的有效驱动因素之一;(2)基于重要有效驱动因素构建的“最佳”逐步回归C-D生产函数模型实现了历史数据拐点拟合预测,具有良好的预测性能,预测结果可作为确定未来天然气需求的重要参考依据;(3)预测2020~2030年中国天然气需求量呈稳步增长趋势,但增速有所减缓,到2030年天然气需求量达约5660亿立方米,天然气需求量增长率降至4%。     

Biometric worst-case scenarios for multi-state life insurance policies

It is common actuarial practice to calculate premiums and reserves under a set of biometric assumptions that represent a worst-case scenario for the insurer. The new solvency regime of the European Union (Solvency II) also uses worst-case scenarios for the calculation of solvency capital requirements for life insurance business. Surprisingly, the actuarial literature so far offers no exact method for the construction of biometric scenarios that let premiums and reserves be always on the safe side with respect to a given confidence band for the biometric second-order basis. The present paper partly fills this gap by introducing a general method that allows one to construct such scenarios for homogenous portfolios of life insurance policies. The results are especially informative for life insurance policies with mixed character (e.g. survival and occurrence character). Two examples are given that illustrate the new method, demonstrate its usefulness for the calculation of premiums and reserves, and show how the new approach could improve the calculation of biometric solvency reserves for Solvency II.     

广西能源、环境和经济增长的动态关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

利用广西1990-2011年GDP、能源消费和工业废气排放总量的数据,应用基于VAR模型的动态计量分析方法,对广西经济、能源和环境的关系进行实证研究.结果表明:三者之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,能源消耗是经济增长和环境污染的Granger原因,经济增长是能源消耗和环境污染的Granger原因.能源消耗对经济增长的正向影响效应时间较长且较稳定,环境污染初期对经济增长的抑制作用较弱却呈现缓慢增强的趋势;而经济增长对能源消耗和环境污染的影响持续时间较短.经济增长与能源消耗两者之间的相互影响较大,而环境污染受能源消耗变化影响较明显.     

Periodicity of equilibrium structures in a time dependent markov model under stochastic environment

The problem of periodicity for a non–homogeneous Markov model in a stochastic environment is studied. The stochastic concept is established through the notion of optional scenarios applied on the transition process. It is proved that the sequence of so–called aggregate structures follows a certain periodic pattern that can split into converging subsequences according to alternative policies. These limits are highly influenced by the different scenarios utilized in the model, but always lie on a convex region that also depends on the pool of alternatives.